‘Lojë’ andrrimesh në katër modele (N. Mjedja, E. Koliqi, M. Camaj, Z. Zorba)

Author(s): Edlira Macaj Tonuzi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 38.2/2019

'The play' of the dream/dreaming takes in consideration the dream as a sign, as an object and as a poetic subject; 'the play' identified as a conscious moment on poetics of Mjedja, Koliqi, Camaj, Zorba; 'the play’ perceived as dynamics, (presence, absence, repetition, reactivation, substitution, abstraction, etc.) and as a comparison between four variations of dreaming.The concrete paper’s object is the comparison of dream poetics as a transformation path (from romanticism to hermetic) to different plans. The approach considers analysis of texts whichgivesanswers to research questions like:which are the plans where the dream/dreaming is projected on and how close and distant are they?The hypothesis supports the idea of a similar dreaming perception (dream like sensation, desire, inspiration, memory, commotion, illusion, imaginary experience, identity) but also as a transformative and distinguished model from one to another. Dream is related to each one’s creativity and inspiration as thought, imagery, conscious are. The conclusion is grounded in the statement that the dream/dreaming as a poetic sign and as an experience is activated in poems such as imagery, fantasy, unfulfilled and incomplete desire, exploration, figure, belief etc., and all these features are present or mutable from one poetic to another. What unifies them it is strongly related with the activation of the dream like a poetic sign. Dreaming is also related to the vibrant aspect of the soul while it flies out of the body and the time.

‘The Arbitrary Distribution of Emphasis’. (Conclusions)

Author(s): Vladimir Agrigoroaei,Ovidiu Olar / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2021

“And I Tiresias have foresuffered all ...” – more than allusions to ovid in T. S. Eliot’s The Waste Land?

Author(s): Dirk Weidmann / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2009

The purpose of this article is to examine the role of Teiresi's character in the epic poem of T. S. Eliot, The Waste Land. In order to answer this question, it is first of all important to review the literary ideas of T. S. Eliot; Secondly, it is necessary to discover and examine the parallels between Teiresio's depiction of Ovidius's Metamorphoses and the character of the narrator in The Waste Land. Elliot's text contains many indirect references that make it possible to perceive the function of this character as the author's medium. Moreover, the good knowledge of all previous literary traditions and especially of the features that were attributed to mythical Teiriiis is an essential prerequisite for an adequate understanding of the author's position in the poem.

“DEDE KORKUT KİTABI”NIN KOMPOZİSYON ÖZELLİKLERİ VE ŞİİR SANATINA DAİR

Author(s): Rövşen Alızade / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 28/2019

Clans of Dede Qorqut narrates events occurring around a certain hero and such a condition was a serious base to offer opinion about two levels (characteristics of composition and poetry) of Oghuzname which were related to the name of bard Qorqut. The clerk who was compiling the book of Dede Qorqut in a single book collected all twelve books each of which belongs to separate oghuz clan independently. Irregularity of composition seen in discontinuity of developments of the events in clans of the book of Dede Qorqut is also related to this matter. Although some clans of Dede Qorqut are related to the same hero and similar events, in chronological perspective, they should have been appearing in the book with different arrangements. For Instance, we can pay attention to the fact that information on Salu Kazan (second, fourth, eleventh clans) is firstly given in the second clan. In this clan, Kazan Han’s son Uruz is in independent condition, moreover, when the men go hunting, he is accredited to protect the homeland with three hundred brave men. In the fourth clan, the son of Kazan has just reached the age of competence and “did not shed blood by beheading”. Kazan Han takes Uruz with him for hunting in order to teach him hunting and fighting. Hence, in comparison to the second clan, this clan incorporates events of more historic ages. Composition features of Oghuzname tradition are seen in verse presentation of prose sections that is classical for the epics of Oghuz successors. As in many epics of the Turks, in the book of Dede Qorqut, dialogues of the heroes and their alterations are illustrated in poems. Therefore, exciting layer of Dede Qorqut language is directly revealed by poems with apologetic content.

“Ëndrra si realitet tjetër” – (Vepra poetike e Osman Gashit)

Author(s): Fatbardha Statovci / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 38.2/2019

The primary purpose of this paper is to discover the relationship between the dream and the state of awakening, as two realities that communicate intimately within the literary work, as the ideo- aesthetic universe. The dream and its functionalization within the text as a key determinant, within the work of the Kosovar poet Osman Gashi, have a basic importance and emerge as a basic mechanism on the contours of which each idea and topic functions as the axis around which the author's interest swings. The dream as a separate world, as another reality, will be a crucial topic to be discussed in this paper. The dream as a subconscious psychic reality, which opposes empirical reality, in Gashi’s work, as though rarely in Albanian literature, always comes in the form of a highly aware suggestive game, and represents the basic modeling substrates; comes as a special experience and as a cacofonix mixture, as an affirmation of an existent and attractive world to be seen as the object of inspiration. Gashi's work, seen from this angle, emerges as a combination of real and unreal integral factors, emerging from the deepest holes of consciousness, from where dreams emerge as the misty phenomenon associated with the physical world and external implications. We consider that it is of great importance to illuminate and identify the articulation that is built on the basis of resemblance between these two realities, which really appear as a permanent concern and creative inspiration for this author, since we believe there is much to be said. The paper will have a completely psychoanalytic approach and will rely on the theories of Freud, Jung, Lacan, and Fromm. We expect that this paper will discover an unlit side of Gashi's work and will serve as an incentive for further discussion of the issue.

