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The paper studies the concrete, daily life in the Julian March during the two World Wars. Senožeče, a village with 750 inhabitants, was chosen as the model for this analysis. Special attention is given to the political, social, cultural and psychological factors that motived the members of the Slovene minority to take membership in the National Fascist Party (PNF).
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The paper deals with the mass deportations of Slovenes from the Ljubljana region, following the so-called disarmament raids by the occupier in February and March 1942. It also presents the establishment of temporary concentration camps in Čiginj and Dolenja Trebuša, in the Julian March. From September 1942, after Slovenes from Primorska had begun joining the Slovenian partisan units in great numbers, the occupier retaliated by deporting their relatives to the prisons in Kostanjevica near Gorizia (for women) and Zdravščina (for men). After February 1943, 2,250 prisoners were deported to concentration camps in Italy. Men were sent to Cairo Montenotte in Liguria and women to Freschette di Alatri.
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The review of: -Magdalene Koch, Der Widerstand der Kommunistichen Partei Österreichs gegen Hitler von 1938 bis 1945. Neobjavljena disertacija na dunajski filozofski fakulteti, 1964. -Hans Janschitz, Ferlieferhof. Ein Bericht iiber die amtlichen Untersuchungen der Masenmorde in der Schiessstate Ferlieferhof. Graz (1946), 74 strani.
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Pred dvajsetimi leti, med julijem in septembrom 1943, je Italija doživljala dogodke, ki so temeljito spremenili smer njene zgodovine: 10. julija so se izkrcali na Sicilijo Anglo-Američani, 25. julija je bil aretiran Mussolini in fašistično Vladoi je zamenjala vojaška vlada maršala Badoglia in 8. Septembra je bilo objavljeno premirje. V naslednjih dneh je kralj pobegnil iz Rima, Nemci so okupirali severno' in srednjo Italijo, Angloi-Američaini so zasedli južno Italijo, hkrati se je začel boj za narodno' osvoboditev. [...]
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On the initiative of Communist Party of Slovenia, the Slovene people's Liberation Front organized four plebiscite actions between October 1941 and February 1942: on the occasion of certain memorial days, Liberation Front called the Slovenes to leave the streets and all public places between 7 and 8 p. m., as a protest against German, Italian and Hungarian occupation of the Slovene territory. The Slovenes obeyed the call. The »hour of silence« kept on those occasions clearly showed whom the great majority of the popnlation sided with. Besides that, the population showed its attachment to Liberation Front and demonstrated against the occupier and the reactionaries by strewing the streets with thousands and thousands of leaflets and small Slovene flags, writing mottoes and drawing signs on the walls and by acts of sabotage. Liberation Front began with those actions at the time of its first rising, notwithstanding the fact that the Axis States were then at the summit of their power. Those deeds were a great moral help to the Partisan's army in Slovenia.
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Dogodki, ki isem jih opisal za leto 1941 v tem člamku, so v glavnem moja osebna doživetja. V nekaterih primerih sem se zaradi povezanosti dogodkov dotaJflDil tudi takih, katerim sem osebno prisostvoval. Spominjam se jih iz obravnav in posvetovanj, ki smo jih imeli v času organizacijskih priprav za NOB v vojnorevolncionamem komiteju jeseniškega okrožja, aili pa potem v štaibu Cankarjevega bataljona. Vmes so dogodki, o katerih sem zvedel od Stanka Žagarja, alatna Pokrajinskega partijskega vodstva za Gorenjsko. Vse to utemeljujem.'Bil sem z njim v stalnem stiku od julija 1941, ko je prišel na Gorenjsko, do njegove smrti 27. marca 1942. Z Jožetom Gregorčičem pa naju je vezala borba od začetka okupacije. Menim, da je kljub takemu značaju opisovanje dogodkov leta 1941, še zelo skromen prispevek za zgodovmo osvobodilne vojske, če jo gledamo v celoti. Potrebno je zbrati celotno gradivo pri preživelih borcih, aktivistih, zapornikih, izselljencih in podpornikih narodnoosvobodiilnega gibanja. Vse pripombe na moj sestavek, vsi popravki ali dodatki bodo lahko- le obogatili zgodovmo NOB na iGorenjskem, ki za leto 1941 zaradi objektivnih razmer ne razpolaga skoraj z nobenimi pisanimi dokumenti. [...]
