„Cnotliwa” Żydówka Zuzanna. O empatii w opowiadaniu Antoniego Czechowa Grzęzawisko

Author(s): Witold Kowalczyk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 27/2017

This article examines Anton Chekhov’s short story (Quag)mire (Тина, 1886), which gave rise to a great deal of controversy among contemporaneous critics and authors. Some of their commentaries were pejorative, in spite of the fact that Chekhov himself regarded the story as successful. Since the critics frequently referred to the reader’s thoughts and feelings, the article proposes to analyse the story by virtue of cognitively-inspired literary methodology, with emphasis laid on (cognitive) empathy. Particularly useful is also the Deictic Shift Theory, which involves the reader’s engagement in the tracing of “relocated” deictic centres, as well as the Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Accordingly, Kowalczyk argues, debauchery is a mire can be considered the story’s central conceptual metaphor, while the story’s title, Тина (Tina), literally a (quag)mire, provides a key to its interpretation. In the story, told by the third-person narrator, the reader empathically identifies her/himself with Alexandr Sokolsky, a Russian officer, as if “entering” the deictic field created “around” him. Together with the protagonist, the reader — via a sequence of consecutive deictic shifts — is empathetically familiarized with Susanna, a Russified Jewish woman. Through several actions and utterances, Susanna attempts to question the negative stereotype of a Jew, commonplace in Russia, but fails. Arguably, the reader’s evoking the biblical story of the genuinely virtuous Susanna, implied in Chekhov’s text, entails her/his negative perception of Chekhov’s fictional female. This cultural undercurrent may be deemed responsible for the story’s unfavourable reception by Jewish readers, who interpreted Тина (Tina) in terms of a literary attack on their society. In light of the cognitive-literary approach delineated above, Chekhov’s story in question indeed proves to be anti-semitic.

„Między synagogą i kosmodromem Bajkonur”. O powieści Diny Rubiny Oto idzie Mesjasz!

Author(s): Miroslawa Michalska-Suchanek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 27/2017

Rubina looks at the unpredictable and difficult every-day reality of “Russian Israel” in the 90s from the perspective of Jewish tradition, culture and religion. She creates an image full of equal amounts of both comedy, irony and even grotesque and philosophical and religious thoughts. The novel develops the idea of the destiny of the Jewish people and the unity of Jews with their own land. The novel’s characters are not looking for their own identity — they know very well who they are and where they belong. The background of the novel are descriptions of the regional political and religious conflicts as well as realities (including geographical and topographical) of Israel and faithfully reproduced cultural climate.

ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННЫЙ СМЫСЛ РОДСТВЕННЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ ГЕРОЕВ В РОМАНЕ Ф. М. ДОСТОЕВСКОГО «БРАТЬЯ КАРАМАЗОВЫ»

Author(s): Natalia Aleksandrovna Kladova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5 (166)/2017

The present article is devoted to the analysis of images of the novel by F. M. Dostoevsky “The Brothers Karamazov” in the aspect of relationships. The article aims to reveal the artistic significance of relationships among characters of the novel. The author investigates, in accordance with the logic of the narrative, these relationships from the perspective of artistic conception. The study reveals their multifaceted semantic completeness. “Disengagement” from the family circle of some characters and disregard to the family ties by the others was noted; in contrast to the existence of Alyosha in the world as his own family. A distorted nature of Karamazov’s family was brought to light. It is further stated that the neglect of the novel’s heroes to the kindred bonds is multiplied by the desecration of the sanctity of the feeling of love: loving relationships are built on false principles and are aimed to fulfill selfish desires; but again in contrast to the true brotherly relationships established between Alyosha and Grushenka. The author comes to a conclusion that the ability or inability of one or another hero to enter into a relationship reflects his or her inner essence, characterizes him or her as an able or unable character of the human whole. The substantial basis of the novel is an idea of the universal kinship of the whole humanity as its original condition. Therefore, human relationships are an important semantic component of the novel’s artistic ideas. The research results presented in the paper suggest that the concept of kinship was filled with unique meanings developed by the creative consciousness of F. M. Dostoyevsky.

