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It is claimed that, in certain circumstances, initial-rate method (IRM) has advantages over the integral method (IM). But, the IRM will only be effective if the con¬centration change is less than 5 % and the rate constant (k) obtained should be checked with IM. There are two main purposes of this research. First, to prove that the claim is invalid and the IRM can be used on broader concentration changes. In addition, the rate law model used in the claimed is invalid for reaction that takes place in two mechanisms. Second, to find a new form of IRM equation, which does not require IM checks. This study used the oxidation of formic acid with bromine as a reaction model. The values of n and k of this reaction at two mechanisms were determined by the IM, and then by the conventional IRM, the method used in the claim, and by the new IRM generated by this study. All of k values are compared by using IM as the standard. The proposed method is claimed valid if the error percentage of k is less than 5 %. Despite the shortcomings, the results show that the new IRM is valid and more reliable.
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Beginnings are violent and deceitful. Pretending that they spontaneously emerge from nowhere, these words and thoughts cannot help but feign erasure of all that preceded them. There is thus something bold and presumptuous about claiming the ability to inaugurate and virtually burst onto the scene. In an attempt to mitigate the violence and deception of this particular beginning, I want to clearly contextualize what will follow.
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The rise of an original Indian detective novel can be dated back to the 1950s. Like its European predecessor, the genre was initially considered strictly popular; books were sold at railway stations as cheap reading matter for commuters. During the Sixties, however, thanks to the rising importance of the middle class, detective novels became increasingly popular. For years the detective genre had been on the wane and it was only in the first decade of the 21st century that new detective and noir stories appeared.
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Is fame a valuable problem for historiography, or will it always remain in the domain of marketing experts? The English celebrity history, well-developed in the West, would react with a fervent refusal to any attempts at considering fame being thought ahistorical. This article is a review of three current works pertaining to the problem. Additionally, it attempts to determine whether a Polish historian can use its contents as fair examples of the current trends in celebrity history.
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The book of Rafał Smoczyński and Tomasz Zarycki is devoted to a sociological analysis of the space occupied by aristocracy, landed gentry, and nobility in the Polish field of power since the second half of the nineteenth century. It could be regarded as a recapitulation of our knowledge of the role of post-landowning communities in Poland in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
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