Sułtani swingu. Turcja wobec integracji z Unią Europejską

Author(s): Szymon Ananicz / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2013

Turcja, mimo coraz częstszego stosowania nieprzyjaznej wobec Unii Europejskiej retoryki i coraz wyraźniejszej asertywności w relacjach z Brukselą, w perspektywie najbliższych lat będzie się opowiadała za kontynuacją procesu integracji z UE. Impas w procesie akcesyjnym jest dla rządu Recepa Tayyipa Erdoğana powodem głębokiej irytacji. Niemniej dla rządzącej partii AKP znacznie mniej korzystnym scenariuszem byłoby ewentualne zerwanie rozmów akcesyjnych. Władze liczą przede wszystkim na podtrzymanie procesu negocjacyjnego, a nie na pełne członkostwo. Za działaniami rządu Erdoğana na rzecz utrzymania procesu akcesyjnego przemawiać będzie świadomość, że ma on dla AKP ważne znaczenie w polityce wewnętrznej i gospodarczej, a także – choć w znacznie mniejszym stopniu – w polityce zagranicznej. Przydatność procesu integracji do celów polityki wewnętrznej będzie skłaniała władze Turcji, by unikać kryzysów w relacjach z UE, a jeśli się pojawią, łagodzić je.

Support for business in Poland, Russia and Romania

Author(s): Zdzisław Pólkowski,Andreea-Cătălina Maria / Language(s): English / Issue: 7/2014

The article contains a brief description of existing methods and programs to promote business in Poland, Russia and Romania. Financial support for businesses can be obtained either from the European Union or from other sources. The success of small and medium-sized enterprises is crucial for increasing employment and creating new jobs. The effects of economic activities largely depend on the skills of the workforce and its ability to adapt to changes. This is why many businesses can benefit from ESF assistance in order to increase the competence and flexibility of their most valuable asset – their employees.For this reason, in this article assumptions about scholarship programs such as „Erasmus practices „and„ Erasmus for young entrepreneurs” are presented. Moreover, this article provides a brief description of activities carried out by a local IT company and students from the University of Pitesti during the „Erasmus practice” project. However, studies, especially those concerning Poland, suggest that at present business people are not interested in free trainings. Direct and immediate possibility of financial support in order to make investments and to reduce labor costs are a more relevant issue to them. Such support is particularly important to young entrepreneurs who have a „business idea”. To prepare this article, information available from the Internet, from the official websites of government institutions, banks, portals, the European Union states and others, as well as international media was used.

Support for foreign direct investment inflows in Serbia

Author(s): Branislav Dudić,Zdenka Dudić,Ján Smoleň,Vladimir Mirković / Language(s): English / Issue: 1-2/2018

The accession of Serbia to the European Union should bring stability, peace, justice, freedom and security to the Balkans. In this regard, strengthening the competitiveness of the country’s economy in order to improve its ability to withstand the pressure of the competition in the single market and reduce unemployment through job creation is the most important objective of Serbia’s economic policy. The purpose of the paper is to provide a short overview of the achieved results in terms of foreign direct investments in Serbia and to determine them as a crucial factor in increasing the country’s competitiveness. The paper stresses expectations that the outcome of negotiations with the EU will improve the investment plans in Serbia and, consequently, create conditions for a stable financial and macroeconomic environment. Also, the paper analyses cooperation with the most prominent European Union member states in the field of foreign direct investments and emphasises the financial sector, the trade and tourism sector and the telecommunication sector as the most attractive industries for EU member states. EU companies have invested almost three quarters of the cumulative FDI inflows to Serbia over the past 8 years, amounting to over EUR 11 billion in total. The European countries that have invested most in the Republic of Serbia are Austria, Norway and the Netherlands. Other big investors to Serbia are Russia (9% of the cumulative FDI inflows), Switzerland (6%), United Arab Emirates, China and USA (2% of the cumulative FDI inflows each). By investigating the open investment regime in the European Union, which is a basis for the development of economic relations and removal of barriers, the authors of the article present relevant measures in Serbia, which are acceptable to EU member states and define opportunities for job creation and increases in productivity of industries in Serbia. To promote exports and the inflow of foreign direct investments, the Serbian government has established such institutional mechanisms as the Development Agency of Serbia (RAS - SIEPA); the Export Credit and Insurance Agency of the Republic of Serbia; the Serbian Agency for the Development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises and Entrepreneurship; the Development Fund of the Republic of Serbia; the European Agency for Reconstruction; the Free Zones Administration. The authors pay special attention to the case of the Serbian banking industry, which is a perfect example of the industry developed due to a significant amount of foreign direct investments. The banking sector is one of the most prospective sectors for foreign investors in Serbia, which was especially observed during the period of 2004-2011. As of 31 December 2016, 22 out of the 30 banks in Serbia are owned by foreign legal entities, which is a result of foreign direct investments in the Serbian banking sector and consolidation processes. Investments in the Serbian banking industry were implemented through 2 simultaneous and parallel channels: brown-field and green-field investments. Firstly, large investments in banking were recorded as green-field investment and that was mainly due to the entrance of banks/banking groups, such as Procredit (Germany), Raiffeisenbank (Austria), HVB (Austria), Alpha Bank (Greece) and National Bank of Greece (Greece) together with Societe Generale Bank (France), into the Serbian market. Starting from 2002, there has been a lot of room for an increase of the market share of foreign banks in Serbia interested in the privatisation of Serbian banks or public ownership objects. Those banks were mostly presented by the European Union banks which operate in the region, for example: Hypo-Alpe-Adria Bank (Austria), Eurobank (Greece), Erste Bank (Austria) and OTP Bank (Hungary). Over time, the strong difference between green-field and brown-field investments in banking erased, as far as some of the banks which entered the Serbian market through green-field investments were active participants in the process of acquisition or privatisation of the former Serbian banks. Finally, this paper deals with future progress of the Serbian economy, based on the achieved results regarding foreign direct investment incentives. In other words, the improvement and stabilisation of Serbia’s credit rating and cooperation with relevant international financial institutions, such as the IMF and the EBRD, will result in a better image of Serbia. Consequently, the sustainable development of the Serbian economy, which could provide the continuity and presence of the country in respectable markets of the EU, can be achieved due to inflows of foreign direct investments, especially in industries such as the financial industry and the telecommunication industry.

