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This article’s focuses are the results of studies on internal and external migration’s evolution over the past two and a half decades in the country and on legal framework of migration policies at a national level. This research is aimed at the possibilities to make accurate assessment of trends in migration processes evolution nationally and their impacts on demographic reproduction and country’s development. Furthermore, the results of the analysis of the Demographic Strategy, which is the baseline instrument applicable to migration policy in Bulgaria, are also highlighted and this is the background for mapping out the major areas of focus in terms of how to modify or supplement the 2030 Demographic Strategy in force. Both internal and external migrations are analysed and these have proved to be instrumental for an assessment of their size, direction and significance for the population development in the context of contracted demographic reproduction. The study covers a period of 25 years so as to study the long-standing trends of processes evolution and their developments and this is the platform to be used for an assessment of the realism of the on-going policies. Moreover, post-1990 governments’ migration policies were completely liberalised. This potentiates making a comparison between the period covering the 1990s, when there was no governmental instrument tackling with migration policy’s aims and goals, on the one hand, and the period covering the last 10 years, i.e. when the Demographic Strategy was adopted and enforced. For the purposes of this study, official current statistical information on migration as published by NSI and Eurostat and data from the population censuses conducted over the reference period and population statistics was used.
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The paper analyzes the problem of refugees, twenty years after their settling to Serbia. According to population Census 2011, the share of refugees in total population is 1.04%.The most significant contribution of the refugee contigent are reflecting in quantitative terms (increasing of population). The paper represents the scope and territorial distribution of refugees, some of the demographic components were analyzed, including influence of refugee migrations on demographic increase of Serbian population. Changes were anlyzed on the municipality levels in Serbia, according to avaliable data for time period 1996-2011. Contribution of refugees to migrations are undoubted. Analyze confirmed that refugee contigent is no different then domicil population in demographics and other characteristics.
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One of the main causes of social tension in the North Caucasus is the reduction in the Russian population. Modern GIS technology can be applied when analyzing the geography of settlement, demographic and migration trends from the Russians. “Russian” municipalities of the North Caucasus have a high growth rate is negative features of the demographic and migration processes that can lead to a significant reduction of the area of settlement of Russians in the region.
More...По повод текста на Елена Михайловска „Културното различие днес“
he article reflects upon the increased significance of cultural differences today, both in the constitution of social realities and, even more, in their perceptions, experiences and interpretations. Typical examples of aggressive and even terrorist manifestation, caused by such differences recently, are given and analyzed in the text. They put new and difficult to formulate questions about the rights of certain individuals, groups and communities in the European societies, including the Bulgarian one.
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Relations and dependencies between the economic development and migration processes are the subject of this article, i.e. Emigration and immigration, as well as their influence on the demographic development of the Bulgarian population in the last three decades. The ongoing processes in this area are addressed from the point of view of the system approach, migration in the world and the development of free movement of citizens in the EU, within the context of the new migration situation in the world in the recent years. Attention is paid to issues of significant influence on the nowadays migration of the population - the development of economies, demographic processes and professional careers, processes and factors that have not only a direct but also indirect influence on migration and on population and economy, respectively. A special focus in the article is given to the development and interruption of the professional trajectory and the migration of women. Processes and policies that have an indirect influence are also outlined, but in practice they have a significant effect on migration processes and the development of the population and the economy.
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Results from an analysis of data from a representative national survey, carried out in 2018 within the framework of the project “Measures for overcoming the demographic crisis in theRepublic of Bulgaria”, are presented in the paper. Characteristics of the educational structure and of the economic activity of the Bulgarian migrants at their departure from the country are made, which show that the predominant share of them are employed specialists with secondary vocational and higher education. Economic activity and economic spheres where migrants have been employed abroad, as well as main problems before their reintegration after returning in Bulgaria, are identified. An answer to the question whether measures to decrease emigration of highly qualified specialists from the country should be undertaken is looked for.
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The economic and political instability over the past three decades has led to significant emigration from Bulgaria. Throughout this period the net migration is negative. Hence, there are a number of consequences in the demographic, economic and social aspect. The effects of emigration are various and it is difficult to be measured. They are mainly related to the negative impact on the number and structure of the population. As a result, although indirectly, they have a significant impact on other demographic, economic and social spheres. To a great extent these processes depend on the size of the emigration flows, the type of emigrants, the structure and size of the economy, the labor conditions and the labor market of the sending country. The relation between the country`s emigration processes and the economic and political development of a country is not one-way street. On the one hand emigration influences the economic and state development, on the other hand the state of the economy and the political stability affect the emigration processes, with the most noticeable impact on the labor emigration. In this article, Bulgaria is considered as a sending country. The aim of the authors to present and explain some demographic and socio-economic effects of emigration for Bulgaria after 2007.
