SOCIO-CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF SPORT
The review of “Sport, Culture and Society” by Grant Jarvie and James Thornton
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The review of “Sport, Culture and Society” by Grant Jarvie and James Thornton
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The factors of empathy of sport pedagogues are researched not sufficiently enough. The problem of the research work is that data, which would reveal the level of empathy components of sport pedagogues, is still lacking. The objective of the work is to define the influence of social training on the empathy of sport pedagogues (basing on the experience of Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education). The subject of the research is the level of empathy components of sport pedagogues. The research was based on questionnaire (Raigorodsky Empathy Scale ). The Social Skills Inventory was generated after providing an exploratory survey at Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education. The Empathy Scale demonstrated internal validity. The experiment was performed from 1998 till 2002. The experiment was performed with 230 students of the Faculty of Sport Educology, Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education, whom we divided in experimental group (136 students) and control group (94 students).
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The paper seeks to reveal the development of social preparedness of sport pedagogues in the context of social training. The work outlines the dependency of students' (future sport pedagogues') social preparedness upon pedagogic practice as one of the must important forms of social training. The research problem originates from the lack of data on what is the role of social training (in our case - pedagogic practice) in the development of social preparedness of future sport pedagogues in the context of social training.
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Scientific problem refers to the lack of investigations that provide answers to the question what social responsibility of sport pedagogues before social training and after it is. The purpose of the research is to define the peculiarities of social responsibility of future sport pedagogues in the context of social training. The following research methods have been applied in the study: Rotter scale (questionnaire), modified Dembo Rubinstein method, which was offered to estimate peculiarities of social responsibility. The investigation was organised in two stages. In 1997, 142 future sport pedagogues of the Faculty of Pedagogy, Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education, were tested. In 2000, the same investigation was repeated.
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Olive has many important pharmacological activities such as anticancer, hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory and anticancer because of its phenolic compound content. Due to its importance, it is grown in many regions, especially in the Mediterranean region, and studies on it are continued. In addition, olives are important components in the daily diet of a large part of the world's population. Nutrition is an important part of the preparation of active people and athletes for exercise. Athlete nutrition, on the other hand, is a special nutrition program prepared for the development of both the training of the athletes and their athletic performance during the competition, according to the sports branch they are doing. It is very important to include foods with important pharmacological activities that will also benefit the athlete's activities in this nutrition program. In this study, antioxidant activity studies were carried out on olive leaves, which were collected from Ödemiş, İzmir and dried under suitable conditions. Accordingly, DPPH and ABTS capacities and total phenolic content that supports these activities were determined. As a result of the experiments, the EC50 value for the DPPH capacity of the olive leaf extract used in the study was determined as 16,774 ± 0.25 µg/mL, the ABTS capacity was determined as 73.625 ± 0.49 µmol/g and the total phenolic content was determined as 39.26 ± 1.12 mg gallic acid equivalent / g. With this study, which will also contribute to the literature studies, the importance of olive in the sports nutrition program has been emphasized.
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Present study aimed to examine the state and trait anxiety levels of athletes engaged in archery competitions in terms of some variables. The research was carried out by using cross-sectional scanning model, which is one of the descriptive research approaches. The research population consisted of the athletes who participated in the Archery Championships. The sample of the research consisted of a total of 142 athletes, 59 women and 83 men, who voluntarily agreed to participate in the research among the athletes participating in the Championship. In the research, data were collected via Spielberger's Trait-State Anxiety Inventory. The data were analyzed by SPSS 23. Since the data did not show normal distribution, analysis was performed using non-parametric tests. Kruskal Wallis test was used in multiple comparisons and Mann Whitney-U test was used in comparisons between the two variables. Significance level was taken as p 0.05) however, there were significant differences according to age and education variables (p <0.05).
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Like most of his works Jack London, a socialist working-class writer, adopts a critical approach in his sports-themed works. His novels and short stories concern the capitalist sports system and the competitive structure of modern sports, which began to be institutionalized in the early twentieth century, through a socialist point of view. His short story “A Piece of Steak”, which presents a section from the life of an aging boxer, is one of those works. In this study, the aforementioned short story has been analyzed through the sociology of literature. Social facts pointed out through the literary text about the life struggle of a boxer by Jack London and sociological themes related to inequalities and social conflicts have been put forward. Getting old, which means poverty, hunger, and exclusion from the social system for a professional boxer is the main theme of the story. The association of capitalism and sports, competitive market values, social inequalities, oppressed classes, poverty, and alienation are depicted through the lifestyle of a boxer in the work. The narration of modern sports, which stands out with its entertainment characteristics, as a social reality dependent on capitalist mechanisms is presented through a sports worker. In the final analysis, sports find a place as a social field that reflects and reproduces the social reality, conflicts, and the economic logic of its society in the literary text in which London displays his critical approach.