SUPRANATIONAL DEMOCRACY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION. INTRODUCTORY THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

Author(s): Janusz Ruszkowski / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2019

The main purpose of the article is to build a new multidimensional conceptualization of ‘supranational democracy’ in comparative perspective of national democracy and contribute to empirical research. It has to be remembered, however, that on the supranational level it is more difficult to achieve democracy than on a national level. Author went towards identifying the constituent components of the concept of ‘supranational democracy’ and the sources of this phenomenon in the European Union because democracy can have its natural environment not only in the nationstate, but also beyond the state. The theory of supranationalism will be the paradigm of the analysis, but in combination with Multi-level Governance (MLG) and theory of democracy, which is a particular point of reference and a classic reference in the process of explication. This article provides a new approach to the theory of democracy and postulates to integrate a new type of democracy and traditional concept of democracy.

SURSE GENERATOARE DE INSECURITATE LA ADRESA SECURITĂŢII ENERGETICE A UNIUNII EUROPENE

Author(s): Mihail Duțu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2010

This beginning of the century is marked by the shaping of a new configuration of international relations and new dimensions of the future evolution of the world and the new power canters. In this dynamic of the international environment, a central place is occupied by the major preoccupations of derationing the economy and security, and an important role in the hierarchy of threats to the national security of a state is its energy vulnerability. The energy and energy policies of a state are a strategic component of national security. The energy sector is the basic strategic infrastructure for the functioning of a state's economy, access to energy resources is based on the entire economic development of a country. Energy is the blood of an economy, it interconnects all the vital sectors of a state. In this context, energy security, with all three components (providing alternative energy sources, identifying alternative energy routes and securing existing routes) is a strategic component in ensuring national security.

Sustainability of Bulgarian Farming Enterprises during European Union Common Agricultural Policy Implementation

Author(s): Hrabrin Bachev / Language(s): English / Issue: 48/2017

This article applies a holistic framework for assessing integral, governance, economic, social, and environmental sustainability of Bulgarian farming enterprises, and assesses sustainability of holdings in general and of different juridical type, size, specialization, and ecological and geographical location. First, a hierarchical framework for assessing sustainability level of farming enterprises in Bulgarian during current stage of European Union. Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) implantation is presented. Second, overall, governance, economic, social, and environmental sustainability of Bulgarian farming enterprises in general and of different type are assessed, and multi- indicator, multi- criteria, multi- principle and multi-aspect and integral sustainability levels analyzed. Third, structure of farming enterprises with different sustainability level in general and of different type is analyzed. Next, diverse personal, market, institutional etc. factors for improving sustainability of Bulgarian farming enterprises are identified. Finally, directions for further research and practices in sustainability assessments in the sector are suggested.

Sustainable development and worldwide controversial issues regarding the auction of pollution right

Author(s): Mariana Ioviţu / Language(s): English / Issue: 11/2010

The present study investigates one of the most up-to-date scientific and pragmatic problems faced by the evolution of the human society, by the European Union and by the future of this planet:pollution as externality of the economic growth.The inclusion of the sustainable development objectives in the framework of the ambitious goals of the Lisbon Strategy is launching once again several controversies concerning the analysis of the global auction process of pollution right. Linked to the context, the study considers the economic fact through and with the help of the results of scientific economic research by using the design theory (award of the Swedish Academy for Economy, 2007).We need to mention that the theoretical and practical nature of the study is based upon the recent's conclusions of the Copenhagen Summit, underlining the normative-positive report that governs the economy.