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During the last three decades, international migration is a key factor in the demographic development of Bulgaria. Even though its impact decreases in the last few years, it still continues to reduce the Bulgarian population, and, through its selective functions, to introduce significant negative changes in important structures of the population, which are vital for its reproduction and labor power. It is crucial for the implementation of a certain migration policy not only to determine the scales of the migration flows in and out of the country, but also to study the people’s attitude to emigrate; the conditions and drivers that cause the migration processes, and the associated effects and changes in their scale and composition; people’s attitude toward Bulgarian and foreign migrants; other elements in the general migration behavior. These and other issues are the subject of this paper. The current analysis is based on empirical data from the “Migration and national identity” survey, which was conducted in May 2018.
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In recent years, refugees – defined ever more often as “the new others”, “aliens”, “the superfluous people” – constitute a topic that is constantly in the focus of European political debates. In the present situation of growing migration trends, however, the meeting between different cultures, different civilizational, religious, and secular values, increasingly creates tension, provokes fear and rejection rather than hospitality and empathy. European citizens, including Bulgarians, are afraid of the unknown when meeting people who are “alien” to them and hence dangerously unpredictable. This article analyzes the behavior and attitudes of Bulgarians towards refugees in three perspectives. The attitudes of the citizens of Bulgaria are studied based on the results of a national sample survey; the attitudes of local government (local municipal administrations) and local business are investigated based on two studies conducted in the Bulgarian cities Yambol and Gotse Delchev using the case study method; and the attitudes of Bulgarians living in foreign countries (emigrants) are registered through an online survey based on voluntary response.
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The paper presents a multifaceted analysis of the possibilities for long-term settlement of refugees arriving in Bulgaria after 2013 in the contex to fnational legislation, policy, public attitudes, and attitudes of refugees the mselves. Part of the results achieved during the implementation of the research project „Measures for Overcoming the Demographic Crisisin the Republic of Bulgaria“, conducted by the Institute for Population and Human Studies at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in the period 2017-2018, are discussed.
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The article examines the different stages in the development of the immigration policy of Bulgaria after 1989 regarding the Bulgarians abroad. The different scenarios of the replacement migration in Bulgaria are also examined in accordance with the methodology developed by the United Nations Population Division for its calculation. The migrant potential of the Bulgarian diaspora is compared with the volume of the replacement migration. It is concluded that the number of the Bulgarian diaspora is not sufficient to allow for permanent resolving the existing problems in the demographic reproduction. For this reason, the resettlement of Bulgarians from abroad in Bulgaria can only be an instrument for short- and medium-term impact on demographic processes.
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Starting from the late 20th century, the modern era is called the «era of migration» thereby emphasizing the important role of migration processes in world development. Russian regions active participants in the migration exchange and the largest centres of both immigration and emigration. Accordingly, among Russian researchers population migration is considered a relevant and acute issue. The article aims to review scientific research in the field of population migration conducted in Russia from 2000 to 2019. The theoretical framework of the research includes publications covering the topic of modern migration processes. The practical basis is articles published on the website elibrary.ru. The study was conducted using bibliometric analysis, which is one of the most useful tools for studying the information flow. The total sample size was 18,174 scientific articles. We revealed that most of the publications (36 %) belong to the field of economics and economic sciences. The dynamics of publication activity on migration demonstrated an upward trend.The number of articles in the period 2000–2019 increased by 27 times. The leaders in the number of publications on migration topics are the journals «Migration Law» (245 articles) and «Journal of Economy and Entrepreneurship» (173 publications). Among scientific organisations, the undisputed leader in this list is the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, which published 637 works on migration in total, and Moscow State University with 572 papers. S. V. Ryazantsev presented the largest number of publications in the examined period. The results of this study can be used to improve the information support of specialists involved in studying population migration and strengthen scientific communication between researchers in various fields.
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The article analyses the circumstances of formation (and acceptance) of labour groups from Bulgaria in Libya, the contractual terms and their implementation, the profile of the personnel recruited for work in Libya, as well as the achievements and failures regarding the accomplishment of the global goals pursued by the Bulgarian government through the period of conducting this kind of activity in Libya. The chronological scope of the study - the 1970s -covers the period of the Muammar Gaddafi regime’s asscention with the corresponding good opportunities for implementing its economic and social plans before the economic stagnation in the Middle East and Libya in the following decade, coupled with a search in Sofia for ways to promote Bulgaria’s economic development during the period of détente.
