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The paper depicts the image of New York which emerges from the prose writings of Janusz Głowacki. The writer, meticulous in representing the topography of the metropolis, saw it as a city of stark contrasts, unlimited possibilities and complete unpredictability. The view of New York, always critical in Głowacki’s writing, revealed its sharpness and depth especially in his recent novels. The city appears as a parable of the global world, its chaos and confusion of values, as a reality, in which poverty and wealth exist next to each other, people devoid of authenticity treat others like objects, confrontation with otherness blurs identity, and values are created by money and the market.
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The paper discusses aspects related to the use of aquatic space in selected works by Polish poets living in Canada. The author discusses the ways of literary functioning of images of the ocean, sea, lakes and rivers in works by Zofia Bohdanowiczowa, Wacław Iwaniuk, Florian Śmieja, Bogdan Czaykowski and Andrzej Busza. For Polish émigré poets of the older generation, the water element was a frequent part of the represented world, as well as an important link in their creative imagination. Water spaces were connected, in fact, with the situation of lacking roots, of alienation faced with the vastness of the new continent, they overwhelmed with their size, and set insurmountable boundaries. According to the author, the symbolism of water was more often a metaphor of existence than a spiritual mirror of deliberations. Vertically juxtaposed against the sky/heaven and life, it became an icon of death, or even of nothingness. As a result, it revealed less often the traditional healing power or the metaphysical elevation function known from the past.
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There is a long tradition of blaming foreigners for crime problems in England and Wales. The contemporary manifestation of this centres on suspicion about the involvement in crime of foreign nationals and irregular migrants. General descriptive terms like foreign nationals encompass people in widely diverse circumstances and of different legal immigration statuses. Debates about crime and about the management of movement across national borders have become entangled in political debate, to the detriment of clear thinking about either matter. The rehabilitation principle has a different significance and application for foreign nationals, in practice if not in law. The limited statistics available concerning the involvement of foreign nationals in crime and their treatment by judicial and criminal justice agencies, require more analysis. In criminal justice and sentencing, there are no formal requirements for agencies and courts to bring different principles to their decisions about foreign nationals, but in practice this group of offenders can be disadvantaged. The context of offending by foreign nationals and their distinctive and individual needs are often insufficiently appreciated and too little is done to support rehabilitation and desistance. The perceived political imperative to remove foreign national offenders by deportation distorts any principled approach to policy and practice.
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This contribution provides an overview of the extent to which rehabilitation instruments and opportunities are accessible for irregular migrants who are serving a criminal sanction in the Netherlands. It shows that irregular migrants are largely excluded from criminal sanctions that have rehabilitation as a central aim and from rehabilitation opportunities that are provided during the implementation of criminal sanctions. These findings raise questions concerning the legal legitimacy of largely excluding irregular migrants from rehabilitation opportunities and the way in which irregular migrants prepare themselves for their return to society in practice.
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Artykuł wprowadza kategorię metageograficznego stylu do analizy wybranych powieści poradzieckich żydowskich pisarzy północnoamerykańskich, którzy budują nowe konfiguracje przestrzenne w odniesieniu do byłego „Drugiego Świata”. Owe rekonfiguracje są dobrze widoczne w porównaniu ze współczesną nieemigrancką żydowską literaturą amerykańską, a szczególnie w porównaniu z powieściami post-holokaustowymi. Teksty literackie, które zachęcają nas do przemyślenia na nowo zakorzenionych przestrzennych i regionalnych podziałów geopolitycznych osadzone są jednocześnie w przestrzeni USA, jak i byłego Związku Sowieckiego. W ten sposób tworzą osie podobieństw oraz ich braku, które nie pokrywają się z hegemonicznym podziałem przestrzeni na „Pierwszy” i (były) „Drugi Świat”. Jako przykład, artykuł ten omawia Petropolis Anji Ulinich, ukazując transregionalne powiązania między miastem na Syberii, z którego pochodzi bohaterka książki, Żydówka afro-Rosjanka, a jej pierwotnym celem imigracji w USA — Phoenix w Arizonie.
