Просветното дело и „културната революция“ в модернизационната политика на Българската комунистическа партия спрямо туркините в България

Author(s): Georgi Burnaski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2019

The post-war situation confronts the Turkish population in Bulgaria with the challenges of both the strained relations between Sofia and Ankara and the assimilation-led policies of the communist ideology against the minority. This publication examines the attempts of the Bulgarian Communist Party to build a new view of life among the Turkish women in Bulgaria through the mechanisms of education and culture. By pursuing its goal of depersonalizing the influence of religion at the expense of emancipatory perceptions of women’s active participation in social and political life the state harnesses totalitarian propaganda in order to change the value orientation of the Turkish women. The striving for modernization of the life of the Turkish women is also in compliance with the specific tasks and problems of the simultaneously pursued minority policy in the country.

Протестът през май 1989 г. в Джебел

Author(s): Mihail Ivanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 7/2021

For the May protests of Turks in Bulgaria and the subsequent mass migration to Turkey in 1989, which occupy an important place in the most recent Bulgarian history, disputes are still going between the researchers. A number of important issues remain unclear, including: the relationship between the informal organizations that emerged in 1988 and 1989 and the emerging centers of democratic resistance in the regions where the Turkish population lives, the role in the events of individuals, including political prisoners, for the factors causing mass emigration psychosis used by the communist regime to push into Turkey much of the Turkish minority, etc. In this context, it would be useful to reconstruct it in more detail as far as possible for the more complete and more reasoned illumination of the historical picture. This text attempts to make such a reconstruction of the events of May 1989 in the town of Jebel. The emergence of the Vienna Support Society '89 and the Jebel branch of the Independent Society for the Protection of Human Rights, as well as their inclusion in a common network with other informal organizations involved in the democratic struggle for the human and minority rights of Turks and Pomaks in Bulgaria, is traced. Central attention has been paid to the protest itself, including the transition from its spontaneous, provoked by the authorities, to an organized action to protect the rights of the Turkish minority.

ПРОТИВРЕЧНОСТИ НАСЛЕЂЕНОГ КУЛТУРНОГ ОБРАСЦА И САВРЕМЕНЕ ИНТЕЛЕКТУАЛНЕ ЕЛИТЕ У СРБИЈИ

Author(s): Miloš Nemanjić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1-2/2004

The theoretical basis of this paper is the notion of cultural pattern, or cultural model (Linton), or habitus (Bourdieu). Understood as a system of continuous and transferable dispositions, including all previous experience, it acts in each moment as a matrix of perception, evaluation and act. The cultural pattern of social groups and individuals in Serbia in the last 100 years had been created during a long period of time and cannot be changed quickly, nor easily.

Проф. д.и.н. Владимир Тихомиров Мигев на 80 години

Author(s): Iliana Marcheva,Nadya Filipova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2019

Scholar's Anniversary

Професор Луиза Ревякина на 80 години

Author(s): Inna Manasieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2020

In Honorem

ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫЕ КОММУНИКАЦИИ НАУЧНОЙ ИНТЕЛЛИГЕНЦИИ: ВЗАИМООТНОШЕНИЯ СО СТУДЕНЧЕСТВОМ (20-Е ГОДЫ ХХ ВЕКА)

Author(s): Olga Arkadevna Khabibrakhmanova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2017

The problems of the relations between academic intelligentsia and students in higher educational institutions of Kazan in the 1920s have been considered. Fundamental transformations occurred in the professional space of academic intelligentsia, including its communication practices. The communication practices have been investigated with the purpose of revealing the social changes in the professional space of academic intelligentsia. The system approach applied to studying the communication practices of academic intelligentsia has allowed to discover not only new social and communication practices of academic intelligentsia with students, but also to find certain transformations in the processes occurring within the professorial corporation. Using the archival documents, difficulties in the relations between the professorial corporation and students have been shown: though the occurrence of workers’ faculties and the flooding of high schools in Kazan by the proletarian youth, as well as by the example of relations developing between students and professors and teachers of high schools during the study process and examinations. The obtained results demonstrate that the transformation of relations between professors and students initiated new social and communication practices. Upholding the academic values, the scientists reinforced old curriculums, which illiterate proletarian students of that time could not master. The attempts to turn proletarian students from the walls of high schools made professors and teachers to invent a whole variety of practices, starting from “failing” examinations by students up to open opposition. As a result, it is clear that that the transformation of relations with students promoted the occurrence of new social and communication practices and, as a consequence, caused changes in the identity of academic intelligentsia. The analysis allows to reconsider the commonly accepted attitude towards the role of academic intelligentsia during social cataclysms and to define the degree of participation of academic intelligentsia in the events of the 1920s.

