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‘An Egiptian and noe Xtian Woman’: Gypsy Identity and Race Law in Early America

Author(s): Ann Marguerite Ostendorf / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2017

Though many scholars have referenced Joan Scott as the earliest Gypsy in North America, thanks to a 1695 Henrico County Virginia court record identifying her as “an Egiptian and noe Xtian woman,” none have explored her life further. Despite this, an examination of the fornication charge against Scott suggests much about her life. Scott entered the colony twenty years before her fornication charge and while unmarried bore a child whose father the court considered a man of color. In these ways, Scott’s life appears similar to her contemporaries. Yet, in other ways Scott’s experience differed. By allowing the court to believe in her Gypsy identity and non-Christian religion she worked the court in her favor and saw her case dismissed. When historicized and contextualized, the meager details known about Joan Scott enhance our understanding of the colonial American Gypsy experience and contribute to a broader American historical narrative.

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‘How do you Say “Stop that!” in Slovakian?’: A8 Immigration and Scotland’s Race and Ethnic Diversity Narrative

Author(s): Mwenda Kailemia / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2016

‘How do you Say “Stop that!” in Slovakian’: A8 Immigration and Scotland’s Race and Ethnic Diversity Narrative. In 2004 8 Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries (Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia) joined the EU in an expansion popularly known as the Accession, or A8. As part of this arrangement the Slovakian Roma community settled in Govanhill, a neighborhood in the South-Side of Glasgow, Scotland. Immediately, there was widespread outcry, followed by public debate, on the numbers involved and the impact on local services. One of the claims made was that, because of a ‘unique’ history of ‘self-isolation’, the Roma had altered local policing needs. There were widespread media anecdotes of anti-social behavior but also racist victimization. Using material available post-A8 Govanhill, this synthesizes the debate on Roma settlement against the wider canvass of Scottish reception and assimilation of immigrants. I claim that post-A8 phobia of the Roma is part of an unsustainable ideology of Scotland as a post-racial ‘welcoming country’ which has occluded a nuanced interrogation of the capacity of the country to welcome and successfully integrate immigrants.

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‘I Would Never Have Come If We’d Know It Might Be Like This’. On the (Un)Intended Consequences of Welfare Governance of EU Roma Migrants in Britain

Author(s): Margaret Greenfields,Eglė Dagilytė / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2018

This paper presents the findings from a small-scale pilot study which explores the experiences of accessing welfare benefits by the migrant Roma European Union (EU) citizens in the UK. It compares administrative barriers and individuals’ knowledge of welfare entitlement both prior and after the implementation of changes to the welfare regime in 2014, when a tranche of ‘policy hardening’ legal enactments came into force. For the migrants who participated in this study, precarious, low paid post-migration work has brought several hazards, including a non-eligibility for certain social protections and an inability to demonstrate documentation which enable access to ‘passported’ welfare benefits. The combination of problems in accessing welfare benefits and the resulting state interventions, including expulsion from the UK in some cases, suggest that EU Roma citizens experience disproportionate negative impacts of welfare hardening, adding to the much vaunted ‘hostile environment’ to EU migrants in the wake of the Brexit vote. As such, we find the practice of ‘bordering’ migrant EU Roma citizens to the UK is taking place through covert state enforcement action against families and households, discouraging effective and genuine use of their free movement rights guaranteed under European Union law.

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‘Neither bloody persecution nor well intended civilizing missions changed their nature or their number’: A Postcolonial Approach to Protestant ‘Zigeuner’ Missionary Efforts

Author(s): Verena Meier / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

Christian missionaries played a major role in the process of Othering Sinti and Roma. This “Other” was – like the colonial subject – mainly viewed as primitive, uncivilized, superstitious, and heathen. From the early nineteenth century, Protestant missions were established in Germany to “civilize” and educate Sinti and Roma. This paper takes a critical stance on these Protestant missionary efforts in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, highlighting the relevance of postcolonial studies for Romani studies. Firstly, I outline interconnections between stereotypes related to Zigeuner in the colonial metropole and “primitives” in the peripheral areas, which is then followed by an analysis of Protestant views on these two subordinate groups and the ways in which knowledge was transferred between Protestant missionaries across time and space. Finally, this analysis is followed by a methodological reflection on the benefits and limitations of postcolonial studies for critical Romani studies.

