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CSD Policy Brief No. 68: Monitoring Radicalisation and Extremism

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

Over the last decade, radicalisation and extremism have become issues of particular concern for Europe. New risks of Islamist and far-right radicalisation have impelled the introduction of policies, the effects of which are only now being evaluated. As radicalisation that risks escalating into violence is more amenable to prevention than repression, having the capacity to detect early warning signs and trace the spread of extremist activity over time is critical. This brief outlines a set of methodologies for monitoring the risk of radicalisation and the trends in extremism based on an integrated approach to the indicators being monitored and the institutional mechanism doing the monitoring. These methodologies are designed to equip stakeholders – both governmental and non-governmental – with a tool which fuses a broad range of informational inputs; it will enable informed formulation of prevention and counter-radicalisation policies.

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Approximation of Bulgarian to EU Legislation: Protection of Competition, Protection of Intellectual Property and Right of Establishment, August 1995

Author(s): Chavdar Popov,Pavlina Popova,Krasimira Damjanova / Language(s): English

The significance of the harmonisation of legislation of the associated countries of Central and Eastern Europe (ACCEE) with the legislation of the European Community (EC) was already underlined by the European Council in Copenhagen (21-22 July 1993). The approximation of the Bulgarian legislation with that of the EC is one of the fundamental tasks of the strategy for the preparation of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe to join the Union, adopted at the meeting of the European Council in Essen on 9-10 December 1994.

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PRIVATIZATION IN BULGARIA: a revolution that never happened, an evolution that is sweeping everything around

Author(s): Ivo St. Kovachev / Language(s): English

The purpose of this document is to present the changes in the privatization process in Bulgaria and to show how they have been brought about by the pressure of the economic reality. The privatization framework in Bulgaria was formed on the basis of theoretical approach, wish for political differentiation and narrow economic interests. This unfortunate combination did not reflect the specificity of the situation and could not long resist the economic needs of a country in restructuring. What followed was a long, slow and painful process of trial and error that could have been avoided if economic logic had more place in the first stage.

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Public Opinion on Foreign Investment, April 1993

Author(s): Daniela Bobeva,Blagovest Georgiev,Sasho Stojanov,Bojan Guseiev,Tihomir Bezlov / Language(s): English

Compared with the other central and eastern European countries - Hungary, Czech and Slovak republics and Poland, foreign investment turns to be a new phenomenon for the Bulgarian economy. Thus the public opinion on it is in a process of forming. The role of researchers, different studies, the mass-media and foreign investors, themselves, in inspiring public support and acceptance of foreign investment is of great importance. This will contribute to the success of investments that have been made as well as to their further attraction to the country.

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RE-SOCIALISATION OF OFFENDERS IN THE EU: ENHANCING THE ROLE OF THE CIVIL SOCIETY (RE-SOC). Workstream 4: Civic monitoring of prisons. Analysis of availability and accessibility of data in Lithuania

Author(s): Renata Giedrytė-Mačiulienė,Simonas Nikartas,Gytis Andrulionis / Language(s): English

The country fiches on availability and accessibility of data offer an overview of the prison-related data collection in Bulgaria, Belgium, Germany, Lithuania and Spain. Each report presents the institutions responsible for collecting statistics on prisons, what data is collected and by what categories the information is disaggregated, how regularly the collected information is updated, are there any restrictions concerning the access to data, etc.

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Движение на капитали и плащания. Валутно-финансова политика и конвертируемост на лева, юли 1995

Author(s): Lubomir Christov,Alexander Mihailov / Language(s): Bulgarian

Monetary union is the final stage in economic and financial integration among countries, in the specific case analyzed in the present paper among the countries participating in the Treaty of Maastricht providing for the implementation of such a union as the ultimate objective of the convergence toward a unified Europe. Membership in such a union would require the adoption of a common currency and its circulation as a single legal tender (or the final and irrevocable pegging of exchange rates among the currencies of the participating countries), as well as the conduct of common monetary (including foreign-exchange) policy.