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Leta 1961 poteka dvajset let, odkar so narodi Jugoslavije v prelomnem letu 1941 stopili na pot ljudske vstaje in revolucije, ki se je končala z zmago nad fašističnimi okupatorji, z ustanovitvijo federativne ljudske republike in prehodom k socialističnim preobrazbam. Tej slavni preteklosti bodo Prispevki za zgodovino delavskega gibanja posvetili v letu 1961 posebno številko. [...]
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Die Nazis hatten schon vor dem Aprilkrieg 1941 den Boden für die Besetzung der slowenischen Steiermark vorbereitet und Pläne für ihre Eindeutschung aus-.gearbeitet, d. i. für die Unterjochung des slowenischen Volkes und seine allmählige Liquidierung. Dabei bedienten Sie sich auch der Organisation »Schwäbisch-deutscher Kulturbund« und anderer Elemente der fünften Kolonne in Jugoslawien. Nach der Besetzung machten sie sich mit aller Gewalt an die Vernichtung alles dessen, was sie bei ihrer Arbeit an der Germanisierung des Landes hätte hindern können. Deshalb mußten Uber fünfzigtausend Slowenen in die Verbannung — Infelektuelle und Landleute —, deshalb plünderten sie sowohl öffentliche wie private Büchereien aus und verbrannten slowenische Bücher, entfernten slowenische Aufschriften, schafften .slowenische Schulen ab, beschlagnahmten' das slowenische Kapital u. s. f., mit einem Wort, sie gaben den Bestand des slowenischen . Volkes und jedenmann, der nicht gewillt war, ein getreuer Untertan des dritten Reiches zu werden, dem Untergang preis.
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Review of: 1. Radoslav M. Raspopović, DIPLOMATIJA CRNE GORE 1711-1918, Istorijski institut Crne Gore i NIU »Vojska«, Podgorica-Beograd 1996, str. 696 Review by: Đorđe Borozan 2. DOBROVOLJCI U OSLOBODILAČKIM RATOVIMA SRBA I CRNOGORACA, Zbornik radova sa naučnog skupa, Institut za savremenu istoriju, Beograd 1996, str. 412 Review by: Dragoljub R. Živojinović 3. Milorad Ekmečić, Đorđe Mikić, Dragoljub Živojinović, Nikola В. Popović, POLITIČKI PROCESI SRBIMA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI 1914-1917, »Grafomark«, Laktaši 1996, str. 135 Review by: Dragan Tešić 4. Šarl Etinger et. al, ISTORIJA JEVREJSKOG NARODA, IP »Ginko«, Beograd 1996, str. 543 Review by: Nebojša Popović 5. KOMINTERN I VTORAJA MIROVAJA VOJNA. Čast’ I, 1939. do 22. ijunja 1941. g. (Rossijskaja Akademija nauk, Institut vseobšćej istorii. Gosudarstvennaja arhivnaja služba Rossii, Rossijskij centr hranenija i izučenija dokumentov novejšej istorii), prir. N. S. Lebedeva, M. M. Marinskij, otsv. red. К. M. A nderson, A. O. Cubarjan, Moskva, Pamjatniki istoričeskoj misli, 1994. str. 554. Review by: Dubravka Stajić 6. Žarko S. Jovanović, NOVA VLAST U SRBIJI 1941-1945, Institut za noviju istoriju Srbije, Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva, Beograd 1997, str. 395 Review by: Petar Kačavenda 7. VALJEVO 1941-1945. (Saopštenja sa naučnog skupa DOPRINOS VALJEVSKOG KRAJA U BORBI PROTIV FAŠIZMA 1941-1945), Valjevo 1996, str. 300. Review by: Bojan B. Dimitrijević 8. Dragoljub S. Petrović, SARADNJA ANTIFAŠISTIČKOG POKRETA U SRBIJI I BUGARSKOJ 1941- 1944, »Agena«, Beograd 1996, str. 228 Review by: Nikola Živković 9. Renéo Lukic, LES RELATIONS SOVIÉTO-YUGOSLAVES DE 1935 à 1945, De la dépcndence à rautonomie et à l’alignement (Jugoslovensko-sovjetski odnosi od 1935. do 1945, od zavisnosti preko autono¬mie do svrstavanja), Publications Universitaires européennes, Bern, Berlin, Frankfurt, New York, Paris, Wien, 1996, str. 256. Review by : Ubavka Ostojić-Fejić
