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For centuries, our hymnbooks bring to the fore not only the issue of musical literacy but also tradition. The Reformed church singing in Transylvania and the Partium was determined by traditions rather than by the sheet music itself. From the beginning of the 19th century the Transylvanian hymnbooks were created under the influence of the spirit of the time. A typical example of this is the hymnbook edited under the influence of theological rationalism in 1837. The hymnbook, edited by Seprődi János in 1908, only partially corrected the melody deterioration while the edition of 1923 further preserved the sorting of cut and leveled melodies, which lacked psalms and old Hungarian songs. If we compare the 1837 hymnbook with the one published in 1921 in Debrecen, which also provides balanced melodies, we can see that melodies enriched with melisma remain in practice in Transylvania and this tradition is still preserved in many places to this day.
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Purpose of the article is to study the essence of the functioning of “wandering” biblical images in culture and the disclosure of retransmitted senses, the semantic core of which is explicated on the basis of the narratives of the Holy Scriptures, as well as previous cultural topos. The methodology of the research consists of using the structural-semiotic method, which makes it possible to interpret the semantic meanings of individual biblical images and explain the strategies of its functioning in culture. The scientific novelty consists in proving the study of the functioning of biblical images in the continuum of world culture, in particular by the example of the semiosphere of the figure of the Saint Mark the Evangelist, present in the cultural texts of both the Christian East and the West. The functioning of this Christian image is analyzed not only in the traditional sacral culture (iconography, music), which can be traced throughout history but also in modern popular culture. Conclusions. Biblical images that are universal in their meaning function in the context of intertextual relations – in different types of art, national cultures, and confessional communities over a long chronological dimension, including modernity. The image of the Evangelist Mark demonstrates how the inner semantic potential of this saint “travels” and reinterprets, presenting the deeper meanings of the Gospel narrative, which acts as a semantic core. The broad references of the semiosphere of the image of St. Mark create a complex interweaving of “texts in texts,” whose orderly interpretation provides a meaningful perception. The analyzed image of St. Mark the Evangelist demonstrates how the inner semantic potential of this figure of Christian history "travels" and reinterprets, presenting the deep meanings of the evangelical narrative that emerges as a semantic core. The linguistic references to the semiosphere of the image of St. Mark create a complex interweaving of "texts in texts," an orderly interpretation of which enables a meaningful perception.
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The Epistle to the Hebrews is the last of the fourteen writings that make up the New Testament collection of letters of the Apostle Paul (corpus paulinum). The article points out that even in the patristic period of the Church, the authenticity of Paulʼs authorship was questioned. As the author is not the apostle himself, it is clear that the authorʼs allusions to ecclesial life and practice do not concern the situation of the Church at the period when Paul lived and wrote his authentic letters. Above all, the Epistle to the Hebrews is a Christological treatise, but it contains passages that invite Christians to be zealous, passages that mention, for example, the content of Christian catechesis, the need for regular worship services, respect for the institution of marriage. The author does not seem to accept a new possibility of repentant return after an individualʼs renunciation of faith. There are superiors in the Church whose competence is not specified by the author, but he encourages believers to obey them. The superiors themselves were examples of persistence in persecution. The life of the Church will be completed in fulfilling of eschatological expectations.
More...L’action de grâce de David pour son Libérateur
Le Ps 18 est le troisième plus long du Psautier. Son importance toutefois n’est pas seulement due à sa longueur; elle tient aussi et surtout au fait que ce psaume remplit une fonction conclusive: de même en effet que son double se trouve à la fin des livres de Samuel (2S 22), ainsi le Ps 18 conclut la première sous-section du premier livre des psaumes (Ps 1–18). Son titre, particulièrement développé, le laisse entendre: «au jour où Yhwh le délivra de la paume de tous ses ennemis et de la main de Saül». Le poème comprend sept passages organisés de manière concentrique autour d’une déclaration d’innocence (v. 21-30) qui ne laisse pas de poser problème. Prétendre que ces versets sont secondaires ne saurait lever la difficulté; cela ne fait, en réalité, que témoigner de l’impuissance à résoudre l’énigme que constitue toujours le centre d’une composition concentrique. La clé n’est pas cachée, elle offerte dans la formule qui marque le tournant du texte: «Avec le fidèle tu es fidèle» (v. 26).