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Проблеми на общинската приватизация, декември 1993 г.

Author(s): / Language(s): Bulgarian

In the broad sense, municipal privatization involves restitution, land re-lease, land and buildings sales, and privatization of municipal enterprises, the transformation of the ownership of municipalities into private, regardless of the form in which this municipal property operates economically. Although they are carried out under different laws, these processes are interrelated because they are carried out on a given territory, governed by local authorities, and lead to a restriction of municipal ownership at the expense of the private one. The general dissatisfaction with the privatization process in the country extends to the process at the municipal level. Although 475 privatization decisions were taken by the end of December 1993 and 374 sites were assigned, only 52 transactions were in effect. Few municipalities have made efforts to prove that legislation and regulations are a major obstacle to privatization.

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ГРАЖДАНИ ОТ ТРЕТИ ДЪРЖАВИ В БЪЛГАРИЯ. ПИЛОТНО ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ ЗА МОНИТОРИНГ НА СОЦИАЛНО - ДЕМОГРАФСКИЯ СТАТУС И НАГЛАСИТЕ НА ГРАЖДАНИ ОТ ТРЕТИ ДЪРЖАВИ

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

This presentation is part of the project "Creating a methodology and conducting a pilot study to monitor the socio-demographic status and attitudes of third-country nationals BG EIF 2008 / 02-05" on Component 5: Support for analyzes and studies to expand of existing databases and represents "Action 11: Dissemination of results - production of a presentation with the main results"

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Общественото мнение и бизнес-елитът за приватизацията

Author(s): Alexander Stoyanov,Boyan V. Gyuzelev,Daniela Bobeva,Maria Prohaska,Spartak Keremidchiev,Stoyan Stefanov,Tihomir Bezlov / Language(s): Bulgarian

One of the most recently discussed - privatization - is increasingly out of the range of predictions and is becoming a reality. As the data from the latest study of the Center for the Study of Democracy on privatization issues shows, preparations for it are advanced: in 13% of the state-owned enterprises are currently under assessment, 22,.5% are analyzed and 10,.2% are included in privatization programs.

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CSD Policy Brief No. 11: Българският опит и измерването на корупцията в Европейския съюз

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

In recent years, curbing corruption is a top priority of most international institutions. The European Union attaches paramount importance to the problem of corruption in the two successive waves of accession in 2004 and 2007. The pre-accession process has prompted the European Commission to develop its own mechanism to assess the progress of anti-corruption reforms. Like many other key areas for the functioning of the internal European market, the development of EU anti-corruption policy has logically led to the creation of a single European methodology for defining standards for measuring corruption.

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CSD Policy Brief No. 12: Конкурентоспособност на българската икономика 2007

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

With the partnership of CSD this year Bulgaria was included for the second time in the World's oldest and most comprehensive annual report on competitiveness, the IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2007. It has been published without interruption since 1989 by IMD (International Institute for Management Development). Bulgaria’s competitiveness was covered and ranked together with 54 other leading world economies. This year Bulgaria came 41st on the scoreboard, surpassing Italy, Romania, Ukraine, Turkey, Poland, and Croatia among others. The position is an achievement in its own right, considering that the country is measured up against the champion nations setting the trends in the world economic competition. In 2007 Bulgaria has largely kept its position compared to the previous year, but its business efficiency has declined. Meanwhile, the country’s overall economic performance has improved.