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‘Neither fish nor flesh:’ Translations in Brian Friel’s ‘Translations’

Author(s): Dilek Ōztūrk-Yagci / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

This paper analyses issues of language and cultural translation in Brian Friel’s play Translations within the context of postcolonial theory and Irish history. As an overly discussed term in academia, “postcolonial” attaches great importance to Friel criticism, for Friel’s drama is often concerned with issues relating to identity, nation, language and memory, each of which is significant in their way of informing postcolonial consciousness. Among the various definitions of the term “postcolonial,” Elleke Boehmer’s statement persists: “experiences of exclusion, denigration, and resistance,” asserting itself in the engagement, usually and in its simplest sense, between the West and the non-West. However, for Brian Friel’s characters in Translations, postcolonialism refers to a certain renaming and remapping process which is both beyond the limits of geographical intention and within their reach. This conundrum-like situation has actually much more to do with the characters’ distressing experience of facing a desire to construct their broken identities in the shadow of improbabilities, which the present study aims to explore. In this sense, Friel’s Translations provides the reader with a panorama of the Irish town Bally Beag in its process of transition, of being renamed and remapped, and of its townspeople in their moments of translation, either moving from one plane to another or resisting translation.

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‘One Day in Slovak, Another Day in Bulgarian’: Aspects of the Familial Upbringing of Children of Bulgarian-Mixed Origin

Author(s): Tanya Matanova / Language(s): English / Issue: Special/2016

This paper addresses the specific situations faced by children of interethnic families relating to the ethnocultural, linguistic, and religious upbringing by their parents. The study focuses on persons born into Bulgarian-Russian, Bulgarian-Ukrainian, Bulgarian-Austrian, Bulgarian-Slovak, and Bulgarian-German families which reside in either Bulgaria or other European countries. An individual’s ethnocultural education is considered a part of the process of enculturation and socialization that occurs in the first few years of his or her life. In interethnic families, there are three cultural models that parents use to transmit their ethnic backgrounds to their descendants: the ‘one-sided arrangement’, ‘alternative arrangement’, and ‘creative adjustment’. The linguistic education includes the different means chosen by parents for transmitting their language competence to their offspring. The discussion of religious upbringing is based on data from people raised with two cultures and two festivity systems, and their family practices regarding religious holiday celebrations.

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‘Roma’ migration in the EU: the case of Spain between ‘new’ and ‘old’ minorities

Author(s): Tina Magazzini,Stefano Piemontese / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

The 2004 and 2007 EU Eastern enlargements facilitated the mobility of citizens from CEE countries, including European citizens of Roma ethnicity, which in turn contributed to the Europeanization of the ‘Roma issue’. This article examines the politics of Roma ethnicity by giving a concise, yet we hope comprehensive, overview of how recent Roma migrations from EU Member States (particularly from Romania) to Spain can be understood and analysed in relation to both pre-existing policies for the Spanish Gitano communities and to wider European dynamics and structures.

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‘Whenever mom hands over the phone, then we talk’: Transnational ties to the country of descent among Canadian Somali youth

Author(s): Marja Tiilikainen / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2017

This article focuses on the transnational experiences of second-generation Canadian Somalis, in particular their social ties to Somalia. It sheds light on the transnational family relations and practices of the second generation as well as the meanings, emotions and identifications that they attach to such relations and practices. The concepts of transnational ways of being and belonging are employed as analytical tools. In their everyday life, the youth engaged in family practices (communication, remittances, visits) related to Somalia, which was mostly nurtured by their parents’ transnationalism. The youth did not often identify with transnational kin beyond such practices. However, they did combine transnational ways of being and belonging in a dynamic and complex manner. The article is based on 19 interviews with second-generation youth, which were conducted as part of a larger study on transnational Somali families.