Sustainable Development of Romania within the Process of European Integration

Author(s): Elena TOBĂ / Language(s): English / Issue: 20/2008

The present article aims at discussing the issue of the sustainable development of Romanian economy within the process of European integration, by including some minimal requirements in order to achieve the general objective of a sustainable development. The analysis correlates the macroeconomic indicators and the European requirements on economic efficiency and performance.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN MATERNAL HEALTH PROMOTION AND PREVENTION OF INFANT MORTALITY

Author(s): Svetlana Petrushevska / Language(s): English / Issue: 20/2015

The health system in the Republic of Macedoniahas a long tradition in promotingthe health of children and women in childbearingage. For years, the system is providingcontinuous care during pregnancy, childbirth andneonatal period and access to modern medicaltechnology to deal with the most critical medicalproblems. Programs to promote health includecreating better living conditions, safe pregnancy,improving the safety and well-being.The health system in the Republic of Macedoniastands in front of numerous challengesthat determine the health of children and women.Despite the continuous efforts and measuresto improve the health protection of children andmothers in recent years, the Republic of Macedoniafaces death cases of mothers and newborns.

SUSTAINABLE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AS A FACTOR OF COMPETITIVENESS OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

Author(s): Gojko Rikalović,Dejan Molnar,Sonja Josipović / Language(s): English / Issue: 20/2020

Regional issues are an indispensable subject of interest of experts from different provinces in each country. The presence of pronounced regional disparities in different domains is generally considered to be the source of various problems in the functioning of the national economy and society as a whole. Over the past two decades, several proposals for regionalization have been put forward in Serbia, given its strategic commitment to EU accession. The paper presents the current regionalization of Serbia in accordance with the NUTS classification, taking into account the specific position of the Kosovo and Metohija region. The basic characteristics of the NUTS 2 level regions are analyzed from the point of view of strengthening the competitiveness of the national economy. In a separate part of the paper, the institutional foundations of the country's regional development and the need to align domestic regional policy with European practices and standards (exogenous vs. endogenous approach, urban-rural, etc.) are discussed. Human capital, entrepreneurship and regional development can be seen as determinants of the mechanism of progress through which national economies grow.

SUSTAINING POWER THROUGH EXTERNAL THREATS: THE POWER OF ENEMY IMAGES IN RUSSIA AND AZERBAIJAN

Author(s): Aram Terzyan / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2020

Despite the growing body of research on authoritarian regimes, few studies address the issues of their legitimization through exaggerating external threats and constructing enemy images. Targeting the gap in the literature, this article explores the discursive strategies of ‘evilization’ and demonization of the ‘other’, with a focus on their implications for legitimating and sustaining the authoritarian regimes in post-Soviet space. Examining the cases of Russia and Azerbaijan, the qualitative, comparative analysis presented in this article uncovers a series of essential similarities between the regimes’ legitimization strategies. Findings suggest that there has been a strong tendency in both Russian and Azerbaijani discourses to ‘externalize’ major problems facing the countries and scapegoat ‘evil forces’ as their main causes. Frequent appeals to the external threats have been accompanied by a heightened emphasis on the necessity of strong presidential power, with ‘strongmen’ that are capable of withstanding the enemies’ conspiracies. Remarkably, one of the core similarities between the two regimes is their unstoppable drive towards monarchical presidencies.

Suwerenność, współzależności i legitymizacja systemu integracyjnego Unii Europejskiej

Author(s): Zbigniew D. Czachór / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2007

Svet menom Hranica

Author(s): Anna Polačková,Ondrej Marchevský / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 2/2017

Report from a realized research project

Sweden’s Accession to the Euro Area and the Principle of Sincere Cooperation in the European Union

Author(s): Tomasz Kubin / Language(s): English / Issue: 18/2015

While Sweden is one of the EU Member States outside the euro area, interms of both its legal and economic situation its position in the context of membership in the Economic and Monetary Union is special and different from both Denmark and the UK, as well as the six EU Member States from Central Europe which remain outsidethe monetary union. This study presents Sweden’s policy concerning its membership in the EMU in the context of the principle of sincere cooperation in the EU. In the first part,the legal and political context of Sweden’s membership in the EMU is briefly outlined. Sweden has no legal basis to permanently remain outside the euro area. The second partis devoted to the question of to what extent Sweden fulfills the conditions of membership in the euro area – it has met the economic conditions for membership in the monetary union exceptionally well. In the third part, the principle of sincere cooperation is discussed inlight of provisions of the treaties, EU legal doctrine and the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the EU. Taking this into account, Sweden’s policy towards membership in the EMU raises very serious doubts about whether it is consistent with one of the basic principles on which the functioning of the EU is based, i.e. the principle of sincere cooperation.