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Политически брифинг № 58 на CSD: ПРОЗРАЧНОЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЕ И ЭНЕРГОБЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ В ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ И ВОСТОЧНОЙ ЕВРОПЕ

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Russian

The national and regional energy security of Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries has become a hot topic of discussion in the EU recently, focusing the attention of experts, policy makers, and the general public on ongoing and future energy projects but also on the features of energy governance in these countries. The interruption of gas supplies to Europe as a result of the Russian-Ukrainian pricing dispute in 2009, the continuing Russian-Ukrainian crisis after the annexation of Crimea, and the EU-Russia controversies regarding the South Stream pipeline project, as well as Gazprom’s non-compliance with the EU regulations in several anti-trust cases in the past few years are the major cornerstones that shape the CEE energy security framework and policy options as the region remains heavily dependent on Russian oil, gas, and nuclear technology. At the same time, the fragile democratic traditions in the CEE countries, the existing networks of political protectionism and economic oligarchy, and the opaque business practices nurtured by corruption and links with organized crime, have been reinforced by the negative implications of Russian economic and geo-political influence. Russia has exploited its dominant position in the energy market and its long-term links with certain political and economic groups to shape political decisions across the region according to its own interests, but often to the detriment of the home country consumers. The current review of energy security risks in four selected CEE countries, two energy poor – Bulgaria and Serbia, and two energy-resourced– Romania and Ukraine, assesses the factual situation per se and the transparency and accountability of energy policy governance in the region.

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CSD Policy Brief No. 58: TRANSPARENTNA UPRAVA I ENERGETSKA BEZBEDNOST U CENTRALNOJ I ISTOČNOJ EVROPI

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Serbian

The national and regional energy security of Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries has become a hot topic of discussion in the EU recently, focusing the attention of experts, policy makers, and the general public on ongoing and future energy projects but also on the features of energy governance in these countries. The interruption of gas supplies to Europe as a result of the Russian-Ukrainian pricing dispute in 2009, the continuing Russian-Ukrainian crisis after the annexation of Crimea, and the EU-Russia controversies regarding the South Stream pipeline project, as well as Gazprom’s non-compliance with the EU regulations in several anti-trust cases in the past few years are the major cornerstones that shape the CEE energy security framework and policy options as the region remains heavily dependent on Russian oil, gas, and nuclear technology. At the same time, the fragile democratic traditions in the CEE countries, the existing networks of political protectionism and economic oligarchy, and the opaque business practices nurtured by corruption and links with organized crime, have been reinforced by the negative implications of Russian economic and geo-political influence. Russia has exploited its dominant position in the energy market and its long-term links with certain political and economic groups to shape political decisions across the region according to its own interests, but often to the detriment of the home country consumers. The current review of energy security risks in four selected CEE countries, two energy poor – Bulgaria and Serbia, and two energy-resourced– Romania and Ukraine, assesses the factual situation per se and the transparency and accountability of energy policy governance in the region.

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Доклад за оценка на корпоративното управление в България: 2000

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

The present report has the objective to provide an overview of the general framework and particular dimensions of the corporate governance in Bulgaria. It is published for the first time and the authors intend to continue its publication on an annual basis. In its present form, the study contains information thus far unavailable to the professional community and the media. The evaluations and analyses herein are the first attempt to outline the achievements and the problems in the field of corporate governance in Bulgaria in the years of transition. The authors of the report thus aim to encourage a wider discussion on the subject and that, as a result, practical improvement action will be undertaken. At the end of the past year the Corporate Governance Initiative conducted a pilot study for assessment of the corporate governance in Bulgaria. It is a part of the activities under phase II of the project aiming at the elaboration of recommendations for practical measures for improvement of the corporate governance, including diagnostics and analysis of the existing corporate structures. The survey was conducted by Vitosha Research and covered all listed companies with authorized capital over BGN 200,000. The sample comprised 268 companies, while the number of the surveys was 158. The research method applied is a standard interview with representatives of the companies' managing bodies and senior management. Based on the survey results, the first index of corporate governance in Bulgaria was calculated. The index has values between 1 and 5, the lowest value of 1 indicating unfavorable legal and institutional frame and internal organizational factors of the corporate governance, and the highest value of 5 - ideal conditions and good practice of corporate governance. The report has been prepared mainly on the basis of the results of the pilot study, compared and partially supplemented by conclusions and assessments of other studies, publications in the press and international sources. The report has been prepared by the following team: prof. Dr. Bistra Boeva, associate prof. Dr. Stefan Petranov, Dr. Vesela Stancheva, senior research associate Plamen Chipev, Diana Hristosova - senior expert, Center for Economic Development, Stoyu Nedin - Chairman of Association of shareholders, Dr. Maria Prohaska - coordinator, Corporate Governance Initiative.