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The creation of the planet Earth together with the flora and fauna culminates with the process of creating man in the image of God. But that image man defiled with sin. This has resulted in the separation of creation from the Creator and the creation of various crises, including ecological crises. Accordingly, the topic of ecology is increasingly relevant in our time, and many representatives of the Protestant and Evangelical Christian Churches throughout history have spoken about the importance of ecology. In our time, that topic was discussed 2010. at the Third Lausanne Congress for the Evangelization of the World in Cape Town. Since the congress gathered a large number of representatives of evangelical churches around the world, the position presented in the form of a document is also a view of ecology from the prism of evangelical Christianity. Since the love of God, among other things, is expressed in the love of God’s creation, this article first analyzes the relationship between theology and ecology. After that, the discussion is about how the biblical record of creation should inform and shape the relationship of evangelical Christians toward the Earth. The third part of the article deals with the issue of “ecological footprint” at the world level but also looks at where is Croatia in all this. The fourth part of the article brings an overview of ecology from the prism of Protestant and evangelical churches, while the fifth part discusses the challenges of today and offers two directions: one is materialistic-humanistic, and the other is Protestant-evangelical. The article concludes that Christians as children of God are called to do the will of the Heavenly Father and to be the example and light in today’s egocentric world. Ecological crises are directly correlated with the crisis of morality, but equally, all activities carried out to preserve the environment without changing human nature and consequently his habits, achieve only short-term results without fundamental changes. Only by changing man himself and his repentance can he become responsible in his ethical approach to the environment that surrounds him.
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Review of: Danijel Berković - Ruben Knežević, Hrvatski bezimprimaturni biblijski prijevodi, Sveučilišni centar protestantske teologije, „Matija Vlačić Ilirik“, Zagreb, 2019.
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Review of: Ervin Budiselić - Matthias Henze, Isusova čitanka. Izvanbiblijski spisi pomažu razumjeti Isusa, KruZak, Zagreb, 2018., 210 str.
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Review of: Monika Bajić - John H. Walton, Old Testament Theology for Christians: From Ancient Context to Enduring Belief (Starozavjetna teologija za kršćane: od drevnog konteksta do trajne vjere), Downers Grove, Illinois, SAD, IVP Academic, 2017, 306.
More...A veszélyes Isten képzete az Exodus 4,24–26-ban
The strange pericope of Exodus 4:24–26 is discussed in numerous articles, mainly from the perspective of religious history or rhetorical criticism. Building on the results of previous research, this study confirms earlier suggestions that this passage cannot be connected well with its current context, specifically with the larger call narrative of Ex 3:1–4:18, or with the smaller preceding unit in vv. 20–23. It is unlikely though that Ex 4:24–26 would be an entirely independent text. The earliest narrative segment within the current pericope, reconstructed here as consisting of vv. 19.24–26, was the original follow-up of the Moses-story in Ex 2, specifically 2:23a. The rhetorical claim of our pericope differs from the better-known call narrative in Ex 3:1–4:18, while its terminology is deeply rooted in Ex 2, providing the ultimate reason for the theological problems evoked by the passage. The observations regarding rhetorical and logical problems within Ex 4 seem to be corroborated by independent text-historical arguments, derived mainly from the Old Greek.
More...JHWH legősibb profilja a modern kutatás fényében
In the Old Testament one may come across seemingly polytheistic passages. In Ps 82:1, for example, “God takes a stand in the divine council, gives judgment in the midst of the gods.” Who are these gods, and what is their relation to YHWH? After elucidating the North-West Semitic Iron Age concept of deity used with a wide variety of meanings (angels, spirits of the dead), the present study discusses religious historical theories concerning the development of polytheism in Israel and the alleged original character of YHWH. While in the past the God of Israel was considered a special type of deity in the region, more recent studies categorise YHWH as an El-type king-god, as a Baal-like storm-god, or as a hypostasis of the Edomite Qos. This article briefly surveys the issue in recent scholarship and weighs up the arguments.
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The paper explores the problem of death as a central issue of every eschatology, including the Catholic one. Death as a phenomenon and anthropological fact shapes the beginnings of the Old Testament’ Eschatology, sharpening its statement in the New Testament’ theology crucis. During the history of theology, the theology of death remained within the frame of its interpretation as a consequence of sin and unwanted fate, whereby its positive connection to freedom was left out. Only thanks to some of the contemporary approaches that place death in direct relation to freedom (Moltmann, Rahner, Boros), observing it as a conscious act of an individual, both death and freedom, although at first opposed, become the categories that, theologically observed, transform themselves. In conclusion, the paper attempts to answer the question regarding freedom to die, in the light of some contemporary eschatological debates, and to place the awareness of death in the context of freedom and life, and not as their opposition.
