Vybraní trenčianski richtári zo 17. storočia vo svetle prozopografických výskumov

Author(s): Peter Brindza / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2015

The urban elite that was unquestionably formed by the mayors and other leading representatives of the municipal administration and intellectuals, was a characteristic part of any modern free royal town in the Kingdom of Hungary. This distinctive elite community was based on their own laws. From the other parts of the population were different on the basis of assets, educational levels and a coherent and sophisticated wedding strategy particularly based on the affinity links. Purpose was to maintain the social status, influence and to keep urban authorities that managed the city. By analyzing of the background of five detailed profiles of Trenčín’s mayors in 17th century, their different origin, religion and external circumstances, brings new facts of life in cities and present less known aspects of our history.

Genealógia prešporského rodu Rosspeidtner

Author(s): Frederik Federmayer / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2015

To important part of urban community and townspeople elite clearly belonged also lineage of masons, stonecutters and architects. Author of this study presents new genealogic and heraldic information about stone-architectural lineage of Rosspeidtner (Rosspeudner). This lineage belonged to prominent representatives of early baroque architecture in Hungarian capital city in 17th century and in the beginning of 18th century. Genus of Rosspedtner was of a protestant nature, which came to Hungary probably from the Lower Austria after the year 1625 and was present there for three generations till the year 1713. The founder of Hungarian part of this lineage was Wolfgang Rosspeidtner († 1659), who settled in Pressburg in its suburb (Vydrica). In year 1630 he was admitted as townsman and a member of brickwork-architectural guild. He became an active member, longtime guild leader and he gained lots of important contracts from the town, Pressburger’s townsmen and its nobility, most of all from the nobility of Palff y. For his architectural activity he has received the aristocratic status for him and his successors. As masons and architects were active also his sons and grandson Juraj Rosspeidtner († 1713), who has become a very important member of this genus. He also worked for the city, most of all for Palff y, from whom he has received several contracts for reconstruction of feudal residences in the city as well as in the countryside. Juraj Rosspeidtner died on the peak of his career due to plague. The last known member of Hungarian part of this genus, his daughter Johanna Zuzana has married to aristocratic family Geramb. Author of this study introduces also heraldic monuments, which reminds this lineage, burghers and aristocratic heraldry of Rosspeidtner.

Funkcia trenčianskeho mestského komorníka v 17. storočí z pohľadu archontológie

Author(s): Peter Brindza / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2014

The municipal administration in the city of Trenčín had several different elements from most of the cities in the Kingdom of Hungary in the 17th century. One of them was represented also by the urban valet concer-ning the position and responsibilities within the municipal administration. He was not part of the Senate in Trenčín city, but on the other hand he fulfilled the tasks held by Burghers in other cities. At the turn of the 16th and 17th century, the valet became a permanent and integral part of Trenčín government. Due to the increase of economic power of the city and the administration as a whole, the function of urban valet was often considered as a kind of interchange stations for those who had the ambition to be selected for City Council. Those who were already there, they again cumulated interest in authorities because the urban valet organize the flow of city money; senators were trying to get often. The author of the study tries to portray the urban valet as a officer, in particular through the view of the circumstances of the election and his position, competencies and tasks entrusted within the city administration. In the present study there is also chronological overview of urban valet in the 17th century and two archontological profiles of urban valets who made a vital contribution to the population of our history.

Jesuit Mission in Košice and Circumstances of the Foundation of the University of Košice

Author(s): Peter Fedorčák / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

This paper describes the political and other influences on the foundation of the University of Košice in 1657. The surprising hesitation of the Hungarian king Leopold I and the Jesuits in Vienna in particular leads to some probable interpretations. The contemporary speculations within the Austrian Society of Jesus regarding the partition of the province in two parts and establishment of an autonomous Hungarian province are in the centre of attention.

Religious Issue and the Initial Period of the Reformation in Košice

Author(s): Peter Fedorčák / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

The history of Košice in the 16th century exemplifies a Micro History of the Reformation including all local particularities. The three persons from the church background in the town represent three characteristic types and three developmental phases of initial period of the Reformation in Košice. During this time the initiative shifted from clergy to the city council, which unprecedentedly extended his competence into theology and mainly liturgy. At the same time, contact with other towns in the region and also with Wittenberg was reinforced due to the correct interpretation of reformation teachings. At that time, the city council presented itself as a competent institution with the right and the duty to uphold the responsibility for religious issues also in theological meaning.