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The geographical position of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia made it one of the principal transit stations for thousands of Jewish emigrants and refugees who passed through it from 1933 onwards and who made it their sanctuary for various lengths of time. The entire human and material resources of the small Jewish community in Yugoslavia were employed in receiving and aiding these people, with only partial assistance from international Jewish and non-Jewish humanitarian organizations. The attitude of Yugoslav authorities towards Jewish refugees and emigrants from central European countries in the period between 1938 and 1941 was largely determined by factors in foreign politics and their effect on the policy of the Yugoslav government. Changes in the system of issuing entry or transit visas for Yugoslavia depended on changes in the legislation of countries from which the emigrants, refugees and »tourists« of Jewish origin came. Pressure was exerted on the Yugoslav government, mainly by Germany, to alter the status of the domestic Jewish community. Consequently, in 1940 several regulations were introduced which seriously undermined the Jews’ equal status in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. On the other hand, demands were also made by the British to prevent the use of Yugoslav territory for the transit of Jewish emigrants going to Palestine, which was then under British rule. A part of the dilemma regarding the treatment of Jews, coming primarily from Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia, can be found in the work of inter-ministerial government conferences, in the statements and attitudes of the highest-ranking government authorities, of influential individuals, members of the Jewish community and representatives of some branches of trade who held a chiefly pragmatic interest in the problem of refugees (tourist organizations, transportation companies etc.) The attitudes which surfaced in discussions held at various levels regarding the issue of refugees were not uniform, their variety demonstrating the complexity of the problem. Government measures, in accordance with »solutions« whose purpose was to turn away the oncoming stream of refugees, were mostly restrictive and were applied, with varying severity, by all countries forced to serve as temporary or permanent sanctuaries to hundreds of thousands of homeless Jews. These attitudes indicate the general atmosphere of the time immediately preceding the horrors of war and the tragedy not only of several million European Jews but, likewise, of millions of non-Jews. They are also proof of the political and moral weakness of the world, which neither defied the anti-Semitic politics of Nazism nor wished to receive the victims of these politics and offer them shelter and security.
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Kratki aprilski rat 1941. godine doneo je Jevrejima u Beloj Crkvi najteži udarac od njihove pojave na belocrkvanskom tlu uopšte. To je godina najpotresnijih svedočanstava о njihovom masovnom istrebljenju, ponižavanju, pljački njihove imovine, začetak monstruoznosti jeđne ideologije, godina potpunog nestanka Jevreja i jevrejske kulture sa scene belocrkvanske istorije. Hitler je podunavskim Nemcima, pa tako i onima u Beloj Crkvi, odredio značajnu ulogu u okupaciji Banata i širenju nacizma. Podunavski Nemci su trebali da budu u prvim redovima fronta nemačkog borbenog pokreta kao predstraža Rajha koja će omogućiti nemačko osvajanje.