ХУМАНИЗАМ, ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИЈА И КОЛОНИЗАЦИЈА У ДРАМАМА КРАЉЕВСКИ ЛОВ НА СУНЦЕ ПИТЕРА ШАФЕРА И ДИВЉАЦИ КРИСТОФЕРА ХАМПТОНА

Author(s): Lena Lj. Tica / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 59/2016

Relying on the critique of Western civilization offered by artists such as Aime Césaire, Athol Fugard, George Orwell and Harold Pinter, the following paper examines the two plays written by Peter Shaffer (The Royal Hunt of the Sun) and Christopher Hampton (Savages) respectively, and outlines the way Shaffer and Hampton question the traditionally fabricated notions of colonization, civilization and savagery. Set in Latin America in different historical periods, 16th and 20th centuries, these two plays draw parallels between the processes of colonization and neo-colonization and condemn the continuous process of exploitation and degradation of humanity, in which both European science and European church have been participating for several centuries. Through the prism of the ’domination’ and the ’partnership’ models of society offered by Riane Eisler, the paper juxtaposes the principle of force brought by Western Civilizations and the principle of peace and community which characterized numerous primordial societies throughout the world, including the Incas, before they were destroyed by Europe. After their encounter with non-European anthropological models, the European protagonists of these plays begin to question the foundations on which their former worldview rests, a view anchored in official ideologies of European colonialism. The plays raise the question of finding a space for love, in the sense in which Tolstoy uses it in his book The Kingdom of God is within you – as the unity of human souls and source of faith in man. Furthermore, they open the issue of the return to human dignity and humanity that characterized lost civilizations, forgotten in the continuous historical cycles of killing brought by patriarchy.

ХХІІ Интердисциплинарен колегиум по старобългарска литература и култура в памет на акад. Петър Динеков и в чест на 80-годишнината от рождението на ст.н.с. Стефан Кожухаров

Author(s): Gergana Athanassova Nikolova,Lilly Stammler / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 51/2015

Цветаевская литературная топография

Author(s): Vladimir Novotny / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/1997

Эпизод истории литературы, тему которого можно вкратце обозначить как „Марина Цветаева и Прага“, оказывает на чешскую литературоведческую русистику своего рода гипнотическое воздействие. Несколько лет назад в качестве самостоятельной публикации в Чехии были изданы письма поэта 1925-1927 гг., адресованные Валентину Булгакову. Одновременно вышел библиографический указатель текстов Марины Цветаевой, переведенных на чешский язык, в том числе, опубликованных и не прямо в книгах этого автора (ср. рецензию Льва Мнухина, „Россика44, № 1, 1996 г.) Заслуживает упоминания и каталог к монотематической выставке, посвященной великому русскому мастеру слова и организованной по инициативе Литературного архива Музея национальной письменности в Праге. В настоящее время эта тема, относящаяся к области сравнительного литературоведения, послужила импульсом для создания весьма своеобразного пособия местоописательного характера: Галина В а н е ч к о в а и Мирко В а н е ч е к п о д г о т о в и л и к с т о п я т о й годовщине со дня рождения поэта публикацию на трех языках (тексты здесь приведены на русском, чешском и французском), название которой в русском варианте - „Марина Цветаева в Чехии. Путеводитель по местам пребывания в 1922-1925 годах“ (1997 г.)

Цветовые лексемы как средство выражения аксиологических категорий в поэме Адама Мицкевича Пан Тадеуш

Author(s): Roza Alimpijewa / Language(s): Russian / Issue: XIII/2008

The aim of this paper is to research a specific character of color lexemes realization in A. Mitskevitch poem Pan Tadeusz as a means of expressing value categories (Motherland, God - through the color images of the Niemen river, some forests and home meadows, the sun and the sky, human eyes) particularly meaningful both for the author and for his characters. As a priority the lexemes - the nominators of blue, green, red and white colors in their limited correlation with the lexemes of light are pointed out. The role of these lexemes in constructing axiological fragment of the created by the text world view is determined.