Sygnały cenowe i iluzja pieniądza – aktualne i nadchodzące wyzwania dla polskich konsumentów

Author(s): Ilona Bondos / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2015

The article is divided into two parts. In the first one, theoretical, there is presented the issue of money illusion connected with the process of substitutions of the national currency by the common currency of the Eurozone. The second part of the article concerns the practiced price signals; in the empirical part, there are presented consumers’ attitudes towards uneven price endings. The author presents the resulting of her own surveys carried out in the area of Lubelskie Province in 2014 (n=200) and in 2012 (n=150). The breakdown of the findings leads to a conclusion of substantial practical implications – addressees of this specific type of price signals are aware of its purposefulness, they have sceptic attitudes due to the perceived low level of reliability and the possibility of being misled in the course of offer assessment. An aim of considerations is to present the most popular price signals and to pay attention to the need to adjust them to the offer specificity (on the example of selectable durables) and purchasers thereof. The article is of the research nature.

Symboliczne zanikanie granic w Europie. Strefa Schengen – konsekwencje zmiany koncepcji granic w Unii Europejskiej

Author(s): Paulina Antoń / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 2 (6)/2015

The establishment the Schengen Area has changed the perception of the borders of nation-states in the classical sense. The division into internal and external borders in the EU, as well as the development of the concept of integrated management of external borders transformed the character of the traditional understanding of the function of state borders. The effects of these changes are noticeable not only in the field of control and surveillance of external borders, but also in the legislation on foreigners (visa policy, migration and asylum) and cooperation in the area of the EU internal security. The elimination of controls at internal borders of the Member States of the Schengen Area has become another symbol of the unification of Europe. The realization of freedom of movement was an important step in deepening economic integration. This article attempts to answer the question about the consequences of a change in thinking about the borders in the EU.

Symptoms of Stagnation in the EU’s Southern Neighbourhood

Author(s): Patrycja Sasnal / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2017

In comparison with war-torn Syria and Yemen, the biggest Arab states—Egypt and Algeria—may seem stable. They are, however, sliding further into political, economic and social stagnation resembling that from before the 2011 revolts. Proper differentiation between stagnation and stability and the inclusion of a mass protest scenario for key southern neighbourhood states should form the basis for amending Member State policies toward the region.

Synthetic measures of the European capital markets development

Author(s): Krzysztof Kompa,Dorota Witkowska / Language(s): English / Issue: 50/2015

The development of computer sciences and telecommunication together with legislation changes caused the globalization of capital markets and the increase of their role in the economy. To measure the level of the development of capital markets it is necessary to take into account several aspects that lead to providing multidimensional analysis. Therefore multivariate statistical methodology can be used for such a purpose. The aim of the paper is a comparison of the development of the capital markets, represented by the stock exchanges affiliated with the Federation of European Securities Exchanges (FESE). The development of selected equity markets is evaluated applying taxonomic measures calculated on the basis of FESE data concerning nineteen European stock exchanges in the years 2002-2011. Variables used for the synthetic indicators construction describe both the characteristics of the capital markets and the financial efficiency of the stock exchanges.

Sypiając ze smokiem. Polityka Unii Europejskiej wobec Chin

Author(s): Tomasz Kamiński / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2015

Stosunki europejsko-chińskie nigdy nie były tak bliskie, ale też nigdy nie były tak trudne. Potężniejące z każdym rokiem państwo kusi atrakcyjnymi możliwościami współpracy, stanowiąc jednak coraz większe zagrożenie dla interesów europejskich w świecie. „Chiński smok” jest asertywny, głośno wyraża swoje opinie, a co najgorsze ­ Unia Europejska utraciła nad nim swoją przewagę oraz możliwości skutecznego wpływania na jego zachowanie. Brakuje jej do tego instrumentów, politycznej siły, a przede wszystkim wizji. Dlaczego tak się stało? Jak przeformułować założenia polityki unijnej wobec Chin? Czy w tym trudnym związku z „chińskim smokiem” jesteśmy skazani na porażkę? Książka stanowi obszerną analizę polityki Unii Europejskiej wobec Chin zarówno w wymiarze politycznym, jak i gospodarczym. W ośmiu tematycznych szkicach zaprezentowano najważniejsze zagadnienia niezbędne do zrozumienia relacji europejsko-chińskich.

System euroatlantycki w wielobiegunowym świecie. Próba prognozy, pod redakcją Józefa M. Fiszera

Author(s): Eliza Bujnowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 38/2015

System euroatlantycki w wielobiegunowym świecie. Próba prognozy, (ed.) Józef M. Fiszer, Instytut Studiów Politycznych PAN, Warszawa 2014, 172 pages.