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In this study, the sports and social experiences of female volleyball players were examined in terms of gender perspective. Volleyball, which stands out as a sport specific to women in the social perception has been problematized in terms of the social experiences of female athletes. The study was conducted with a qualitative method. Semi-structured in-depth interview was used as the data collection tool and was designed according to the phenomenological pattern. Accordingly, 15 female athletes between the ages of 30-67 who had at least 10 years of volleyball sports experience between 1980-2019 were interviewed. Document analysis was used as an auxiliary data collection technique. The research findings are divided into six themes. These themes are; ‘Women’s volleyball in Turkish sports history, Social perception and legitimization forms of the female volleyball players body, the positioning of volleyball as a feminine sport branch, “Sultans of the net” as a local identity and representation style, Social institutions and female athlete experience: socialization forms between volleyball and household (family) and Mobbing, harassment and abuse in volleyball. As a result of the analysis of the findings, it was seen that there were differences and continuities between generations in the socialization processes of volleyball women due to gender relations. Women’s volleyball in Turkey in the early stages of volleyball is encoded through the assessment specific to bodies and women’s sporting performance remains in the shadow of female sexuality. Today women are more successful in the volleyball than men. This situation leads to the legitimization and coding of volleyball as a feminine sport branch through gender stereotypes. Throughout the history of Turkish sports, it is seen that different forms of representation have been attributed to volleyball women by the media. According to our research, these forms of representation are placed in social perception with the “naked calf”, “Atatürk’s daughters” and “Sultans of the net” discourse respectively. Today the “Sultans of the net” discourse is widely used in all social institutions in Turkey. This has led to the transformation and institutionalization of this discourse into a local and national identity represented by women volleyball players in Turkey. It is seen that the discourse is also internalized by volleyball players. Although being a volleyball player in Turkey positively affects women’s social identity and status in the context of economic freedom and public visibility, it cannot free women from the hierarchy of the patriarchal structure in domestic roles. Volleyball women are often exposed to mobbing and harassment from coaches and managers.
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A number of factors such as family, audience, manager and competition environment influence prosocial and antisocial behaviors and moral decision-making attitudes in sports. In this context, the aim of the study was to investigate the relationship and effect of the coach-athlete relation on moral decision-making attitudes and prosocial and antisocial behaviors. Correlational survey model was adopted in this study. The sample of the study consisted of 246 licensed male football players, who were between 14-17 years old, in Elazığ, Bolu, Ankara and Gaziantep in the 2019-2020 season. The average age of the players was M=15.17±0.7. Four scales were used to collect data: “Personal Information Form”, “Attitudes to Moral Decision-making in Youth Sport Questionnaire 2”, “Interpersonal Behaviors Questionnaire in Sport” and “Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior in Sports Scale”. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were used in data analysis. Autonomysupportive in interpersonal behaviors in sports, keeping winning in proportion in moral decisionmaking attitudes, and prosocial behavior of teammate in prosocial and antisocial behaviors were found to have higher mean scores compared to other sub-scales. In addition, a positive significant relationship between interpersonal behavior in sports, moral decision-making attitude and prosocial and antisocial behaviors in sports and the age variable was found. Interpersonal behavior in sports explained 68% of the total variance in prosocial behavior as well as 45% of the total variance in antisocial behavior. Finally, it was found that interpersonal behavior in sports explained 3% of the total variance at the level of keeping winning in proportion in moral decision-making attitudes. As a result, ıt was concluded that the relationship and effect of the coach-athlete relationship on moral decision-making attitudes and prosocial and antisocial behaviors in young football players was statistically significant.
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This study aimed to investigate the effect of a 9-week strength and endurance training on the aerobic performance of female basketball players. The study group consisted of athletes (n=15 mean age=16±0.7) who are actively competing in the basketball development league (BGL). Before any assessment informed consent form obtained from the parents of the athletes. In the study, additional strength (10 days) and endurance (20 days) trainings were applied to the existing basketball trainings for 9 weeks. The 30-15 Interval Fitness Test was applied to the athletes in different time periods, 9 weeks before and after the program, and the data were recorded statistically. In the study, as the data showed a normal distribution parametric statistical tests were used. As a result of the study, it was found that there was a significant difference p<0.05 in the values of running distance and maximum aerobic speed (MAS), as well as significant differences in the body weight, body mass index and height of the athletes.