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U ovom radu želim izložiti kako je bosanski franjevac Juraj Dragišić (1444–1520), izbjeglica i prognanik iz Bosne, za vrijeme svoga cijeloga života branio izbjegle i progonjene, a to je činio odlučno i neustrašivo. Branio je kardinala Bessariona, Židove koji su doseljavali u Firencu, židovske knjige (zapravo, branitelja njihovih knjiga, glasovitoga njemačkog humanista i hebraista Johannesa Reuchlina), Giovannija Pica della Mirandolu (jednoga od najučenijih renesansnih filozofa i osumnjičenika za herezu) i Girolama Savonarolu (velikoga reformatora Katoličke Crkve, koji je također bio optužen za herezu). Iz Dragišićeva angažmana za izbjegle i progonjene zaključujem da je on bio vrhunski kršćanski humanist, čiji je sav život ispunjen temeljnim evanđeoskim principom što ga je formulirao Isus Krist: “Zaista, kažem vam, što god učiniste jednom od ove moje najmanje braće, meni učiniste!” (Mt 25, 40) A upravo se ovom rečenicom izražava vrhunac kršćanskoga humanizma. Prije pristupa temi valja sažeto predstaviti Dragišićev život i njegovo djelovanje.
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Review of: Jasmin Jajčević - Migracije i Brčko – zbornik radova, Tuzla: Centar za istraživanje moderne i savremene historije Tuzla, 2020, 400 str.
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This paper explores the phenomenon of areas with a large number of abandoned and vacant properties that have a significant impact on the life of communities in economic, environmental and socio-cultural terms. Although the phenomenon has been present in some parts of Europe and the USA for a number of decades, it has become more prevalent in recent decades. The aim of this paper is to explore whether the phenomenon of abandonment is present in contemporary Croatia, as a complex network of negative demographic, social, economic and environmental causes and impacts. Furthermore, the aim is to create a theoretical framework for research into areas with a large number of abandoned or vacant properties in Croatia. Quantitative analyses of key indicators, content analysis of published media and official documents, and ethnographic field research show that abandoned areas are certainly present in Croatia, as are local initiatives to mitigate the negative situation. The recognition of this phenomenon at national, regional and local level needs to be accompanied by the development of an interdisciplinary research methodology, policies and regeneration strategies. Some guidelines on these matters are provided at the end of the paper.
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The review of: 1) Valentina Gulin Zrnić i Nevena Škrbić Alempijević, Grad kao susret. Etnografije zagrebačkih trgova, Hrvatsko etnološko društvo, Institut za etnologiju i folkloristiku, Zagreb, 2019., 419 str. 2) Iva Grubiša, Okus doma. Kulturnoantropološki osvrt na integraciju migranata u Zagrebu, Hrvatsko etnološko društvo, Zagreb, 2019., 83 str. 3) Helena Tolić, Splitska Radunica kao turistička destinacija. Studija društvenih interakcija, Hrvatsko etnološko društvo, Zagreb, 2019., 128 str. 4) Marijana Belaj, Zvonko Martić i Mirjam Mencej, Topografije svetoga na području Buškoga Blata, Hrvatsko etnološko društvo, Zagreb, 2019., 191 str. 5) Marinko Tomasović, Uklesani i urezani simboli na arhitekturi Makarske i njenog rubnog područja, Gradski muzej Makarska, Makarska, 2019., 128 str. 6) Christopher A. Molnar, Memory, Politics, and Yugoslav Migrations to Postwar Germany, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 2018, 235 pp. 7) Sara Bernard, Deutsch Marks in the Head, Shovel in the Hands and Yugoslavia in the Heart. The Gastarbeiter Return to Yugoslavia (1965–1991), Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 2019, 299 pp. 8) Tomislav Oroz, Gdje si bio 1573? Lica i naličja Matije Gupca u praksama sjećanja, Naklada Jesenski i Turk, Kulturno informativni centar, Zagreb, 2018., 303 str. 9) Naracije straha, Natka Badurina, Una Bauer i Jelena Marković, ur., Leykam international d.o.o., Institut za etnologiju i folkloristiku, Zagreb, 2019., 326 str. 10) Olga Orlić, Antropologija solidarnosti u Hrvatskoj. Poljoprivreda potpomognuta zajednicom, Hrvatsko etnološko društvo, Zagreb, 2019., 137 str. 11) Localizing Global Food. Short Food Supply Chains as Responses to Agri-Food Systems Challenges, Agni Kalfagianni i Sophia Skordili, ur., Routledge, Taylor&Francis Group, London, New York, 2019., 199 str.