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‘You Can Count On Us’: When Malian Diplomacy Stratcommed Uncle Sam

Author(s): Pablo de Orellana / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2017

How did North African states depict their nomadic minorities to the US during the War on Terror in the 2000s? How did this shape American policy in the region?Focusing on Malian-American diplomacy and drawing on post-structuralist analytics of identity-formation, this paper first examines how Malian diplomacy represented nomadic minorities in communication with US diplomatic and military envoys during the period 2002–2010. It is found that Mali consistently branded Saharan nomads as lawless subjects that make territory ungovernable, compromise security, and facilitate terrorism. Second, this paper deploys intertextual analysis to measure the success of these strategic communications efforts. It is found that, despite the advice of some American diplomats on the ground, by the end of 2008 Mali’s depiction of Saharan nomadism had been absorbed into US diplomacy. This subsumed Northern Malian subjects into the categories of the War on Terror, which privileged military control of subjects and territory over development and reconciliation efforts. This policy shift granted Mali influence over US policy and diplomatic support to ignore nomadic grievances. Analysis reveals the key role of identity-making and name-calling in Mali-US relations and in diplomatic communication more broadly, showcasing the potential of textual analysis methods to evaluate strategic communications outcomes.

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“An isolated case”: the Slovene Carinthians and the 1920 plebiscite

Author(s): Maria Isabella Reinhard / Language(s): English / Issue: 48/2016

The end of WWI saw the dissolution of the multiethnic Central European Empires and the formation of new states based on Woodrow Wilson’s concept of national self-determination. This article underlines the limitations of Wilsonian national self-determination, focusing on the Slovene Carinthians and the pro-Austrian result of the 1920 plebiscite. The outcome of the plebiscite exemplifies that minorities are motivated by more than solely ethno-linguistic reasons when deciding what state to belong to. Even though other factors existed, the key motivations for Slovene Carinthians to remain with Austria were of economic and political nature. It will be contended that the importance of the centuries long acculturation of Slovene Carinthians to Austria brought them closer to Austria than to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Additionally the phrasing of the plebiscite made Slovene Carinthians’ decision a question of state preference rather than ethno-linguistic identity. Moreover, the unpleasant occupation of parts of Carinthia by the troops of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes and the higher effectiveness of Austrian propaganda played a key role in the vote of many Slovene Carinthians. Lastly, the majority of Slovene Carinthians being farmers, reliant on Austrian trade opportunities, swayed them toward a pro-Austrian vote. Thus, the Carinthian plebiscite of 1920 builds a strong case against the assumption that ethnolinguistic ties alone should be the foundation for state formation arguing that other factors are equally or more important.

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“Anketa o kolonizaciji cigana” ili pokušaj koloniziranja Roma u Savskoj banovini

Author(s): Danijel Vojak / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 2/2016

The Romani minority population has been living in the Croatian lands since the second half of the 14th century and is today one of the older minority groups in the region. The Croatian government began regulating their nomadic way of life in the late 16th century, attempting to permanently settle i.e. colonise them on a certain area. In a way, the Croatian government was as (un)successful in this attempt as other European governments, primarily because they failed to approach the problem in a systematic manner. The question of colonising the Roma was considered one of the most important steps towards regulating their position in society primarily because it was believed this would resolve the matter of their (constantly highlighted) criminality. The authorities in the Sava Banovina were faced with this – until then unsolvable – problem. Due to increasing public pressure and the initiative of the Križevci town government, the question of Roma colonisation was placed on the agenda of the Sava Banovina’s civil services. A significant number of local governments answered the mentioned “survey” by expressing their support, though only a small number of them were willing to provide funding for its implementation. The government of the Banovina then presented the problem to Ban Ružić, who demanded further clarifications and the gathering of more data on the Roma. Although there are certain indications that a part of the budget of the Sava Banovina and later the Banovina of Croatia was set aside for implementing “Gypsy colonisation”, it should be noted that they most likely weren’t spent for this purpose since the colonisation never took place. The reason why a special provision was never enacted could be related to the lack of initiative and cooperation between state, Banovina, and municipal authorities. The government of the Banovina of Croatia also tried to resolve this problem – certain newspapers reported that a special law concerning the Roma would be enacted, aimed towards preventing their nomadism and constantly-highlighted criminal activities. When the Ustasha government came to power in the Independent State of Croatia, it implemented a radical solution to the “Gypsy Question” – instead of colonisation, the Roma were subjected to deportation and mass killings in camps.