Профилактика и цензура. Ролята на държавна сигурност и случаят „Една жена на 33“

Author(s): Deyan Statulov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2015

This article explores the role of the State Security Services (DS) in the censorship machine of the communist authorities and institutions, running and implementing production processes as well as in the distribution of Bulgarian feature films in the period 1948–1989. Using archival documents of the Central Committee (CC) of the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) from the repository of the Central State archives, the influence mechanisms of the DS are traced out. In the course of this study it becomes clear that the State Security Service would not deal with the concrete artworks directly as a censorial overseer, but rather the operative work of the security agents often directly influenced the future suppression of both films and scripts and of authors. Using newly found archival items from the repository of the Central State archives, the article traces out stage by stage the story of the movie A Woman at 33, from its premiere to its public condemnation and banning from theatrical distribution.

ПРОЦЕС РУДОЛФУ СЛАНСКОМ - ЈУГОСЛОВЕНСКИ ПОГЛЕД -

Author(s): Đoko Tripković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2003

Proceedings to Rudolf Slanski, ex secretary general of Communist party of Czechoslovakia, and thirteen more state and party officials was held in November of 1952 in the jail Pankrac in Czechoslovakia. This rigged political proceedings, similar by its analogy to a number of trials that had been conducted in the countries of soviet faction, apart from undoubtedly important external policy dimension, had primarily inner policy causes and consequences. Essentially, it was all about a struggle for power between two groups of communist leaders who, having taken the complete power in the country in 1948, began to gather around two leaders. These two men were Rudolf Slanski, secretary general of Central Committee of Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, and Klement Gotvald, President of the Republic and „historic leader” of the party. Prague trial was also marked by a peculiarity that had not existed in other trials - a very prominent anti-semitic feature primarily due to the circumstances that fourteen of the accused were Jews, including Slanski. The fact that these circumstances were emphasized by the organizers of the trial as an important component of the whole case, provoked tumultuous and bitter reactions of the Jewish organizations from all around the World and especially of the newly found state of Israel. In numerous comments of that time, anti-semitic character of the Prague trial was connected with the creation of the long lasting external policy orientation of Moscow aimed at the support of Arabic countries in the conflict with Israel. A segment regarded the connection between Yugoslavia and this trial was especially analyzed in the work.

Публикация новых документов как важный фактор дальнейшего изучения обороны и блокады Ленинграда

Author(s): G. L. Sobolev,M. V. Khodjakov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 26/2019

The article shows how the publication of previously unknown documents related to the battle for Leningrad in 1941–1944 helps us raise new questions and expands opportunities for the objective study of a complex subject. Documentary publications reveal activities of state authorities and administrators in a new light and uncover contradictory relationships between the highest party and military leadership of the country and leaders of Leningrad. This introduction of previously secret archival materials makes it possible to debunk stable myths associated with life in this blocked city. The publication of Plan “D,” which proposed mining Leningrad in the fall of 1941 in the case of a forced departure of soldiers, shows that this decision was made in Moscow, and accusations of cowardice and alarmism against Leningrad’s leaders at this time were unfounded. The publication of another valuable source, A. A. Zhdanov's Visitors Log, makes it possible to answer the question of who was Leningrad’s real leader, A. A. Zhdanov or A. A. Kuznetsov. Because the most important problem for Leningrad was providing food to citizens, the identification in the archives of relevant sources is of paramount importance: for example, activities of the Food Commission of the Military Council of the Leningrad Front.

Публицистика на страницах татароязычного журнала «Советская литература» («Совет әдәбияты») в конце сталинской эпохи

Author(s): I.F. Fattakhov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2017

The paper is devoted to the study of the Tatar publicism during the end of the Stalin era based on the analysis of the monthly literary and socio-political journal “Sovetskaya Literatura” (“Soviet Literature”), the printed edition of the Union of Writers of Tatarstan of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The publicistic activity of the following persons has been considered: Tatar writers – Gazi Kashshaf, Garif Gubay, Naki Isanbet; scientists – Khatip Guzman, Mukhamet Gainullin; statesman – Salih Batyev. As a result of the research, a number of conclusions have been made: firstly, the government worked closely with the national intelligentsia; secondly, the published materials undoubtedly reflected the policy of the state, they clearly expressed the spirit of Stalinism, but the editorial board and the editor, G. Kashshafa, managed to balance the pathway of the journal and put the national issues at the forefront of the development of the literary process. The purpose of the study is determined by the fact that it is necessary to analyze the state of Tatar journalism of that period. To achieve this purpose, the methods of historical and descriptive analysis have been used. The paper is of scientific value in terms of identifying the position of Russian journalism at the national and regional levels within the global information space. The practical value of the research is that it provides an opportunity to investigate the problem in detail.