Англиканската църква, Източното православие и България (XIX – средата на ХХ в.) Част втора.

Author(s): Zhivko Lefterov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2015

The first contacts of the Anglican Church with the Eastern Orthodoxy date from the early 17th century and launch a process of rapprochement, which is well known in the international historiography. Over the centuries, until today it has a different intensity depending on the degree of theological negotiations and political situation. The study traces the impact of this process among the Bulgarian Orthodox community and among Bulgarian society, how Bulgarians form their perceptions of the Anglican Church and to what extent the subject goes out of theological dialogue and is publicly known and discussed, and hence politically exploited. The author traces the attitudes and positions which the representatives of the Anglican Church occupy regarding major events related to Bulgaria, and Bulgarian Orthodox Church in the 19th and early 20th century; how individual public officials try to see farther than purely theological dialogue and to use sporadically, albeit unsuccessfully, the benevolence of the Anglican Church to Eastern Orthodoxy in the context of the national tasks that need to be resolved. During the Second World War and the Cold War Anglican-Orthodox rapprochement becomes part of big politics and is influenced by Stalin‘s religious policy. Initially, Stalin relies on the Anglican Church for expansion of Orthodox influence in international organizations, but later he begins to consider it as a rival and opponent. Consequently, the dialogue is restored only after Stalin‘s death, but on the part of Orthodox churches of the socialist camp and particularly Bulgaria it will be subject to the religious policy of „opening“ led by communist parties, which aims to use the churches in the big propaganda war between Orient and Occident about the existing religious freedom behind the Iron Curtain.

От съставителя

Author(s): Rayna Gavrilova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2018

Ленка Будилова, Марек Якоубек. Българските чехи. Случаят Войводово (Социалноантроположки ескизи). София: Парадигма, 2016

Author(s): Katerina Terzieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

Book Review

Католическият празник Тяло и Кръв Христови в българско и полско село (Съпоставително изследване)

Author(s): Natalia Rashkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2020

In the thirteenth century, in the calendar of the Catholic Church, a special day is established to honour the Holy Communion – the bread and the wine, turned into the Most Holy Body and Blood of Christ. The feast is celebrated everywhere in the Catholic world with a solemn liturgy and a procession. The article presents in a comparative perspective fieldwork observations and documentation of this Catholic feast in two villages in Bulgaria and in Poland: the village of Oresh, Svishtov region (in 1995 and 2015) and the village of Złaków Kościelny, Łowicz district, Łódź voivodeship (in 2016). The author outlines the specific characteristics in performing of the feast in the two communities (Corpus Christi in Oresh; Boże Ciało in Złaków Kościelny), conditioned by differences in the confessional and cultural history as well as by different conditions of practicing the religious traditions.The comparative study shows the significance of local identity, expressed through elements of inherited traditional culture. For the Bulgarian Catholics, cultural identity is affirmed mainly through their religious affiliation, which is different from the official Orthodox religion, predominant in the country. The revival of the festive Catholic processions in modern times is an expression of the desire for a sustainable connection with the restored family and community confessional tradition. An essential expression of the local specificity in the religious festivity of the inhabitants of the Polish village is the adherence to traditional elements of the folklore culture, which have cultivated the local religious tradition.

Полски духовни песни в българската източнокатолическа музика

Author(s): Stefka Venkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2020

Polish popular religious songs are part of the repertoires of both the Roman Catholic and the Eastern-rite Catholic Churches in Bulgaria. These songs were introduced in the paraliturgical practice via different ways. One reason was the influence of missionaries from monastic communities from Poland: the friars from the Resurrectionist Congregation, the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin и the Order of Friars Minor Conventual. On the other hand, the personal influence of St. Pope John Paul II also contributed to the process. During his pontificate, some Polish popular religious songs that he supposedly liked gained popularity in Bulgaria. The presence of Polish popular religious songs in the Eastern Catholic repertoire, accepted and assimilated in the local tradition, is an example of various interactions: between East and West; between Roman Catholic and Eastern Catholic music; and between two Slavic cultures, the Polish and the Bulgarian one. The popular religious songs are a brilliant example of cultural transfer, implemented on different levels: religious, confessional, national and universal. The focus of the paper is on three songs, which are a part of the Eastern Catholic song repertoire in modern times.