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In the course of Word War II, Macedonia was decided between the Bulgarian and the Italian occupying forces. Both of these invaders systematically deported certain categories of inhabitants, largely Serbs and Jews, founding these actions on appropriate legal acts. The Bulgarian invaders initially deported only Serbs and Jews but later Turks, Albanians and Macedonians were also expelled. Serbs found refuge in Serbia but Jews were led away to the Treblinka concentration camp in Poland. Members of other nationalities were also, although in a lesser degree, forced to leave their homes. At the request of the Ustasha government of NDH, Croatians were deported to Croatian territory.These deportations were meant to »correct« the mistakes made by previous Yugoslav regimes. The article is founded on information extracted from Yugoslav and foreign literature and archives.
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Poznati nemački »Drang nach Osten« je strukturalno višeslojna pojava kojom se ozbiljno bavila i jugoslovenska istoriografija, najviše doduše u njenom političkom , vojnom i ekonomskom ispoljavanju. Karakteristika radova iz ove oblasti je da su tu pojavu izučavali ili tretirali parcijalno, ali da nije data celovita studija, na koju se još čeka. Većina objavljenih studija ili članaka koji su se bavili opštom istorijom modernog doba, dotakli su se ovog problema posebno, jer je Nemačka bila aktivan učesnik i Prvog i Drugog svetskog rata, koji su ostavili katastrofalne posledice na balkanskim prostorima.
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Nacistička Nemačka otpočela je Drugi svetski rat, sa namerom da izvrši reviziju poretka uspostavljenog u Evropi posle Prvog svetskog rata i da uspostavi novi poredak, koji bi odgovarao njenim interesima, ne samo u Evropi, nego i u celom svetu. U početku Drugog svetskog rata nisu postojali opsežni planovi о tom poretku, ali posle većih uspeha Nemačke na frontovima u Evropi, a naročito posle pobede nad Francuskom 1940.godine, počeli su da se stvaraju planovi о tome, ali su oni daleko ргеmašivali mogućnosti nacističke Nemačke. U okviru tih globalnih planova, našlo se i pitanje Jugoistočne Evrope. Do skora, jugoslovenska istoriografija uglavnom je obrađivala nemačko-jugoslovenske odnose između dva rata, okupaciju, zločine, teror i ratnu štetu, znači, faktičko stanje pod okupacijom, a sasvim malo se bavila planovima Nemačke da uklopi Jugoistočnu Evropu u Hitlerov novi poredak. Upravo tu prazninu popunio je Milan Ristović, uzimajući to za temu doktorske disertacije, koju objavIjuje kao posebnu knjigu, a pod naslovom »Nemački novi poredak i Jugoistočna Evropa 1940/41-1944/45«.
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U vreme napada fašističkih država na Jugoslaviju, u proleće 1941, i donošenja istorijske odluke о dizanju oružanog ustanka a time i о otpočinjanju narodnooslobodilačkog rata protiv fašističkih porobljivača, u leto 1941, KPJ je već imala bogato iskustvo u borbi protiv fašističke opasnosti koja je već nekoliko godina neposredno ugrožavala nezavisnost i slobodu Jugoslavije i njenih naroda.