“Kox Kwai Kauv Kox Kwai”: Ecopoetic Symbolisation in Pgaz K’Nyau Oral Poetry

Author(s): Sitthichok Samachitloed,Ignasi Ribó,Chanakan Satrakom,Prapawarin Noopan,Papawarin Kotchamit / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

This article presents the transcription, translation, and annotation of an original performance of hta, a traditional form of oral poetry in Sgaw, the language of the Pgaz K’Nyau (Karen) people of northern Thailand. This performance was recorded during ethnopoetic fieldwork carried out in two villages in the province of Chiang Rai. The hta is then analysed to understand the operations of ecopoetic symbolisation that bring particular nonhumans into the domain of human language. This analysis reveals that a metaphorical mode of symbolisation is extensively used throughout the hta to overcome human/nonhuman allotopies by means of implicit or explicit semic transformations. This seems to indicate that a naturalistic mode of identification underlies the whole poem, a conclusion that calls into question the essentialising and mythifying portrayal of the Pgaz K’Nyau as pre-modern and animistic indigenous stewards.

“Mlada je kula izdaleka”: Konceptualne metafore i njihove ekstenzije u pjesmi "Gradačac" Milorada Pejića

Author(s): Vedad Spahić,Indira Šabić / Language(s): Bosnian,English Issue: 8-9/2020

The paper analyzes the role of conceptual metaphor and conceptual integration in the poetic discourse of the poem ”Gradačac” by the Bosnian-Herzegovinian author Milorad Pejić. The analysis focuses on innovative language expressions and the rhymes are approached by the cognitive-linguistic and the literary- interpretational point of view. Cognitive mechanisms, on which vivid metaphors are based on, are established and described. The interpretation recognizes the cultural dependency of metaphorical concepts and vivid expressions as their extensions; it follows the reconfiguration of the concepts throughout history and their modern perception from the aspect of cognitive linguistics, literary creation/interpretation and reality in general. The analysis of the samples determined two key metaphorical concepts: control is up and risk is on the ground level' (or lack of control is down), which can be classified as the so called orientational metaphors, as well as the concepts: importance is big, importance/status is high, theories are buildings, good is white /shiny and bad is dark/black. The analysis additionally reached the inversion of the conceptual model good is up, into bad is up which is noted in the wider context and the historical reality as the embodiment of the Lakoff Johnson thesis based on which the truth is more of an understanding rather than a fact. A metaphor is, indeed, an efficien tool of understanding, thanks to the mechanism of conceptual integration. In conclusion, the analysis showed the entrenchment of the innovative poetic discourse of Pejić’s song in cognitive, cultural and historical changes of its home region.

“My Palate Hung With Starlight” – A Gastrocritical Reading of Seamus Heaney’s Poetry

Author(s): Anke Klitzing / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Nobel-prize winning poet Seamus Heaney is celebrated for his rich verses recalling his home in the Northern Irish countryside of County Derry. Yet while the imaginative links to nature in his poetry have already been critically explored, little attention has been paid so far to his rendering of local food and foodways. From ploughing, digging potatoes and butter-churning to picking blackberries, Heaney sketches not only the everyday activities of mid-20th century rural Ireland, but also the social dynamics of community and identity and the socio-natural symbiosis embedded in those practices. Larger questions of love, life and death also infiltrate the scenes, as they might in life, through hints of sectarian divisions and memories of famine. This essay proposes a gastrocritical reading of Heaney’s poetry to study these topics in particularly meaningful ways. Gastrocriticism is a nascent critical approach to literature that applies the insights gained in Food Studies to literary writings, investigating the relationship of humans to each other and to nature as played out through the prism of food, or as Heaney wrote: “Things looming large and at the same time [...] pinned down in the smallest detail.”