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Contemporary societies exist in the conditions of globalisation, which profoundly transforms them in different dimensions. Technological progress enabled the significant changes in the identity dimension. This has, inter alia, resulted in new opportunities for preserving identification with the country of origin, increased interest in the diaspora concept in the politological and sociological thought and caused new approaches and activities by the states in improving relations with their diasporic communities. The former republics of the SFRY, which have been making p rogress in building legal and institutional capacities for cooperation with diasporas, are no exception. Generally, all of these countries have very numerous and diverse diasporas, which have usually been emerging in a long period of time. This paper analyzes the policies of the states, created by the break-up of the SFRY, towards their diasporas. The policies of these states are specific and they differ from one another, both in defining diaspora and in legal and institutional solutions that should improve diaspora’s link with the country of origin. However, the Republic of Slovenia, the Republic of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Serbia, Montenegro and the Republic of North Macedonia, have some common elements as well.
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Die Slowenen sind das einzige südslawische Volk, das in keinem Teil seines Ansiedlungsgebietes jemals eine Okkupation durch den Osmanischen Staat und eine Einbindung in sein Verwaltungssystem erlebt hat. Obwohl in der Sphäre des Westchristentums und seiner Kultur fest verankert, lebten Slowenen bereits seit dem 15. Jahrhundert in unmittelbarer geografischer Nähe zum Osmanischen Reich mit kompakt siedelnder muslimischer Bevölkerung. Die Anwesenheit von Muslimen im behandelten Raum kann in drei Hauptperioden mit mehreren Unterperioden unterteilt werden. Die erste und längste Periode dauerte von 15. bis zum Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts: Muslime beiderlei Geschlechts waren osmanische Kriegsgefangene, von denen sich einige christianisierten und in slowenischen Raum dauerhaft ansiedelten. Ihre Taufe erreichte ihren Höhepunkt während des Große Türkenkrieg von 1683-1699. Die zweite Periode erstreckt sich über etwas weniger als zwei Jahrhunderte und kann als die „stille Periode“ der mehr oder weniger friedlichen Koexistenz des habsburgischen Imperiums mit dem Osmanischen Staat genannt werden. Die dritte Periode beginnt mit der österreichisch-ungarischen Okkupation von Bosnien und Herzegowina (1878), nach dem wird es einen Prozess der freien Einwanderung von Muslimen in die slowenischen Provinzen ankommen.
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Studying this topic with a significant time distance of two and a half decades, this paper addresses the question of how war and forcible displacement affected the collective identities of Serb residents of Bijeljina, a city in the northeast of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In particular, the paper examines the relationship between the local population and formerly internally displaced persons (IDPs) – Semberians (the native population of the region Semberia, with Bijeljina as its largest city) and refugees (population that is largely internally displaced and moved into Bijeljina during the war of the 1990s), as well as how this relationship influenced the creation, modification and development of their collective identities. The paper aims to highlight the wide array of identities that exist within the Serb ethnic group and within this particular micro-community, which plays a significant role in the integration process of former IDPs, and their understanding of themselves and others. As the case of Bijeljina exemplifies, the war and the forcible displacement of the population in Bosnia and Herzegovina have not only created strong divisions between different ethnic groups, but also within the same ethnic group. While some of these divisions persist only at the level of a stereotypical representation of the ‘other’, others have the potential to create significant social divisions between different groups of population, not only in the Bijeljinan micro-community, but in Bosnia and Herzegovina as a whole.
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Within the theoretical framework proposed by Pessar and Mahler (2003) on the impact of the “geography of power” on gender relations in the processes of migration, the paper wants to highlight the importance of the process of negotiation of the gender relationships across national borders and how the interaction of this issue with other factors can contribute to shape migrants’ identities – especially of migrant women- as well as their living conditions. At the base there is the finding that, although –generally speaking- globalization means freedom to cross borders for capital and goods, the freedom of movement for people still depends on their place of birth and on their economic condition (Anderson 2000; Ehrenreich, Hochschild 2002). In this scenario, the research takes into consideration the case of Poland in relationship with Ukraine. As a former country of emigration, Poland is part of the global system but, starting from its entrance in the Schengen area, it is possible to observe how the rules of the “hierarchies of migration” are now working: Poland, in the last decades, instead of being a country of emigration, has started to become a country of immigration, capturing migrants from the other side of the border, particularly from those countries, like Ukraine, where the gap between the income level and the cost of living has become too huge to afford decent life conditions (Lutz 2008). The stereotyped figure of the woman seen as just a mother and as the only caretaker of the household and the family in catholic and traditionalist countries like Poland, is one of the central elements around which the research is built, reveling both the asymmetry between migrants and native women inside the “new” families and the problem of connection of the migrants women with their own “old” families abroad (Grzymała-Kazłowska 2001). In this sense, starting from the historical framework of traditional roles in the Catholic family, the research will examine the relationship between native women and migrant women in the framework of the “geography of power”, in which the elements that make up the border within and through which the analysis develops are represented by the legal / illegal dichotomies, Shengen / non-Shengen, and old / new migrations.