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Енергийният сектор на България: основни проблеми в управлението

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

The report analyses the major governance issues of the energy sector in Bulgaria, as well as the common energy crimes. It makes an overview of the 2020 Strategy and presents a recommended governance approach. The Bulgarian energy sector is key for the future development of the country’s economy. For the past decade energy exports and imports formed on average 12% (16% in 2008) and 21% (22% in 2008) of the value of the country’s outgoing and incoming trade flows respectively. Every fourth public procurement contract is concluded in the energy sector, making it one of the biggest taxpayers’ money spenders in the country. In 2008, in a single year, the Bulgarian government committed to energy projects, requiring budgetary investments equal in value to the whole EU funds support for the country for the current European seven year budget period 2007 – 2013.

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HELSINŠKE SVESKE №12: Minorities in transition

Author(s): / Language(s): English

Referring to minority rights, we refer to an endeavor to establish equality. What minorities want is what all of us want. It is promotion and development of minority rights that indicate to aspirations to bring about social equality so that each individual has same rights as the other. Minority rights are not something one should be afraid of, they are no threat whatsoever to a society's indivisibility, its integrity. Minority rights are, as I've said, an endeavor to establish equality, for there is no indivisibility unless there is equality. We are anxious to safeguard our society, we care for law and order, and that what equality is about. Unfortunately, we have social inequality in terms of human rights. We have weak, divided societies that - politically unstable as they are - might threaten international piece and security. So, by encouraging minority rights we, in a way, encourage peace and security. It is the European Commission's generosity that made this conference possible. Therefore, let me remind you, that funds supporting activities such is this one are provided by citizens of the European Union. These public funds, therefore, reflect their aspirations and the wish to uphold minority rights in this region. This conference also reflects cooperation between the Helsinki Federation and the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia. I take pride in working together with the Helsinki Committee in Serbia. I see it as a most reliable organization that overdid itself at extremely hard times of this country's history. I think the Committee in Serbia has always had the right stuff and deserves to be both commended on and recognized for its courage, integrity and dedication to key principles. This prompts me to tackle the issue of civil society. Usually, whenever there is a political overturn civil societies have to cope with a special tension. Such was the tension ensuing Czechoslovakian velvet revolution. As you know, new people came to power, the people that used to advocate human rights. So, once elected, they thought there was no longer need for the Chapter 77 or the Helsinki Charter. However, people from the Helsinki Committee said, "Stop for a moment, there is such need and very much so”. For, who should protect rights of those that were hurt? Who should watch out for the way the government and people in power behave? Who should keep an eye on the respect of human rights and the government's attitude towards international standards? There certainly are problems in Yugoslavia and Serbia. They are many, and can only be settled if there are intellectual and moral resources, through support and assistance of various non-governmental organizations that keep a sharp lookout at steps taken by the state and attitudes of people in power, and watch out for respect of commitments the state took upon itself by signing international documents. No state that lacks a strong civil society can plume itself when it comes to the situation in the domain of human and minority rights.