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“Bulutlari Beklerken’’ Ve “Güz Sancisi’’ Nda Kimlik Temsili

Author(s): Berken Döner / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 84/2015

The concepts of ethnicity and nation states, in political discourse to discuss, the issue of ethnic identity are addressed based on the political context. In recent years the issue of minorities is becoming more conversation, of belonging, social memory and ethnic identity has also spoken of becoming problematic.. in the field social and political identity discussions, the movie theater itself demonstrated on the movie also. In our country since the early years of the cinema screenings, several film includes ethnicity representation. When Yeşilçam films are examined, it is presented with the generalizations and represent prejudice can be seen. Today, get away from the abstract and general approach, a completely different perspective, trying to catch Director are also available. Waiting for the Clouds, taken in the 2000s and again in the 2000s, taken Pains of Autumn movies are once again on the issue of minority representation allows us to think about. Waiting for the Clouds, having cut off from her family and female character from the film mother tongue, Turkish and Muslim majority in the face of everyday life while focusing on how to set up; Fall within the historical process in our country the Greeks the movie life Pains of Autumn completely focuses on the political events that changed.

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“Cemiyet” Hareketinin Kuruluşu ve Siyasi Faaliyetlerine İlişkin Bazı Arşiv Kaynakları Değerlendirilmesi

Author(s): Murtezan İdrizi / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2018

The full name of the political organization Cemiyet was “İslam Muhafaza-i Hukuk Cemiyeti” (Islamic Association for Protection and Justice). From the name of the organization itself, it urges curiosity to know more about this organization. This organization was virtually a legal political party of Muslim Albanians, as well as of the other ethnic minorities with Muslim religious affiliations during the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. This research explains causes that incited the establishment of the Cemiyet party. At the same time, from some archival sources as well as from a several parliamentary interpellations, the very activity of this political organization subsequently will be clearly understood. In general, as a result of various problems emphasized, such as: violent displacement to Turkey and colonization of Albanian lands by Slavic factors, Cemiyet will be considered as a political organization for the protection of the rights of Albanians and other Muslim minorities.

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“Dar-link, do you vant a kavitchka?” The Interplay of Language and Identity in Charlotte Mendelson’s ‘Almost English’

Author(s): Fanni Feldmann / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

This paper analyses Charlotte Mendelson’s 2013 novel Almost English from the perspective of the relationship between and the interconnectedness of language and identity, and approaches issues of national, cultural and ethnic identities through language. The text is centred on questions such as how many generations it takes to blend into a culture as someone having outlandish origins. For how long is the offspring of immigrants considered as an nth-generation immigrant? When does a foreign past stop defining you and let you pass as a native? I argue that the novel—being the story of three Hungarian immigrant generations in England—depicts different variations of Englishness and Hungarianness. The key element of identity construction as depicted by the text is language, more precisely the ability to use or even recognise the Hungarian language, which is present in the text as a marked language. The main difference between the generations and their assimilation is based on the proximity of how close one has to listen to in order to find anomalies in their language use and therefore their identity. I point out how different identity strategies are underlined by the development of a multiethnic, multicultural, partly multilingual identity in the representative of the third generation. By the end of the novel the binary opposition of being either English or Hungarian is superseded by the text and a new, hybrid identity is being formed.

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“Don’t Underestimate the Girls... Some of them are More Genuine Ultras than You”

Author(s): Kremena Iordanova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2017

Sports and football in particular are always considered a typical male occupation,which stresses male values and where the presence of the opposite sex is regarded as unnatural. In the last decade, the European stadiums witness the unprecedented presence of women attending the football games. This leads to the conclusion that the idea of male hegemony on the stadium could be questioned. The study is conducted among women–football fans in Bulgaria. The main questions, which it aims to answer,are: What are the ways of becoming a football fan? How do the female football fans spend their time in the circles that were until recently considered male? To what extent is their behaviour on the stadium independent?