“The faith I love best is hope”: Perspectives of Hope from Charles Péguy

Author(s): Ferdi McDermott / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

Following calls from recent popes to a rediscovery of the theological virtue of hope, this paper examines a poem dealing specifically with that subject, by Charles Péguy, a French poet who died in 1914 in the early fighting of the First World War. He is a key fi gure of what has been called the French Catholic revival. His dramatic monologue takes the form of a catechism lesson addressed to the young St. Joan of Arc, in which Hope is portrayed as a little girl. Rooted in a rediscovery of the “real” and under the infl uence of the philosopher Bergson, Péguy’s message seems to be that a childlike Hope could be the key to a renewal of Faith and Love, and perhaps to a re-energizing of the Christian message. Péguy wrote his poem at a time when France was deeply traumatized by the Franco-Prussian war, the Dreyfus scandal and the anti-clerical purge of the early 20th century. It was a society that had lost is bearings. Many themes of his day are strangely current in our own.

“THEY BEGAN TO SING HIM A SORHLEOД: POSSIBLE ECHOES OF THE ANGLO-SAXON FUNERARY RITES IN THE DREAM OF THE ROOD

Author(s): Łukasz Neubauer / Language(s): English Issue: 120/2019

The Dream of the Rood constitutes one of the most intriguing products of Old English literature, both in terms of its highly imaginative, heroicised depiction of Christ and the Cross and on account of its numerous Christian and pre-Christian intersections. One of the most arresting issues in it, however, particularly as regards the poem’s cultural background, is its mention of a sorhleoð (l. 67), the ‘sorrow-song’, or ‘dirge’ that the disciples begin to sing once they have placed the body of the Saviour in the sepulchre. Given that there is no mention of any songs being chanted at the time of Christ’s burial in the canonical Gospels, it seems rational to suggest that the anonymous poet must have supplied this ‘missing’ information on the basis of his own, perhaps somewhat antiquarian, knowledge of the burial customs in Anglo-Saxon England.

“Wondrous Fire": Adam Mickiewicz's Pan Tadeusz and the Romantic Improvisation

Author(s): Bożena Shallcross / Language(s): English Issue: 03/1995

Adam Mickiewicz's Pan Tadeusz (1834), which can fairly be argued to be the central work of Polish romanticism, to this day has been a subject of critical attention. The recent Balsam i trucizna is a collection of essays consisting of sometimes arcane, sometimes unorthodox interpretations of the work, as well as an inquiry into the title itself, and an analysis of single words or other neglected aspects of the poem. Thus, it would seem that little remained in the work's content to explore, that after numerous articles, dissertations, and in particular, the exhaustive twovolume study by Kazimierz Wyka, only observations of a modest or limited scale could be made. [...]

„Čo oko nevidí, srdce nebolí” alebo motív očí v básnickej zbierke „Reptajúca pokora” Ondreja Štefanka

Author(s): Ramona Zăvoianu-Petrovici / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2020

The article is aimed at arguing the existing link between Ondrej Štefanko’s program as a writer, and self-projection while referring to set of poems he wrote before 1989. Our working hypothesis is that through the poetic visual perception of the world a confrontation of projections or self-projections is depicted, which the poet expresses metaphorically through the motif of the eye or vision. Our working methodology is framed by the theory of egolinguistics and the confrontation of self-projections as exposed by the Slovak famous linguist Juraj Dolnı́k and further completed with the cognitive approach to literature and mainly the theory related to emotions. We thus aim at uncovering another dimension of the text, while achieving a different reading and interpretation of the motif of the eye and in the end at better understanding the poet’s implicit poetic mission. Our approach to Ondrej Štefanko’s poems combines the perspective of egolinguistics with the cognitive approach to literature.

„Ossiani lauludest” ja baltisakslaste ossianismist I

Author(s): Kairit Kaur / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 10/2021

This paper takes a look at the Baltic German reception of “The Poems of Ossian”. For the Baltic Germans, it seems to have been the most important work of lyrical literature written in English. First, a short summary of Macpherson’s project, its literary innovations and reception in Europe is given, which is followed by an overview of the preserved editions in the cultural historical collections of Estonian research libraries. As Baltic Germans mostly read in German, the greatest focus lies on German editions, but also some French and Italian translations can be found. Of course, the text was read in the original language as well. The Baltic German reception seems to have begun in the 1770s and it continued until the Umsiedlung (departure of Baltic Germans from Estonia and Latvia, 1939–1941). At the beginning of the reception stood not the work of Macpherson himself, but some examples of German Bardendichtung. Also, a few Macpherson-epigones such as Edmund von Harold were popular. Another influential person was Herder with his concept of popular song (Volkslied), which was based on his reading of “The Poems of Ossian”. The work was read by lawyers, estate owners, pastors, teachers and professors, but it was also found in public and school libraries, as well as libraries of student fraternities. Part two of the article concentrates on the Ossianistic works by Baltic Germans themselves.