Путешествие по своей стране как Советская практика взросления (на материале путевых очерков В. М. Пескова)

Author(s): Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Shcheglova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2016

Travelling is connected with an exit into another reality giving impetus to self-development and selfreflection. It means that travelling can become a stage of growing up. A text, which has become a result of a real journey, being a reflection of the author’s self-reflection can become a basis for reader’s growing up. Closed borders of the Soviet state didn't allow most of the citizens to realize physical crossing of the borders of their own reality. In this situation, texts describing travelling over the country, which is seen by the author differently, are of particular importance. The author of the article studies travel writings by V. M. Peskov as an example. They demonstrate the methods used by author in order to move a reader into another reality when describing his country. It makes the text focus on the educational function.

Първият национален конгрес на делегатите на Независимия самоуправляем профсъюз „Солидарност“ – урок по демокрация

Author(s): Grzegorz Majchrzak / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2020

Established in September 1980, NSZZ “Solidarność” was not only a trade union, but also a great social movement, and a school of democracy for its own members. Starting from the democratically elected works committees, through National Coordinating Commission, the apogee of this social movement was the 1st National Congress of Delegates of NSZZ “Solidarność” which took place in the autumn of 1981.

Първият следвоенен славянски конгрес и българското участие в него

Author(s): Bisser Petrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2017

The first post-war Slavic congress in Belgrade at the end of 1948 marks the peak of the new Slavic movement. Established during 1941 as a Kremlin project for mobilization of the Slavic nations against the Axis powers, it needs to adapt to the new reality after the War. The so long desired Slavic unity is finally achieved at that moment, thanks to the Soviet weapon. All of the Slavic nations fall into the USSR influence zone and that circumstance allows Moscow to dictate the post-war movement direction. The Bulgarian communists take their participation in the Belgrade congress to heart and start a mass agitation-propaganda campaign both during the congress and before and after it. They accept its decisions unconditionally and subsequently the Slavic Committee led by them turns out to be one of the most diligent members of the All-Slav Committee, established in Belgrade.

Пътят на ромската литература в Източна Европа

Author(s): Sofia Zahova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

The article makes a brief historical review of the development of Roma publicationsin the countries in Eastern Europe by emphasizing the processes in each country andthe interrelations between their policies regarding the Roma culture and the Roma literary production. The aim of the article is to show that the development of Roma literature is related to the political, social and cultural context in the country or region of its creation. The comparative historical approach is the most appropriate for the purpose since the tendencies in the development of the Roma literature are related to the policies of identity (in general or directed to the Roma population) in different historical periods and regions.

Развој југословенске (српске) историографије о „Великом Октобру”

Author(s): Mira Radojević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2017

Renewed interest in the history of the First World War, stimulated by the centenary of its beginning and the striving of certain countries to influence contemporary interpretations of the causes that led to its outbreak, resulted in new studies, researching of less known problems, different views and publishing of several dozens of monographs and collection of papers. Their contribution to the Serbian historiography is difficult to measure at the moment; however, some prevailing influences already impose themselves. It is noticeable, for instance, that historians paid insufficient attention to the events in Russia during 1917 and in the period to follow, regardless of the fact that its coming out of the war not only influenced the alteration in the status of the Kingdom of Serbia but also the creation of international circumstances in which the first Yugoslav state was established. At the same time, a “great Russian event”, as certain Serbian politicians spoke at that time, gave impetus to the spreading of leftist ideas the Yugoslav kingdom was opposed to during its entire existence. This is in fact why the disproportion between the significance of these issues and the existing indifference of researchers to devote themselves to them surprises, which is totally contrary to the period starting with the end of 50s until the end of 70s of the twentieth century during which several dozens of historians dealt with the mentioned issues. All of these reasons, besides the fact that the centenary of the Russian revolution will be marked this year in different ways and with different motives “justify” the need to put an emphasis on the most important characteristics of truly voluminous literature having been produced in the meantime in the Yugoslav (Serbian) historiography on it and its impacts. Therefore, we have endeavoured in this paper to draw attention to its peculiarities and its most important achievements. Even though there are only several selective bibliographies published in relation to these topics, we have concluded by getting an insight into them and several dozens of special editions and smaller contributions that the development of Yugoslav (Serbian) historiography on the Russian revolution depended largely on the leading ideology and the type of social structure, owing to which three periods are classified: the period between the two world wars, epoch of Socialist Yugoslavia and the period following its dissolution. Topics of interest, methodological approaches and (un)scientific interpretations have mainly been determined by political affiliations and beliefs, national interest, existence or absence of scientific freedom.