Цветът на думите в "Червенокосата" на Орхан Памук - между ценностите и порока

Author(s): Borislava Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2016

ЦЕНЗУРНАЯ И АВТОРСКАЯ ПРАВКА РОМАНА И. А. ЕФРЕМОВА «ТАИС АФИНСКАЯ»

Author(s): Ekaterina Agapitova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 7 (160)/2016

It has been recently discovered that the novel of a famous Soviet writer I. A. Efremov “Tais Athenian” existed in two editions (apartfrom a shortened version published in magazine “The Young Guard” in 1972). These two editions were included into the Collectedworks of 1986-89 and 1992. The edition of 1992 is called a “full author’s” one while the absolute majority of the novel published asa separate book are guided by the edition of 1989. The article compares these two editions, identifies and systematizes the revealeddiscrepancies. The bigger part of corrections is connected with censor’s cuts associated with sex-relations issues (as far as it was possibleto do in the novel where the main character is the hetera). In the article we present the most interesting groups of discrepanciesand a short analysis of examples of editorial changing.

Ценностите според познавателната активност на учениците

Author(s): Borislav Bogdanov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 6/2017

The study examines the values of some students in Zlatitsa Municipality by diagnosing their cognitive activity. In meaningful aspect components, factors, terms and conditions forming the face of their value scope are considered. Some rules for prosperous life, stemming from the teachings of God, are highlighted. The results are recorded, analyzed and described as a real consequence of the modern way of thinking and behavior of young people. There stands out the need for knowledge of God and building a system of values in family and school – based on Orthodox catechism and education.

Циклы поучений священникам в Кормчих западнорусской редакции (публикация текста)

Author(s): Elena Belyakova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 61/2016

This article is the first publication of the cycles of homilies by the metropolitans of Kiev, based on three manuscripts, which are preserved at the RGADA – the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (f. 181 No. 1596; f.181 No. 1594, f.196 inv.1. No. 1620). The homilies were incorporated into the Kormchaja of Ruthenian redaction that was circulating in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the middle of the 15th century. As for the basis of the homilies, it lies in the Old Russian texts with instructions to the priests, which are known from the 13th century, as well as the Encyclical Epistle of metropolitan Photius. Of particular significance is a text that is new for the Russian cultural circle, titled Ecclesiastical Order, which clearly articulated the duties of the priest and sets the list of liturgical books required for every church. The language of the homilies seems to be the most valuable because it combines, along with the classical layers of Church Slavonic, elements of the “simple language” — locally spoken (Ruthenian) language that at the time was started to be used in sermons.

ЧАРЛС РАЈТ МИЛС: КУБА КАО УТОЧИШТЕ И ИНСПИРАЦИЈА

Author(s): Igor D. Petrovic / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 59/2016

American Sociologist Charles Wright Mills (1916-1962) dedicated an important part of his career to the study of Latin American cultures. His initial interest in Mexico and Puerto Rico culminated in his visit to Cuba, in the summer of 1960, several months after the success of the Cuban revolution. This journey had an immense impact on Mills, a professor at Columbia University, helping him to define and articulate his vision of a new, more humane society. The stay in Cuba resulted in the publication if his controversial book Listen, Yankee: The Revolution in Cuba. Mills’ case was not isolated. The Cuban experience played a crucial role in the careers of several other representatives of the 1968 generation, such as the German poet Hans Magnus Enzensberger and the French author and philosopher Régis Debray, both of whom, in the late sixties, continued their academic careers at the University of Havana. It should also be noted that Tom Hayden’s recent book Listen Yankee: Why Cuba Matters (2015), published in support of the announced normalization of relations between USA and Cuba, is a reminder of Mills’ immense contribution to the understanding of the issues related to the conflicts between conservative and revolutionary ideologies which still shape our world.