„Pan Cogito” de Zbigniew Herbert sau fuga de utopie

Author(s): Constantin Geambaşu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2009

Autor przeprowadza zwięzłą analizę tomu Pan Cogito Zbigniewa Herberta. Bohater obecny w większości wierszy przeżywa zasadnicze rozterki sumienia, konfrontując się z zagadnieniami dużej wagi etycznej. Korzystając z techniki ironii i tautologii, poeta wypowiada się konsekwentnie za istnieniem podstawowej aksjologii, w której, z jednej strony, zajmuje istotne miejsce prawda, dobro, godność, solidarność, współczucie, a z drugiej, pamięć kulturowa oraz tradycja historyczna.

„Pionowy” Wymiar Norwidologi

Author(s): Bernadetta Kuczera-Chachulska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 39/2021

The sketch deals with the problem of Norwid's irony related to his anthropology. This issue appears in discussion with the book by Lidia Banowska (Byt i światłocień. O antropologii poetyckiej Norwida). The consideration lead to the conclusion that solving the aesthetic problem of the poem is the interpreter's task.

„Treniile” lui Kochanowski în româneşte

Author(s): Stan Velea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2007

Cel mai mare poet al Poloniei până la Adam Mickiewicz, Jan Kochanowski, a trăit şi a scris între anii 1530-1584. Zestrea literară, bogată şi variată, a introdus literatura polonă în circuitul marilor literaturi ale lumii.

თევფიქ ფიქრეთი (1867-1915) - „ნისლი“

Author(s): Fikret (Mehmed) Tevfik / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 1/2021

He is a representative of new Turkish literature. The influence of French literature can be traced in his work. In his early works, he adhered to the principle of "art for art's sake", and in his later poems he became interested in social problems.In the poem "The Fog", Tevpik Pikreti expresses hatred for Istanbul and calls it a prostitute. This is the first time such an this attitude towards Istanbul is found in Turkish literature. It is known that representatives of ancient Turkic literature considered Istanbul the center of world civilization and extolled it.

السُّلطانيِّ أنموذجاً الشُّعراء في قصر يوسفَ بنِ محمَّدٍ الأيُّوبيِّ شعر المدح

Author(s): Mustafa KIRKIZ,Ousama Ekhtiar / Language(s): Arabic Issue: 13/2017

It is a reality that the poets desired to live near the kings and statesmen in the past. Because the poets of that time are the delegates of our current time. They were the mediators who mentioned the official ideas of the state and who published the good news about the state and that tried to internalize the fame of the state to the head of the state with their poems. They were the people who were known to relieve the head of the state especially with political difficulties against difficulties of life.

الشِّعْر على لسان النَّبيّ ﷺ دراسة في إشكاليّة عدم استقراءِ الروايات ونَقْدِها في تصوُّر الوقائع الحديثيّة

Author(s): Hamzeh Al-Bakri / Language(s): Arabic Issue: 1/2021

The scholars agree that the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) did not compose even one line of poetry before revelation was given to him or thereafter. They also agree that he was prohibited from doing this as a way of closing the door to any ambiguity about the Generous Qur’an, such that no one would confuse it with poetry. Despite there being no rational or scriptural proof for the impossibility of his reciting the poetry composed by others or mentioning verses of poetry composed by others, in its proper meter, the scholars differed about whether these things occurred historically. Many scholars stated that this did not occur and even blatantly said that if he (Allah bless him and give him peace) wished to use a line of poetry as an example he wouldn’t complete the line. And if he did complete a line of poetry as an example, he wouldn’t say it in its proper meter. This claim spread far and wide among many of the linguists, exegetes, and historians. They cited examples of this, and they provided as proof many reports such that this became a core axiom for them. If, however, they came upon a report that indicates that the Prophet recited poetry in meter form, they sought out some type of figurative interpretation. They did all of this without having first grounded their axiom in any type of proof and without providing any evidence for the correctness of the figurative interpretations that they put forward.

الفضائل الأخلاقية في الشعر العربي الجاهلي

Author(s): Tamim FAKHOURY / Language(s): Arabic Issue: 19/2020

The old Arabic Poetry depicted the life and the various conditions of the people of the age. It conveyed their sensibilities, morals and customs. In this research, I will observe and classify the virtues and the high moral values in that poetry. This is a research that does not go beyond the divans of Al-Muallaqat poets for reasons of not going beyond the limited range of the study. It turns out that about fourteen moral behaviors or ethics were regarded as ideals in that society: Generosity, courage, prompt response to the distressed, protecting the one who seeks out safety, keeping good relations with relatives, taking care of the neighbors, faithfulness, chastity, pride, discretion, truthfulness, mercy and justice, patience and prudence. These are ethics which may have other subdivisions if a researcher seeks to investigate the subject more. I have adopted the method of defining every moral behavior and every ethic and have provided an adequate account of its meaning and of its intended design, using the dictionaries of the language and other sufficient idiomatic dictionaries related to philosophy, literature and Arabic criticism. Two or three lines of relevant poetry have been included in each paragraph to complete the making of a general perception of every ethic and of its application in the Arabs's lives through poetry.