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Athletes have to cope not only with their opponents but also with many psychological factors for success. The aim of this study is to test the validity and reliability of the "Challenge And Threat In Sport Scale” developed by Rossato, Uphill, Swain and Coleman (2018) for Turkish culture. The psychometric properties of the scale were tested on 75 female (27.3%) and 200 male (72.7%), total 275 (average age= 17.91±2.82) athletes. There are a total of 12 items and 2 subscales in the original of the Challenge And Threat In Sport Scale. To test the construct validity of the scale in Turkish culture, explatory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis was applied. Internal consistency co-efficients were calculated for each subscale of the measurement tool. As a result of the confirmatory factor analysis, it was seen that the Turkish version of the scale, as in the original scale, consisted of 11 items and 2 subscales: "challenge" and "threat". It was fastened down that the factor loads of the items that make up the scale varied between .40 and .81. According to the confirmatory factor analysis results, it was calculated as χ2 / df = 2.64, GFI = .94, AGFI = .90, CFI = .94, IFI = .94, SRMR = .07 and RMSEA = .07. Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficients of the scale were calculated as .84 for the "threat" subscale and .80 for the "challenge" subscale. As a result, it can be said that the psychometric properties of "Turkish Challenge And Threat In Sport Scale" is an adequate measurement tool to evaluate the challenge and threat levels of competing athletes in various branches.
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This study was conducted to examine the academic motivations of students studying at the Faculty of Sports Sciences according to personality 410 students studying in the third and fourth grades of the Faculty of Sports Sciences of Muğla Sitki Koçman University, Physical Education and sports teaching, Recreation, Sports Management and coaching education departments formed the research working group. A total of 27 items were to personality types and 20 of which were related to academic motivation. The " A and B personality scale “developed by Friedman and Rosenman and adapted to Turkish by Aktaş and Arikan and the” academic motivation scale “developed by Bozanoğlu (2004) and consisting of three sub-dimensions were used to measure academic motivation. Analysis of the data was carried out in SPSS 22 program. According to the results of the normality test conducted with the Shapiro-Wilk test, it was observed that the lower dimensions of the academic motivation scale used in the study and the personality types scale were not normally distributed. The research also used the Mann-Whitney U test for comparing binary variables and the Kruskal-Wallis test for comparing multiple variables. Correlation analysis was performed to see if there was a significant relationship between the lower dimensions of academic motivation and personality types of participants. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the academic motivation of the Faculty of Sport Sciences students differed significantly according to the personality type, gender, age, course load and class variable, but did not show a significant difference according to the department variable. It has been concluded that the academic motivation of students with personality type A is higher than those of personality type B, when the course load increases, the academic motivation of students decreases and the academic motivation of female students is higher.
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The study aims to reveal whether the gender variable has a regulatory role in the effect of self-efficacy of outdoor recreational events participated by individuals on recreational risk-taking behavior. The sample group of the study consisted of 370 leisure time participants who participated in different outdoor recreation activities. Personal information form, Outdoor Recreation Self-Efficacy (ORSE), and A-Domain-Specific Risk-Taking Scale Short Form (DOSPERT) were applied to the participants in the study. It has been found following the analysis that there is a causal relationship between outdoor recreation self-efficacy and recreational risk-taking behavior and the p-value is statistically significant. After the regulatory impact analysis, significant differences were found in the relation “outdoor recreation self-efficacy and recreational risk-taking behavior” (β=.39 in female and β=.38 in male for skill and efficacy and recreational risk-taking, p< 0.001; β=.41 in female and β=.34 in male for achievement and pleasure and recreational risk-taking, p< 0.001)
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The aim of this study was to investigate of the effects of 12-week recreative exercise programme on body weight, hand grip strength, back strength, leg strength, elasticity and body composition of female. A total of 67 females, 32 subjects and 35 controls, participated in the study voluntarily. The mean age of the subject group is 43.12 ± 11.17, the control group is 36.82 ± 9.82 years. The first measurements were made before the exercise program of the subject group and the second measurements were made on the end date of the exercise program. Body weight, hand grip strength, back strength, leg strength, elasticity, push-ups, sit-ups and body fat measurements were measured depending on the exercise program of the subject group female and control group females. The obtained data were used t-test, with p 0.05), the differences between the body fat measurement values of the females in the subject group were obtain to be statistically significant (p <0.05). After the 12-week recreational exercise program, there exist differences emerged in the participants in terms of physical, physiological and anthrepometric characteristics, depending on the exercise program applied as a result of the measurements taken from the subject group females before and after the exercise. Consequently, it was observed that the recreational exercise program improved the physiological and anthropometric characteristics of the subject group females.