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Over the last few years, migratory processes have been tangible to the demographic and economic development of the European Union and Bulgaria in particular. The main problems faced by the country are the integration of migrants into the economy. The text presents two cases from the recent past of the relations of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria with labor migrants from Vietnam and Nicaragua.
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This study еxamines the internal migration of the native-born population in Bulgaria between 1910 and 1934. Its volume and dynamics, gender and ethnic specificities, distance, directions and spatial orientation are revealed by quantitative analysis of the statistical information on the birth place of the native-born population in Bulgaria, drawn from the four censuses realized during the period under consideration. Due to the lack of current statistics on settlements and displacements, they are an indispensable historical source of spatial mobilitywithin the country.
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This article discusses the political and legal aspects of the migration crisis and the resulting migratory pressure on the EU and the Republic of Bulgaria. Statistics, tracking the causes and chronology of the events, consequences and possible adequate political, legal and practical solutions for integration of migrants and people received protection in Republic of Bulgaria and conection with demographic collaps.
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Relations and dependencies between the economic development and migration processes are the subject of this article, i.e. emigration and immigration, as well as their influence on the demographic development of the Bulgarian population in the last three decades. The ongoing processes in this area are addressed from the point of view of the system approach, migration in the world and the development of free movement of citizens in the EU, within the context of the new migration situation in the world in the recent years. Attention is paid to issues of significant influence on the nowadays migration of the population, the development of economies, demographic processes and professional careers, processes and factors that have not only a direct but also indirect influence on migration and on population and economy, respectively. A special focus in the article is given to the development and interruption of the professional trajectory and the migration of women. Processes and policies that have an indirect influence are also outlined, but in practice they have a significant effect on migration processes and the development of the population and the economy.
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The article presents the results for the emigrants in Turkey from a survey of the attitudes of Bulgarians living abroad, conducted in 15 countries in order to outline prospects in their intentions to maintain contact and / or return to the country. The research was conducted with a qualitative method narrative biographical interview, i.e. his idea is that the life stories of emigrants should not be framed by the academic (or political) discourse of researchers. The study involved 10 interviewees who correspond to the main typology that is most common in Turkey - migrants before 1989, after 1989, Bulgarians with mixed marriage or business in Turkey and the so-called. “Constantinople Bulgarians”. The stories confirm the main hypothesis, namely that biographical details determine the difference in the content and emotional load of the assessments on the monitored parameters - identification, motivation for emigration, assessment of the differences between host and country of origin, which in turn affects the readiness to return in Bulgaria. In this case, there is a desire to return to Bulgaria after retirement in some of the groups and many expectations for specific policies to maintain contacts and identity of emigrants.
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Reason for writing the paper and research subject matter(s): To present an overview of relevant global legal documents addressing the migration and migrant crisis issues. Objectives of the paper (scientific and/or social): The main objective of this paper is to point to the significance of conventions, declarations, and legal documents in migration governance, setting the proper standards, realisation of human rights of migrants, and promoting their welfare. The objective is also to offer an analytical review of the International Conference on Population and Development, Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants, and the newest Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration. Methodology/Design: For this paper, as specific methods in law, dogmatic-normative method and axiological method have been used. Meta-analysis of the data of the International Organization for Migrations (IOM) has been performed. Research/Paper limitation(s): Precise data for the region are not available, which represents a serious limitation to a comprehensive comparative scientific analysis and assessment of current and future trends. Results/Findings: The world community increasingly recognizes the importance of the adequate instruments for setting a framework for migration issue and for finding and applying long-term solutions for the migrant crisis, and is seriously working on designing, passing and enforcing relevant laws to that end, which results in setting the path to long-term solutions to migrant crisis. General conclusion: In general, migration governance lacks strong normative foundation that could provide appropriate response to contemporary migration trends, although this issue has been more seriously addressed lately. Global compacts on migration and refugees provide an opportunity for progress in reinforcement of standards, principles, procedures and decision-making processes, as well as setting the priorities within policy-making and making informed decisions regarding a legal framework of the migration issue. Research/Paper validity: International law recognizes the migration issues and the need for corresponding legal framework as one of the most significant issues of our time.
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