Култът към католическите мъченици на тоталитаризма в България (1944–1989)

Author(s): Valentin Voskresenski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2020

The article presents religious practices and politics of memory, related to the cult of the “new martyrs” (“martyrs of totalitarianism”) in the Catholic Church in Bulgaria after 1989. The paper is based on terminological apparatus and methodology in the field of anthropology of memory and anthropology of religion, and describes the procedures of beatification of Blessed Eugene Bossilkov (beat. 1998) and bishops Fr. Kamen Vichev, Fr. Pavel Dzhidzov, Fr. Iosafat Shishkov (beat. 2002), Fr. Fortunat Bakalski, Fr. Rafael Peev, and others. The objective of this study is to elucidate major moments related to the institutionalisation of the cult, the processes of construction of sacredness, the creation of new religious practices, the commemoration practices, and the places of memory. The study explores the elements of the veneration of the “new martyrs” in Bulgaria, the connection between cult and history, and the issues of memory and the policies of memory as a form of heritage. The observations and the examples are obtained through field research and interviews conducted in several settlements in the Diocese of Sofia and Plovdiv and the Diocese of Nicopolis (primarily the towns of Plovdiv, Rakovski, Ruse, and Belene, the village of Oresh, and the city of Sofia). Relics, testimonies of martyrdom, stories of miracles, hagiographical and iconographical innovations, commemorational festivities, places of memory, related to the “new martyrs” – all of these are analysed through the prism of processes of invention of cultural-historical heritage, renovation of confessional identities, and creation of reworking models of traumatic memory in the period of socialism. The article looks for answers to the following questions: What is the character of the totalitarian martyrology in Bulgaria? How are the confessional consciousness of the Catholic communities and the character of their religious culture being transformed through the religious cults of the “new martyrs”?

Етнология и епидемии. Социокултурни измерения на пандемията от COVID-19. Съставители: Вихра Баева и Ангелина Илиева. София: Издателство на БАН „Проф. Марин Дринов”, 2021

Author(s): Valentina Ganeva-Raycheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

Book review

Сън по време на война. Чочарка

Author(s): Nevena Dimitrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

The text is dedicated to two movies based on Alberto Moravia’s book “Ciociara”. The author examines some folklore motifs through which the role of the woman is presented. The analysis also includes the dream of a wedding, which transforms the understanding of time-space relationship. Outlining authentic folklore motifs in the film narrative is in the centre of the study, together with the original presentation of the person having the wedding dream, which forms the visual core of the film. Central point in the text is the relation between reality and the way it is experienced by the dreamer.

Polish Archaeological Excavations in Faras, Sudan (1961-1964)

Author(s): Waldemar Deluga / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2021

L’article présente l’histoire des fouilles archéologiques polonaises à Faras, au Soudan, dans le contexte des changements politiques de la seconde moitié du xxe siècle, à partir des découvertes qui ont eu lieu avant quele professeur Kazimierz Michałowski ne commence les fouilles archéologiques en 1961. Les recherches des archéologues américains (1907-1910), allemands (1907-1908) et britanniques (1911) sont discutées par la suite, demême qu’une documentation iconographique, suivie par les différentes étapes des découvertes de la cathédralede Faras et des peintures murales au cours de quatre campagnes archéologiques polonaises, achevées en 1964, enrelation avec l’activité de Kazimierz Michałowski. La suite concerne l’histoire et la manière dont le professeur Michałowski a annoncé ses découvertes au Soudan, ainsi que les expositions individuelles, voire temporaires, dans les pays européens, surtout au Musée national de Varsovie, et une exposition permanente préparée dans lacapitale de la Pologne en 1972. L’article étudie aussi la manière dont le régime communiste a influencé la présentation des découvertes et comment les Polonais ont souhaité présenter l’art chrétien pendant la répression du Catholicisme dans leur pays, à une époque dominée par la censure de toutes les expositions et publications scientifiques. En conclusion, cette recherche évalue les résultats de l’étude scientifique des monuments fouillés lors des campagnes archéologiques, et propose la vérification (à l’avenir) de la datation des pièces polychromes, de mêmequ’une discussion de l’ensemble du programme iconographique de l’intérieur de la cathédrale de Faras.