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The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between university students' leisure time attitudes and self-confidence levels. 1095 (487 female, 608 male) students who studied at Kocaeli University participated in the study voluntarily. As a data collection tool in research, "Personal Information Form" created by researchers, "Leisure Attitude Scale" developed by Ragheb and Beard (1982) the validity and reliability of which was adapted to Turkish by Gürbüz and Akgül (2011), and the "Self-Confidence Scale" developed by Akın (2007) were used. In the analysis of the data, frequency analysis was used to examine the participants' personal information distributions, skewness-kurtosis values were examined to determine whether the data showed normal distribution, Manova, Tukey and Post-Hoc tests were used to determine the differences between the variables, correlation analysis was used to establish relations. As a result of the analysis; It was found that there was a high positive correlation between leisure time attitude and self-confidence scales of students from the Faculty of Communication, Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Education and Faculty of Sport Sciences (p0.05). Significant differences were found between faculty variables with leisure attitude scale, sub-dimension and self-confidence scales (p<0.05). It can be said that Sport Sciences, Education, Engineering and Communication Faculty students with high leisure attitudes have high self-confidence levels.
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Many nations, new approaches are used to increase the physical activity levels of young people. It is one of these approaches to adventure recreation in leisure. The aim of the study was to examine the self-confidence of young people who participate in adventure recreation as leisure motivation. For this purpose, the young people who went to the adventure parks in the city of Gaziantep and the young people who attended the activities in the Erikçe Forest adventure park formed the sample. The "Leisure Motivation Scale" developed by Pelletier et al. (1991) for the collection of data, first adapted to Turkish by Mutlu (2008) and later by Güngörmiş (2012), and the self-confidence scale developed by Akın (2007). used. SPSS 22.0 statistics program was used in the analysis of the data. The normality distribution of the data was examined and Independent Samples t test, One way Anova test and correlation analysis were used. As a result, significant differences were found according to the participation in adventure recreation and athlete license status before. No difference was found according to gender and age. A midlevel positive correlation was found between leisure motivation and self-confidence. It can be said that adventure recreation in leisure supports self-confidence. It has been found that the self-confidence of the youth participating in adventure recreation is also high. It is recommended that local governments expand adventure recreation areas, provided that nature is preserved.
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As in most branches, being fast, power and strength is a prerequisite for a good performance in taekwondo. Also, many different opinions are put forward for the improvement of strength performance in children. In this context, this study investigated the effect of tabata exercise, which is which is frequently reported to have positive effects on aerobic, anaerobic and strength performance in both adults and children. Thirty children (age 14.3 ± 0.21 years, height 159.1 ± 2.04 cm, body weight 50.9 ± 2.11 kg) who received Taekwondo training voluntarily participated in the study. The participants were randomly divided into two groups as the Tabata group (n: 15) and the control group (n: 15). In addition to their routine taekwondo training, tabata group was trained 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Tabata group, the fisrt session consisted of four exercise with training progressed to seven exercise in the final session. On the other hand the control group participated in their own routine taekwondo training 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Vertical jumping, standing long jump, medicine ball throwing, sit up and push-up tests were applied to all participants at the beginning, 4th week and at the end of the study. SPSS 23 package program was used in the analysis of the data. The test results of the research group at the 1st, 4th and 8th weeks were used with the Repeated Measures ANOVA Test to determine from which group the difference was caused by the Bonferroni test. Statistical significance level was accepted as p<0.05. In the study, when the evaluation was made within the group, a significant difference was found in the vertical jump, medicine ball throwing and sit up tests in the tabata group. A significant difference was found only in the sit up test on behalf of control group. When comparing between groups, there was no significant difference in all parameters between the two groups. Finally, it can be said that tabata exercises have a positive effect on strength performance in children aged 13-14 who received taekwondo training.