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HELSINŠKE SVESKE №12: Tranzicija i manjine

Author(s): / Language(s): Serbian

Referring to minority rights, we refer to an endeavor to establish equality. What minorities want is what all of us want. It is promotion and development of minority rights that indicate to aspirations to bring about social equality so that each individual has same rights as the other. Minority rights are not something one should be afraid of, they are no threat whatsoever to a society's indivisibility, its integrity. Minority rights are, as I've said, an endeavor to establish equality, for there is no indivisibility unless there is equality. We are anxious to safeguard our society, we care for law and order, and that what equality is about. Unfortunately, we have social inequality in terms of human rights. We have weak, divided societies that - politically unstable as they are - might threaten international piece and security. So, by encouraging minority rights we, in a way, encourage peace and security. It is the European Commission's generosity that made this conference possible. Therefore, let me remind you, that funds supporting activities such is this one are provided by citizens of the European Union. These public funds, therefore, reflect their aspirations and the wish to uphold minority rights in this region. This conference also reflects cooperation between the Helsinki Federation and the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia. I take pride in working together with the Helsinki Committee in Serbia. I see it as a most reliable organization that overdid itself at extremely hard times of this country's history. I think the Committee in Serbia has always had the right stuff and deserves to be both commended on and recognized for its courage, integrity and dedication to key principles. This prompts me to tackle the issue of civil society. Usually, whenever there is a political overturn civil societies have to cope with a special tension. Such was the tension ensuing Czechoslovakian velvet revolution. As you know, new people came to power, the people that used to advocate human rights. So, once elected, they thought there was no longer need for the Chapter 77 or the Helsinki Charter. However, people from the Helsinki Committee said, "Stop for a moment, there is such need and very much so”. For, who should protect rights of those that were hurt? Who should watch out for the way the government and people in power behave? Who should keep an eye on the respect of human rights and the government's attitude towards international standards? There certainly are problems in Yugoslavia and Serbia. They are many, and can only be settled if there are intellectual and moral resources, through support and assistance of various non-governmental organizations that keep a sharp lookout at steps taken by the state and attitudes of people in power, and watch out for respect of commitments the state took upon itself by signing international documents. No state that lacks a strong civil society can plume itself when it comes to the situation in the domain of human and minority rights.

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Pristup Pravdi u Bosni i Hercegovini. Zbirka analiza javnih politika iz oblasti pravosuđa

Author(s): Azra Šehić,Elma Demir,Ivana Stipanović,Jasmin Jašarević,Maja Sahadžić,Maja Šoštarić,Milena Savić,Rebeka Kotlo / Language(s): Bosnian