Частеречная транспозиция как пример грамматики в словаре (на примере словенского языка)

Author(s): Andreja Žele / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 52/2017

Conversion in Slovene and other Slavic languages is not merely a marginal phenomenon. It spreads mainly with the borrowing of new lexicon. In so far as the borrowed lexicon remains indeclinable even after it has been borrowed, it preserves or extends the syntactic possibilities and therefore the conversion possibilities in the recipient language as well. As a new lexicalization, conversion depends on the possibilities of a shift from one syntactic role to another – and in this regard, it can be complete or incomplete/partial. Examples of complete conversion are bomba film ‘a bomb movie’ (< Film je bomba < bomba < avto bomba – < The movie is the bomb ‘very successful’ < a bomb ‘surprise’ < a car bomb ‘an explosive’), vikend hiša ‘a weekend house’ (hiša kot vikend < Hiša je vikend ‘počitniška’ < hiša vikend < vikend ‘prost konec tedna’ – a house as a weekend house < The house is a weekend ‘vacation’ house < weekend house < weekend ‘the end of the week’), as opposed to vikendhiša ‘a weekendhouse’ (< hiša za vikend ‘a house for the weekend’), and veliko hiš ‘many houses’ (→ veliko govori ‘s/he has many stories to tell’), which are not formed by conversion. An example of incomplete conversion is zakon ‘the law’ (a full conversion would also render usage like *zakon film ‘a law film’, which is not (as yet) attested; the conversation has only gone as far as Film je zakon ‘zelo dober’ < zakon ‘pravilo’ < zakon ‘pravni predpis’ – The movie is the law ‘very good’ < a law ‘a rule’ < a law ‘a legal act’), as opposed to formations not created through conversion, which nevertheless might also feature a noun as the first part of the compound, e.g., golfigrišče ‘golfcourse’ (< igrišče za golf ‘a course for playing golf’, whereas the base *Igrišče je golf. ‘The course is golf.’ is nonsensical). The same holds true for the interjection in horukpoezija ‘oomphpoetry,’ which also was not formed by conversion. Conversion is therefore the final stage in the process of the formation of a new lexeme: degrammaticalization of a particular word form > lexicalization > conversion. What conversion, univerbation, and homonymy have in common in the case of existing vocabulary and its use, is the economy of language in the sense that a particular expression is semantically utilized to its maximum. The expression – syntax – meaning relationship within a given lexeme, along with conversion as a grammatical occurrence, can be presented most thoroughly in a dictionary

ЧЕСТВАНЕТО НА СМЪРТТА И КИНЕМАТОГРАФИ- ЧИЯ ПОДХОД НА ИВАН ДАВИДКОВ В ПОВЕСТТА „ДАЛЕЧНИТЕ БРОДОВЕ”

Author(s): Galina Dimitrova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 50/2013

The research emphasizes on the conceptual structure of the short story „ Distant fords“ by Ivan Davidkov, where classic flashback is transformed. By means of ever cinematic approach, the memory of the childhood is restored on the principle of the mosaic, where each frame-fragment is a visual touch in the whole history of the past. Plot is not fragmented at all, it is even quite comprehensive in terms of happening, conceptual explication as all individual fragments are assembled by gradation into one another, provoked by sensory or external association. The narrative line „a secondary narrative story weaven into the main one“ affects both personal stories of the narrator and of many other people.

Четырехмерная герменевтика и ее наследие

Author(s): Léna Szilárd / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2008

Although the 20th-century Slavic literary criticism provided several variants of methods, the most specific and clear-cut principles were established in Vyach. Ivanov’s dissertation Dionysus and Pre-Dionysianism. Ivanov’s four-dimensional hermeneutics developed the traditions of Schleiermacher’s and Boeck’s philological hermeneutics, complemented by the results of phenomenology and the study of mythological and ritual roots of text. It found its followers in Mikhail Bakhtin and to some extent in the school he generated. It was also promoted by Toporov’s influential methodology, which was close to it in principles and reflected both in Russia and outside its borders.