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The purpose of the article is to identify the features of historical development and the evolution of technical and compositional features of the choreographic form of the competitive type of sports ballroom dance formation. Methodology. The historical method was applied, which contributed to the consideration of the genesis and development of formation; the comparative method, which revealed the common and distinctive features of dance formation in the twentieth century. and at the present stage, which have helped to determine the characteristic stylistic and technical-compositional features of the formation, and others. Scientific novelty. Peculiarities of the historical development of the choreographic form of the competitive type of sports ballroom dance formation have been studied; the term "formation" is specified; the evolution of technical and compositional features of formation in dancesport at the beginning of the XI century is considered; the generally accepted traditional method of training, which is based on repeated repetition of the competitive composition, is analyzed; outlines the prospects of formation in modern dance sports. Conclusions. Active development of ballroom dancing at the beginning of the XXI century. contributed to its formation in the format of a complex and coordinated sport, which accordingly led to the development of sports and technical skills of dancers, as one of the components of the overall training system. At present, the perfect ballroom dance technique is understood as the most rational and effective way of performing, which allows achieving the best result. Over the past few years, dance formation has changed greatly – increased speed and dynamics of performance, there were numerous gradual changes in position without a complete stop, as well as the trend towards direct construction, which increased dance technique requirements and positively affected national and international competitiveness.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the Olympic ceremonial costume of the XVIII Winter Olympic Games "Nagano-1998" and set the components demonstratively symbolizing the national identity in the design of clothing of the Olympic ceremonial costume. Methodology. Heuristic methods in art analysis were used to solve the set tasks, namely: visual observation; description; an attempt to establish components demonstratively symbolizing national identity in the design of Olympic ceremonial costume clothing; logical generalization of the obtained results. Scientific Novelty. According to the results of the art analysis of the Olympic ceremonial costume of foreign teams participating in the competitions (USA, China, Greece) of the XVIII Winter Olympic Games "Nagano-1998", one of the determinants of artistic and informational identification of the Olympic ceremonial costume was established for the first time and its components, which demonstratively symbolize a national identity in the design of clothing. Conclusions. Art analysis of the Olympic ceremonial costume, the reflection of socio-political influences of the historical context on its formality and informational compliance with the principles enshrined in the Olympic Charter [5, p. 11–12] competitions, give us reason to establish for the first time a demonstrative symbolization of the national identity of the design of clothing of the Olympic ceremonial costume as one of the determinants of artistic and informational identification. Given the ceremonial guidelines for identity in costume, which have been followed by all teams since 1936, the most important manifestation in this period (1998) is the semiotic accent in costume. Expression of their state independence, national identity, as well as the importance and identity of their culture at the turn of the era, with the help of such demonstratively symbolizing national identity in the design of Olympic ceremonial costume components, such as 1) Construction - the formation of the suit and the material used are tectonically displayed on the figures of athletes. By designing items of clothing, a visual image is built, which allows obtaining a silhouette identifying result; 2) Sign - stylization of the sign/signs is done by applying a pattern, graphic elements, combinations of graphic elements, embroidery, and possibly other creative innovative stylizations on clothes and accessories. Signs visually identify athletes, allow you to read the underlying meanings of the semantic information content of the costume; 3) Color – appealing to the colors of the national flag and reproducing with the help of color images of well-known objects of cultural heritage are the most popular methods of identifying the country during the Olympic parade. However, when choosing a color and its outflow, its compliance with the values in the host country and the prevailing trends overtime is taken into account. 3) Color – appealing to the colors of the national flag and reproducing with the help of color images of well-known cultural heritage sites are the most popular methods of identifying the country during the Olympic parade. However, when choosing a color and shade of color, its compliance with the values in the host country and the prevailing trends of the time is taken into account. It is worth noting that the visual image that translates national identity can be obtained by combining these components in the design, both together and separately, which was found during the art analysis of the Olympic ceremonial costumes of sports teams of the United States, China, and Greece.
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The purpose of this study is to explore the current state of risk management practice and the influences on it, particularly concerning competitive positioning, in the sports goods industry in the city of Sialkot, Pakistan. This study is based on the analysis of twenty semi-structured interviews. It was conducted with the owners and other key decision makers of sports goods SMEs in Sialkot. The findings indicate that the main obstacle faced in improving risk management practices relates to underestimation of their link to competitive strategizing while determining the long-term strategic options. The value of this study lies in its potential to highlight the competitive situation of Pakistani SMEs within the sports goods industry in the face of increasing competition on the international scale. This study identifies the mutual impact of various types of risks, such as financial risk, reputational risk, strategic risk and price fluctuation risk, on adoption of a particular competitive strategy by SMEs. Altogether, it raises SMEs’ awareness of various business scenarios which would allow them to recognize risks earlier and improve their competitive standing.
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