Tokom posljednjih godina postignut je značajan napredak u reformi sektora pravde u BiH. Međutim, iako su doneseni značajni reformski zakoni i podzakonski akti, kao i mnogi strateški dokumenti i prateći akcioni planovi, sektor pravde se suočava sa nizom problema, a održivost do sada provedenih reformi je neizvjesna, ukoliko se intenzivnije ne preduzmu aktivnosti da se nadogradi ono što je do sada postignuto, kao i da se uklone slabosti koje su i dalje prisutne unutar cjelokupnog sistema pravde. Uspostava i upravljenje cjelokupnim reformskim procesom nije obaveza samo institucija vlasti. Kroz provođenje istraživanja, pripremu analiza i prikazivanje činjeničnog stanja, organizacije civilnog društva mogu dati značajan doprinos donošenju odluka i politika zasnovanih na potrebama građana, te ostvariti pozitivan uticaj na kvalitet pružanja javnih usluga. Istovremeno, kroz ovakav vid djelovanja, civilno društvo ostvaruje demokratski pritisak na predstavnike institucija vlasti za provođenje obaveza koje su preuzele te podstiču iste na usvajanje onih politika koje vode društvo ka principima koje civilno društvo zagovara. Ovakav pristup dijalogu sa predstavnicima vlasti odabrale su i nevladine organizacije koje djeluju kao članice Mreže pravde u Bosni i Hercegovini. Kroz udruženo djelovanje, članice Mreže, zagovaraju izgradnju društva zasnovanog na vladavini zakona i zaštiti ljudskih prava. Zalaganje za ove vrijednosti i interese građana u sektoru pravde, članice Mreže provode na osnovu snage sopstvenih argumenata: provođenju istraživanja i pisanja analiza. Upravo u tu svrhu, objavljena je publikacija Pristup pravdi u Bosni i Hercegovini koja okuplja nekoliko analiza koje se bave problematikom pristupa pravdi u oblasti pravosuđa s različitih aspekata. Okvirna tema je odabrana s obzirom da nivo ostvarenja pristupa pravdi jedne zemlje ukazuje na nivo poštivanja osnovnih prava i sloboda njenih građana, te da je pristup pravdi u Bosni i Hercegovini, prema mišljenju stručnjaka ali i predstavnika pravosuđa, uveliko ograničen. Sve ugrožene socijalne kategorije, kao što su nezaposleni, žene, osobe sa posebnim potrebama, izbjeglice i raseljena lica, Romi, kao i druge nacionalne manjine, su suočeni sa nizom problema zaštite svojih osnovnih prava. Činjenica da se polovina stanovništva BiH nalazi u stanju socijalne isključenosti ukazuje na obim problema o kojem je riječ. Uzroci lošeg pristupa pravdi su višestruki: kompleksnost pravosudnog i političkog sistema; nedostatak harmonizacije sudske prakse; komplikovane i dugotrajne procedure; nedostatak informacija; skupi sudski postupci; nepoznavanje prava i pravnih mehanizama njihove zaštite; korupcija, itd. Baveći se ovim problemima autori analiza koje objedinjuje publikacija Pristup pravdi u Bosni i Hercegovini nastoje dati uvid u određene reformske aktivnosti u sektoru pravde, razmatraju različite opcije i daju preporuke s prijedlogom rješenja na datu problematiku, s ciljem da podstaknu pozitivne promjene u oblasti pravosuđa i upozna javnost sa istim. Prema tome, nadamo se da će ova publikacija biti koristan izvor informacija predstavnicima pravosuđa kao uvid u određenu problematiku iz perspektive civilnog društva, te da će inicirati i razvoj interesovanja kod organizacija civilnog društva za djelovanje u oblasti pravosuđa. Koristimo ovu priliku da se zahvalimo svima koji su bili uključeni u realizaciju pripreme analiza i izradu publikacije. Posebno se zahvaljujemo Američkoj agenciji za međunarodni razvoj (USAID) koja kroz Projekat razvoja sektora pravosuđa II pruža tehničku podršku Mreži pravde u BiH i njenim članicama.

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CAS Newsletter 2023/24

Author(s): / Language(s): English

Articles, pictures and interviews can be reprinted only with the consent of the publisher.

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Drawing the Links to Human Rights and Investing in People

Author(s): Maja Bjeloš,Marija Pavlović / Language(s): English

Cybercrime and cybersecurity have become critical issues in Serbia, reflecting a global trend of increasing cyber threats. In 2020, Serbia experienced approximately 26 million significant cyberattacks, including unauthorized data collection and intrusions into ICT systems. Citizens also faced severe violations of privacy, an uptick in attacks on human rights defenders, and challenges related to emerging technologies like biometric surveillance. Public concerns highlight the risk of these technologies being misused against citizens amid democratic backsliding. Recent incidents, such as internet fraud targeting major institutions and a cyberattack on Serbia's cadastre, underscore the urgent need for robust cybersecurity measures. Despite advances in the legal framework—anchored by the 2016 Law on Information Security and aligned with EU standards—implementation lags behind the evolving threats. Serbia’s cybersecurity landscape includes provisions for protecting critical infrastructure and digital networks while addressing cybercrime through international conventions like the Budapest Convention. The Belgrade Centre for Security Policy conducted a baseline analysis and interviews with stakeholders in early 2022 to evaluate the effectiveness of Serbia’s institutional and legal response to cybersecurity challenges. Although the country has made significant progress in legislative development, the enforcement of these measures remains insufficient to address the growing complexity of cyber threats. The report emphasizes the necessity for the state to uphold human rights and the rule of law while enhancing its capacity to combat cybersecurity risks effectively.

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