ЧИТАЊЕ ДИСА У НАСТАВИ

Author(s): Aleksandra M. Petrovic / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 64/2017

This paper deals with a conflict of value criteria in the reading of Dis’ poetry in the first half of the twentieth century. Bearing in mind that, according to the third grade curriculum in secondary schools, the reading of Dis’ poetry is preceded by a study of the modernist Serbian poetics including the reading of “Preface to the Anthology of the Recent Serbian Lyrical Poetry” by Bogdan Popović, it is necessary for pupils to be introduced with the first interpretations of poetry of this Serbian poet as well as with the values on which such interpretations were derived. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to re-examine the criteria for understanding and evaluation of the poetry of Vladislav Petković Dis through the use of a comparative method. This will enable the pupils to get a clearer insight into the development of the Serbian critical thought from the positivistic approach to deconstruction. As a result, they will be able to adequately position this poet as well as his work within Serbian literature.

ЧИТАЊЕ ИЗМЕЂУ РЕДОВА: 34. ПОГЛАВЉЕ ШКОЛИЦА ХУЛИЈА КОРТАСАРА

Author(s): Ksenija M. Vulovic / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 59/2016

Rayuela de Julio Cortázar es una novela conocida por experimentos narrativos, que culminan en su capítulo 34. Cabe señalar que este capítulo, donde las líneas del texto de Cortázar alternan con las líneas del primer capítulo de la novela Lo prohibido de Benito Pérez Galdós, refleja la estructura no lineal de la novela entera. El eje de este trabajo se encuentra en las consecuencias de la selección de la novela de Galdós para la teoría de lectura y de lector de Cortázar. En el capítulo 34 de Rayuela Julio Cortázar desestabiliza la oposición binaria entre el “lector-cómplice” y el “lector-hembra”, que establece en sus textos explícitamente autopoéticos. Solo cuando permite que le afecte la lectura de la Maga de la novela Lo prohibido, Oliveira llega a ser capaz de descubrir la importancia crucial del amor en su vida. Entre las líneas del capítulo 34, así se lee el gran pensamiento de Cortázar sobre el destino de amor en los tiempos contemporáneos, que podría llevar a la revalorización de la interpretación de la novela de Cortázar en su totalidad.

Човек, судбина, време, сан, вечни повратак као теме Борхесових приповедака

Author(s): Jelena Stojanovic / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 48/2012

The collection of short stories The Book of Sand by Jorge Luis Borges is a narrative which deals with the quest for identity and destiny. Borges’ man, which can be understood as a synthesis of the tradition and modernity, emerges from this tradition and on its basis it is largely constituted. Hence, the paper attempts to to examine the ways in which Borges’ opus can be related to the Latin American radition, as well as the ways in which Borges, seen through the prism of that tradition, reflects on the issues of fate, life, death, and eternal renewal, and then connects these issues with the concept of writing, and, ultimately, the literature. The paper also attempts to determine the extent to which the identity of the man and his work is rooted in the tradition and the ways in which the tradition is always renewed through man and his work.

Човекът, виртуалната среда и свободата на словото

Author(s): Nadezhda Stalyanova,Elena Kreychova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2017

The paper deals with the problem of freedom of speech in internet. It focuses on the possibilities for posting comments in internet platforms of media – online papers, online news platforms etc. Different types of restrictions are described considering limitations of hate speech and some international or Bulgarian law restrictions.

Что такое «простая мова»?

Author(s): Michael Moser / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3-4/2002

The “próstaja mova” is one of the written languages used by both Ukrainians and Belorussians during the 16th and 17th centuries. In this article it is argued that its name is based on a calque of German Gemeinsprache, die gemeine Sprache, a term from the Reformation age. The „prostaja mova” was based on the Ruthenian (Ukrainian and Belorussian) chancery language and developed into a literary language because of its growing polyfunctionality, its increasingly superregional character, and its stylistic variability. The norms of the “prostaja mova” were based on its common usage, not on codification. We discuss the role of Church Slavonic and Polish elements on the different levels of this language and try to show that a “prototypical” text written in the “prostaja mova” was a translation from a real or only virtual Polish text, consisting in the “Ruthenization” of its phonology and morphology and, if it was a written text, in a change of the alphabets - the lexicon and the syntax, instead, remained mainly on a Polish basis. Until the 18th century the Polish language itself had gained so much importance among the Ruthenian gentry that the “prostaja mova” had lost its main addressee and was restricted only to some homiletic and cathechetic works for the common people of the Greek-Catholic Church.