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Reviews of: 1. Savo Skoko, KOLUBARSKA BITKA, izdavač »Stručna knjiga«, Beograd 1990, 355 str. Review by: Miroslav Milojević 2. Vojislav Grol, PRAVNA MISAO MlLOVANA MILOVANOVIĆA, Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti, OdeIjenje društvenih nauka, Izvori srpskog prava IX, Beograd 1989, 121 str. Review by: Momir Milojević 3. NOVO VIĐENJE 27. MARTA 1941. Prof. dr Branko Petranović - mr Nikola Žutić, »27. mart 1941.«, Beograd, 1990, strana 691 Review by: Zoran Lukić 4. GENOCID NAD SRBIMA U DRUGOM SVETSKOM RATU Review by: Milan Koljanin 5. Dr Savo Skoko, »POKOLJI HERCEGOVAČKIH SRBA 41«, Beograd 1991. Review by: Slavkо Vukčević 6. Mirko Peršen, USTAŠKI LOGORI, Globus, Zagreb 1990, 350 str. Review by: Milorad P. Radusinović 7. Vladimir Dedijer i Antun Miletić, GENOCID NAD MUSLIMANIMA 1941 - 1945, Zbornik sjećanja i svjedočenja, Sarajevo 1990, 879 str. Review by: Milorad P. Radusinović 8. ŽIVOT JEDNOG KRALJA - MEMOARI PETRA II KARAĐORĐEVIĆA, Novo delo, Beograd 1990, 405 str. Review by: Momčilo Pavlović 9. ILUSTROVANA ISTORIJA SRBA 1 - 4 , grupa priređivača, Litera, Beograd 1991. Review by: Momčilo Pavlović
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This supplement gives in a concise form, based on the data obtained from primary sources and abundant literature, all aspects and forms of the denationalization and genocide measures which were exercised by the enemy and domestic quislings during World War II against discriminated individuals as well as peoples in the south-east of Europe, firstly towards Jews, Serbs, Slovenes and Gypsies. The first chapter deals with the initial phase of the war, in the south-east also known as the arbitrage period in which the Axis powers, Germany and Italy, acting as judges, used the quarrels between Hungary and Rumania over the mixed inhabited Transylvania, to strengthen their influence in these two countries. The second chapter is dealing with various forms of forced emigration or rough turning out of homes of entire nationalities into other regions and countries. This system of racial purification of certain countries or regions was most roughly and massively applied in parts of Yugoslavia, especially towards Slovenes and Serbs. Stated facts bring on the conclusion that the major part of the Yugoslav citizens were, for a longer or shorter period, driven off or simply thrown out of their homes.The third chapter deals with document verified data that the German citizens also had to abandon their homesteads in especially large numbers towards the end of the war. Before the retreat of the German army in 1944, Volksdeutschers had to leave their homes and start the exodus towards the Reich. The fourth chapter is dealing with long-term measures of denationalization of certain nations: in the field of culture and education - no use of mother tongue or alphabet allowed; national schools closed down; all forms of cultural life hindered or forbidden, while the enemy's culture is forced upon the people; all forms of national tradition destroyed or erased etc; in the field of economy - confiscation of personal property; certain professions not allowed; in the field of religion - converting into the other nation's religion, as during the ,,NDH” (Independent State of Croatia) when the orthodox were converted into Roman Catholics, etc. This chapter also describes the system of race checks and administrative transferring of individuals and parts of the population into another, „higher" nation, as was done in parts of Slovenia which were included in the Reich.
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Reviews of: 1. Andrej Mitrović, SRBIJA U PRVOM SVETSKOM RATU, SKZ, Beograd 1984, 582. Review by: Dušan T. Bataković 2. Momčilo Zečević, NA ISTORIJSKOJ PREKRETNICl (Slovenci u politici jugoslavenske države 1918-1929.) Knjiga I, Prosveta, Beograd 1985, 448 Review by: Janko Prunk 3. Branislav Gligorijević, IZMEĐU REVOLUCIJE I DOGME , Liber, Zagreb 1984. Review by: Saša Marković 4. Đ. Piljević , R. Bogdanović , V. Glišlć, N. Živkovlć , M. Švabić, P. Kačavenda , J. Vujošević, D. Dimitrijević, V. Ćirković, BEOGRAD U RATU I REVOLUCIJI 1941-1945, 1-2, Beograd 1984, 739 str. Review by: Branko Petranović 5. Dr Slavko Vukčević, BORBE I OTPORI U OKUPIRANIM GRADOVIMA JUGOSLAVIJE 1941-1945. Review by: Zoran Lakić 6. Dragoljub Petrović, ISTOČNA SRBIJA U RATU I REVOLUCIJI 1941-1944, Beograd 1984, str. 291 Review by: Dragan Aleksić 7. Dr Milan Vesović - mr Milan Matić - Josip Vučković, Veljko Vlaković. Sećanja - hronologija - bibliografija. Beograd. Titograd. Ljubljana. Institut za savremenu istoriju. Istorijski institut Crne Gore. Partizanska knjiga. 1985, str. 374 sa ilustracijama Review by: Zoran Panajotović
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