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Review of: Paweł Brudzyński - Samuelio Boguslavo Chylinskio Biblija 2. Naujasis Testamentas Viešpaties mūsų Jėzaus Kristaus, lietuvių kalba duotas Samuelio Boguslavo Chylinskio. Lietuviško vertimo rankraščio faksimilė = Biblia Lithuanica Samueli Boguslai Chylinski 2. Novum Testamentum Domini Nostri Jesu Christi Lithvanicâ Linguâ donatum a Samuelo Boguslao Chylinski. Manuscripti Lithuanici imagines digitales ed. Gina Kavaliūnaitė, Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas, 2019, cxc, 429 pp. ISBN 978-609-07-0188-1
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Szabados Ádám: Az apostolok hagyománya. Károli könyvek – Monográfia. Károli Gáspár Református Egyetem – L’Harrmattan, Budapest 2020. ISBN 978-963-414-658-2, 350 old. (Steiner József)
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Review: Altarul Banatului. Revista Mitropoliei Banatului. XXX (LXIX) új folyam, 2019/4–6. április–június, ISSN 1220-8388, ISSN 9 771220-838001, 160 old. (Bányai László)
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Ledán M. István: A halál mint álom. Az újszövetségi álomeszkatológia az ókori görög sírfeliratok tükrében (Adorjáni Zoltán)
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This essay continues the critique of perceived evangelical exceptionalism by providing a detailed study of the genre of biography in antiquity. While some scholars claim that the Gospels were a literary anomaly without clear precedents, we instead claim that they are an innovative variation of the classical biographical tradition. By classifying the Gospels into this generic classification, we work to establish an access to this literature that is historically grounded and does not seek the presumed religious ‘community’ of the author in the rhetorical framework of their writings.
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The paper considers the works by S.Ya. Lurye (also known as Salomo Luria in his publications outside the USSR) and some of the archive materials that reflect his treatment of the Ancient Egyptian and Bible traditions in the 1920s. His methodology was based on the theory of rudimentary motifs introduced by F.F. Zelinskiy (T. Zieliński) and the ethnological theories of J.J. Frazer. S.Ya. Lurye challenged the historicity of “Admonitions of Ipuver” and “Prophesy of Neferty” and considered them as an adaptation of ritual and mythological motives connected with the cult of resurrecting god, rather than as reflections of a “social revolution” in Egypt. This was also a base for a myth about the domination of evil foreigners in Egypt: an inversion of this myth emerged in the Jewish diaspora during ca. the 8th century BC as the stories of Joseph, Moses, and Exodus (“the Egyptian Bible”). S.Ya. Lurye’s methodology is obviously opposed to the foundations of the pre-revolutionary research (first of all, to its highly cultivated factuality); his intention was undoubtedly to use the post-revolutionary situation so as to introduce innovative ideas in the Russian humanities. S.Ya. Lurye’s works were met by the established Russian scholars with a strong reservation; they are consonant with the global historiographic trends of the second half of the 20th century, but still fall outside the interest of Russian researchers.
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The life and creative path of archpriest Alexander Vasil’evich Smirnov (1857–1933), a famous ecclesiastical writer, professor of theology, and political leader in the Orthodox Church was analyzed. The focus of this article is on the evolution of his worldview and professional career in the era of revolutionary changes in the late Russian Empire. As a representative of the clergy, he studied at theological educational institutions (Simbirsk Ecclesiastical Seminary and Kazan Ecclesiastical Academy) and worked mainly in secular institutions (Kazan and St. Petersburg universities). During the First Russian Revolution, he actively participated in political discussions. He was one of the founders of the “Church and Public Life” magazine (1906–1907), where liberal professors of the Kazan Ecclesiastical Academy expressed their views. Then he was a deputy of the State Duma of the fourth convocation (1912–1917). As part of this activity, he theorized the issues of “Christian socialism” and the new synthesis of ecclesiastical and secular education. He was interested in biblical studies, critical analysis of the Old Testament’s apocrypha. Since A.V. Smirnov had a rich political and artistic experience, he contributed considerably to the intellectual space of the Church and the social reformation of the early 20th century. This paper marks the start of work on A.V. Smirnov’s biography as a researcher.
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The series of Caucasian travel essays written by Yakov Polonsky is studied from the point of view of it reflecting the national traditions of the Caucasian peoples and the value aspects of Christianity. The research is based on modern literary ethnopoetics and uses anthropological and axiological analysis, as well as the comparative study of literary texts with biblical pretexts. The analysis of ethnographic essays of Polonsky (“A Brief Historical Review of Caucasian Cities”, “A Journey to the German Elizabettal Colony”, “Some Observations on a Holiday in the Village of Martkopi and Georgian Holidays in General”, “The Night View of a Holiday in the Village of Martkopi”) revealed the motifs of spiritual unity and mutual intercession of peoples. The study emphasizes the interrelation of folk customs of the Caucasian peoples with Christian traditions, the spiritual brotherhood of peoples, and the value of historical memory for them, as well as the unity of people in their desire to get closer to God by living the Gospel commandments. The analysis of Polonsky’s literary essays (“Two Strangers – the Living One and the Dead One”, “Sayat-Nova”) reveals the motifs of self-sacrifice and spiritual growth of talent, which he ascribes to the Gospel text. He considers Christian virtues and spiritual feats to be the key ones for a true poet and sees the true purpose in serving the people.
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