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“Faiths and Social cohesion” Establishing social participation with religious differences: local Muslim communities in Europe

Author(s): Altay Manço,Spyros Amoranitis / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2005

The action entitled “Faiths and Social Cohesion” the results of which are presented in this volume is supported by the European Commission Directorate- General for Employment and Social Affairs within the framework of the European Programme against discrimination and in favour of fundamental social rights and the civil society (Art 13 of the treaty of the Union). This is an action for identification, validation and transnational exchanges “good practices” and information against discrimination coordinated by the Institute for Research, Training and Action on Migrations (IRFAM). This action is carried out at the transnational level with six sets of partners hailing from various countries.

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“Fortress Europe” or “Open Door Policy” – attempts to solve the refugee and migration crisis in the European Union in 2011–2017

Author(s): Katarzyna Cymbranowicz / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

The paper analyses and evaluates the activities currently undertaken by the EU institutions and member states in the area of migration and asylum. Domestic and foreign scientific papers and press materials, reports of international organizations dealing with migration and refugees, and statistical data from the Eurostat, Frontex, and International Organization for Migration databases were used for the research. Has Europe in fact become besieged (by migrants), becoming “Fortress Europe”, or has the so-called “Open Door Policy” towards the refugees and migrants coming to Europe from the Middle East and North Africa succeeded? How did the EU institutions and member states react to the crisis?

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“Fortune telling Is a Curse on Your Children”: Conversion, Fortune telling, and Beliefs in Magic among Roma Women in Estonia

Author(s): Eva-Liisa ROHT-YILMAZ / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2019

Missionary work by Pentecostal Finnish Roma (Kaale) started among the Roma in Estonia during the 1980s. These mission activities, carried out by both Finns and local Roma, intensified over the next two decades and continue today. The article looks into a specific case of how converted (Pentecostal and Baptist) and non-converted (Russian Orthodox, Lutheran, Catholic) Roma women in Estonia conceptualise the practice of fortune telling. For this purpose, the role of fortune telling as a traditional Roma skill and occupation is discussed as a part of the conceptualisation, together with the possible efficacy of fortune telling and its relation to beliefs in magic that also shape the women’s attitudes towards it. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, the article argues that although fortune telling is considered satanic by born-again believers and is therefore abandoned, its condemnation is not straightforward in less controlled narration situations, thus posing an extra challenge for Roma women in the conversion process.

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Ідеологічні засади освітньої політики нацистського окупаційного режиму в дистрикті "Галичина" в роки Другої світової війни

Author(s): Vasylʹ Hulay / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 2/2011

The basis of Nazi ideology in the sphere of education of the occupied areas is discussed in the article. The main attention is paid to the ethnic specification of the structure and contingency of the educational establishments of the district "Halychyna" during World War II. The author manages to prove the fact that their activity was not aimed at the proper support of the educational needs of the main ethnic minorities but at becoming an instrument of the realization of Nazi occupational policy.

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Југословенска сазнања о положају српске мањине у Мађарској и Румунији 1948–1953. године

Author(s): Vladimir Lj. Cvetković / Language(s): Serbian / Publication Year: 0

The problem of the Serbian and other Yugoslav national minorities in the neighboring Hungary and Romania was one of the most important matters in Yugoslavia’s relations with these countries after the Second World War. Since it represented only part of a much broader problem of national minorities in the Communist world, it reflected not only a crisis in the bilateral relations, but also a crisis between the newly-formed Communist countries of Eastern Europe. The Situation of the Serbian national minority, as well as of the Yugoslav minorities living in Hungary and Romania, was exceedingly difficult in 1953. The legal status of these minorities was not defined by mutual conventions with Yugoslavia but only by internal legal acts which provided almost no protection. The rights these acts guaranteed to the Serbian and other minorities, remained largely on paper. In contravention of the positive laws the Serbian minority in Hungary and Romania had neither freedom of movement, nor the right to express political opinions, and even less the satisfactory education in mother tongue or the freedom to cultivate its individuality through its cultural and educational institutions and organizations. Unfortunately, before struggling for these and other minority rights, the Serbian minority, faced with deportations and economic exploitation, had to conquer the most elementary right – the right to live and to survive physically.

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