Exhibitions. Conferences. Projects. Databases. Latest publications.

Author(s): Piotr Kruk Mirosław,Ana Dumitran,Francesca Tasca,Vlad Bedros,Alice Isabella Sullivan,Julia Gearhart,Jacob Wheeler,Anita Paolicchi,Vladimir Agrigoroaei / Language(s): English,French Issue: 5/2021

Exhibitions. Conferences. Projects. Databases. Latest publications.

Icon Goldsmiths, Pious Widows, and Holy Maidens. Adventure Narratives of Greek Monks Travelling in Late Imperial Russia.

Author(s): Tasos Kostopoulos / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2022

L’article explore un aspect peu étudié de la réception de l’art religieux russe par les communautés orthodoxes balkaniques du xixe siècle: l’image de la Russie et de ses peuples, que les moines collectant les aumônes (zeteia) avaient relayée, à leur retour, dans leurs monastères d’origine et/ou aux communautés environnantes. L’objectif principal des voyages entrepris par ces moines était de convertir une partie considérable de dons et bénéfices collectés en une variété d’objets ecclésiastiques précieux et/ou revêtements d’icônes. La présente étude analyse trois récits différents de deux de ces voyages, effectués dans les années 1860 et au début des années 1890 par des moines athonites. Elle explore également deux approches dans cette collecte d’aumônes (traditionnelle vs entrepreneuriale) et la manière dont le regard porté par les voyageurs en question sur la société russe, ses institutions religieuses, ses moeurs et ses habitudes, a pu en être affecté.

The Double-Sided Icon of a Seventeenth-Century Galician Painter in Transcarpathia.

Author(s): Puskas Bernadett / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2022

Le Musée Ethnographique de Budapest conserve une icône en mauvais état qui provient de Patakófalu (Stara Stuzhytsya), plus précisément de l’éparchie de Moukatchevo. Sur l’une des faces se trouve une repré-sentation Éléousa de la Mère de Dieu, un type iconographique qui était extrêmement populaire dans le sud de la Pologne – de même qu’en Hongrie – à partir du dernier quart du xviie siècle. Certaines icônes appartenant à ce type étaient même considérées comme étant miraculeuses. Associée à une certaine signification, la Mère de Dieu était peinte pour demander la protection contre le danger et les souffrances futures. Sur l’autre face de l’icône se trouve une scène de la Crucifixion avec des personnages demandant l’intercession, dont un homme portant le costume d’un noble et sa famille. L’inscription votive en ruthène a été transcrite sur le fond de la scène. La signature du peintre permet d’identifier Stefan Wiszeński de Sądowa Wisznia. Dans le présent arti-cle, une photographie conservée au Musée National de Lviv, ainsi que des urbaria, permettent de déchiffrer l’inscription et de comprendre les circonstances de la commande.

The Icon Painter Jov Vasilijevič and the Eighteenth-Century Iconostases of the Krušedol and Bođani Monasteries.

Author(s): Vladimir Simić / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2022

Au cours de la première moitié du xviiie siècle, les réformes de l’Église Orthodoxe Serbe de Hongrie se reflètent aussi dans la peinture des églises. L’établissement de liens étroits avec le Patriarcat de Moscou et la Laure des Grottes de Kyïv-Petchersk a augmenté l’influence russo-ukrainienne dans le siège métropolitain de Karlovci. On constate un éloignement de plus en plus prononcé face à l’iconographie traditionnelle et une ac-ceptation des reformes connues dans la peinture baroque ukrainienne. Le moment décisif est représenté par l’arrivée du peintre ukrainien Jov Vasilijevič en 1742. Avec le soutien du patriarche Arsenije iv, Vasilijevič fonde une école de peinture à Sremski Karlovci. Par décision du patriarche, cette école devient obligatoire pour tous les peintres d’icônes du siège métropolitain. Un décret scelle l’entrée des nouvelles modes d’expression artis-tique dans l’art ecclésiastique. Jov Vasilijevič exécute plusieurs oeuvres importantes. Il peint les iconostases des monastères de Krušedol et Bodjani; il réalise des peintures pour le patriarche; il forme plusieurs élèves qui con-tinueront à répandre cette influence de la peinture baroque ukrainienne. L’article se propose d’étudier ce style de peinture, devenu une véritable norme dans l’art religieux du siège métropolitain de Karlovci dans les années 1740-1770.