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Review of: Eva-Liisa Roht-Yilmaz - Aleksandar G. Marinov. 2019. Inward Looking: The Impact of Migration on Romanipe from the Romani Perspective. Romani Studies 2. Oxford; New York, NY: Berghahn Books.
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Purpose: The economic crisis in Greece has caused widespread suffering both in society and the economy. Among other things, new forms of geographical mobilities emerged highlighting the country’s inability to retain a scientifically skilled workforce. One of the most important scientific branches been hit is the medical one. The purpose of this study is to identify the intention as well as the main factors that push young greek physicians to emigrate. Design/methodology/approach: For the present study, a tool for assessing young physicians' perceptions was designed and field research was performed on 239 medical school students and young physicians for up to 39 years. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was used to describe the data and generalize the results. Finally, Factor Analysis (Principal Component Analysis) was used to condense the initial variables and capture the determinants in physicians’ brain drain. Findings: Young physicians show high intention to seek employment abroad. There are differences between men and women regarding their perceptions of the possible causes of emigration. Women consider more than men that unemployment, employment prospects, and opportunities and quality of life to be the most important reasons in the migratory decision. In addition, the young doctors whose family incomes are either very low or quite high are more receptive to looking for work abroad. Finally, the multivariate analysis highlights four main determinants feeding physicians decision-making; homeland’s social identity, lack of prospects, unfavorable economic environment, and continuation of studies. Research limitations/implications: The period of the field research was conducted from September to November 2018. As a result, there are restrictions on whether participants' responses are affected by the economic crisis or not, as Greece in 2018 began to show macroeconomic stability. Originality/value: In the last decade, a large wave of young scientists’ emigration has been recorded in Greece. This wave intensified in 2012 and became permanent in the following years, taking on large-scale exodus, with high annual outflows. Brain Drain as an evolving phenomenon has been studied both by the national and international academic community. However, in the case of Greece, the research of perceptions, intentions, and the main reasons for brain drain by medical professionals is limited. The present study seeks to fill the gap found in the literature through field research about the determinants of physicians' brain drain in Greece.
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While welcoming refugees increases the public spending of European countries in the short term, it also increases aggregate demand in the economies, which increases the GDP of nations, due to the increased demand for domestic goods and services. In the long term, as migrants are integrated into the market, the fiscal system begins to receive financial benefits as these migrants begin to contribute to the social system of the state. Acceptance of refugees is particularly important for European nations struggling with a declining workforce because of aging population and declining birth rate - so as Bulgaria. While skilled refugees can contribute to healthcare system, engineering and business, unskilled refugees could work to care for the elderly as well as low-skilled labor. Therefore, the refugee crisis could serve as a key tool for many European nations as it enables them to welcome new members of their workforce and ensure continuous economic growth in the future.
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The increase in Romanians’ emigration corresponds to the penury of labor force some European developed countries are facing with, especially in the household field, tourism economy and agriculture. Perceived as a possibility of improving life conditions, Romanian migration is equally a phenomenon which prevails by the brutality of changes whose negative effects are expressed by the costs which the family has to pay for. The aim of our research is to highlight the spectacular increase of Romanian emigration to Italy and especially of female emigration and its impact on the family and children left in the country. Despite the permanent contact provided by technology development, children’s and teenagers’ vulnerability left behind in Romania regarding psycho-emotional disorders has known an alarming increase, especially when they are being confronted with the challenge of dealing with their mother’s leave or both parents’, separation and family “dissolution”.
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The permeability of borders and the migration of specialists from the Romanian health system after Romania’s integration into the EU changed the relationship between emigrants and space, imprinting new meanings on the integration and identity of immigrants. In the context of free movement, individual identity, once belonging to a single country or society, has been replaced by a dual or transnational, multiple model. The objective of our research aims at the process of building a new identity, composite and dynamic, by relating both to the culture of the country of origin and to the destination society that requires compliance with a code of values and behaviours. The analysis is based on a survey based on a questionnaire conducted in 2020, on a sample of 87 Romanian doctors practicing in France. Statistical and cartographic analysis of the survey data was performed using statistical and cartographic programs Sphinx lexica and GIS. The results of the research undertaken reveal that professional activity and the relational network are factors that contribute decisively to a good integration in the French society. The exercise of the profession represents the factor that legitimizes the presence of Romanian doctors in the destination society and contributes, equally, to the development of social practices, representations and feelings of identity in close correlation with the complexity of migratory trajectories.
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