The “Belz-Drohobych Workshop” in Ukrainian Galicia and its Connection with Romanian Maramureș.

Author(s): Somak Oksana,Mihai Covaci / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2022

Cette publication examine quatre icônes, qui peuvent être comparées à la production artistique d’un atelier de peinture d’icônes conventionnellement nommé « Belz-Drohobych ». Cet atelier de la Galice ukrainienne – dont la localisation géographique demeure toutefois difficile à établir – se démarque par son style artistique particulier: un ‘laconisme’ graphique rigoureux, à la fois imagier et décoratif. Ses oeuvres les plus représentatives proviennent de la ville de Belz et de la ville de Drohobych, des villages de Hrushiv et Kulchytsi (région de Lviv). Les icônes ici étudiées proviennent, en revanche, du territoire de la région roumaine de Mara-mureș. Il s’agit des icônes de Sainte Paraskevi et de l’Archange Michel du village de Budești-Susani, de l’icône de Saint Jean-Baptiste du village de Breb, et de celle de Sainte Paraskevi (probablement du Maramureș), réalisée par un certain Maître Toma. Pour la première fois, toutes ces oeuvres sont actuellement en cours de restauration. Un bref état de l’art de la recherche les concernant précède l’analyse comparative proprement-dite. Ce qui ressort de cette analyse c’est que, sur la base de l’iconographie et de la stylistique, les quatre icônes du Maramureș s’avè-rent assez proches des icônes de « Belz-Drohobych ». Cela permet de proposer une datation des icônes de Sainte Paraskevi et de Saint Jean Prodrome dans la seconde moitié du xve siècle. En ce qui concerne l’icône de l’Archange Michel, les auteurs proposent une datation au xvie siècle. Cependant, l’icône nécessiterait une étude ultérieure après sa restauration. Enfin, l’icône de Sainte Paraskevi, réalisée par Maître Toma, semble bien s’inspirer des oeuvres de l’atelier « Belz-Drohobych », mais d’un point de vue stylistique, elle se réfère à une période ultérieure: fin du xvie siècle-début du xviie siècle.

The Ship of Salvation. Thematic Transfers in the Rhetoric and Iconography of the Orthodox Church in the Seventeenth Century

Author(s): Elisabeta Negrău / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2023

Plecând de la o scenă reprezentând Corabia creştinătăţii atacată de duşmanii credinţei, pictată în pridvorul bisericii din cimitirul mănăstirii Hurezi (1699), articolul urmăreşte dezvoltarea temei teologice şi iconografice a Bisericii ca Navă şi cercetează sursele pentru această reprezentare din biserica amintită. În scrierile patristice şi în iconografia bizantină şi medievală occidentală, tema ia forme specific confesionale (arca Petri sau barca Petri, în mediul catolic). În secolul al XVI-lea, pe fondul conflictului confesional catolico-protestant, polemicile încep să dea naştere unor imagini satirice ale unor lupte între două vase pe mare, ilustrând alegoric înfruntările dintre cele două puncte de vedere. Exprimate plastic prin tehnica gravurii, aceste imagini sunt o creaţie a mediului protestant german. În timp ce Contrareforma continuă să folosească motivul alegoric al vasului navigând pe mare ca reprezentare a Bisericii Catolice triumfătoare, mediul protestant dezvoltă o iconografie a Bisericii ca navă asediată pe mare de diverse categorii de duşmani: biserica papală, ereziarhi, evrei şi musulmani, personaje infame ale Apocalipsei. Tipărituri cu astfel de reprezentări ajung şi în estul Europei, inclusiv în mediul Lavrei Pecherska din Kyiv, care folosea surse vizuale germane pentru atelierul său de litografie. Pictorii, gravorii şi desenatorii ucraineni din a doua jumătate a secolului al XVII-lea preiau acest motiv, îl instrumetalizează ca alegorie a Bisericii Ortodoxe asediate şi îl exportă în spaţiile învecinate, în Valahia şi Rusia. Motivul pătrunde în paralel, tot la jumătatea secolului al XVII-lea, şi în lumea grecească, pe canale catolice. Mediul grecesc al Muntelui Athos, prin Nicodim Haghioritul, îl va include ca ilustraţie a Pidalionului (culegere de canoane), la sfârşitul secolului al XVIII-lea.