РАЗМЕРЕ И ОБЛИЦИ ЦЕНЗУРЕ У КОМУНИСТИЧКОЈ СРБИЈИ

Author(s): Srđan Cvetković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 78/2022

The paper examines different forms and intensity of censorship in culture in socialist Serbia and Yugoslavia. Since Yugoslavia was a country that tried to promote a third path between the Western capitalist and Eastern real-socialist social models from the mid-1950s, censorship had to be more subtle in culture and had some peculiarities, unwritten and often not very, well-defined rules.

Ратни циљеви Комунистичке партије Југославије у Другом светском рату

Author(s): Kosta Nikolić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The author writes about the construction of the myth of partisan Yugoslavism in World War II. In the foreground is a critical analysis of the interpretation that the military strategy and national policy of the Communist Party was the decisive factor for the revitalization and renewal of the Yugoslav state. The essence of revolution was in the federation created by the right of nations to self-determination. Ethnic principle was incorporated into the structure of the new federation. Hence the Republic and all (except Bosnia and Herzegovina) was a national, for which the (Slovenia and Croatia) and insisted on the full period of building socialism. Then he adopted the principle that socialism is “abolished” national conflict in Yugoslavia. The most important war aims of the Yugoslav Communists were carrying out the revolution, the seizure of power and create new social and political system. These goals were achieved through the parallel resistance and civil war.

РЕАКЦИЈА ЗАПАДА НА ПРОЦЕС ЈУГОСЛОВЕНСКО-СОВЈЕТСКОГ ПРИБЛИЖАВАЊА 1955 -1957

Author(s): Dragan Bogetić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2003

All the difficulties of conducting of politics of equidistance among strongly confronted blocks were especially drastically manifested through interaction of two compound complexes of relationships: the relationship between Yugoslavia and western forces and Yugoslav-Soviet relationships. These two spheres of international relationships were so much mutually conditioned that every benefit of Yugoslavia on one side meant its loss on the other. Due to the fact that Yugoslavia’s economic system development and its international position depended considerably on the close cooperation with western forces, especially with the USA its management was forced to take good care of the reach of its connection with the USSR, even of every linguistic finesse that was said during meetings with Soviet officials. The current Yugoslav politics towards the USSR resulted in tumultuous political ferment in the West and increasingly prominent dilemma about politics towards Yugoslavia in the future. Two basic viewpoints came out of this in the West. Protagonists of the first viewpoint were for the stoppage of every further economic cooperation with Yugoslavia and for taking political course that was the same as the one that had been applied to other socialist countries. They proceeded from a belief that Yugoslavia was gradually returning to communists and that communism in the World would be actually supported by helping Yugoslavia. Contrary to this, protagonists of the other viewpoint advocated the continuation of cooperation with Yugoslavia, pointing to its success in the preservation of independence to USSR and a possibility that other socialist countries should start to follow such precedent as well.

Режими на сравнителното изследване – за една теория на детоталитаризацията. Режимът и обществото в страните от Източна Европа (1956–1989)

Author(s): Ivailo Znepolski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2016

Религиозная ситуация в Китайской Народной Республике при Дэн Сяопине на фоне социально-экономических реформ

Author(s): R.R. Mukhametzyanov,A.A. Minnebaeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2016

The paper is a description of the religious situation in China during the period of socio-economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that there is currently a restructuring transition in China’s economic system, which effects and brings about changes in all spheres of life, including the religious one. The purpose of this study is to show how state measures can lead the country out of a spiritual crisis. In the process of the study, the comparative ana-lytical approach has been used to identify the most important moments in China’s religious policy during the rule of Deng Xiaoping. We have analyzed not only statistical data, but also official documents, which ultimately allowed us to define our own position on the problem. The paper shows what changes the religious system of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) underwent and how much damage was inflicted on it during the rule of Mao Zedong. It has been pointed out that Deng Xiaoping was forced under the conditions of the economic crisis to embark on a path of socio-economic reforms that provoked negative trends in the spiritual sphere. The new leadership of the country led by Deng Xiaoping found a way out of this situation in the restoration of freedom of religion and in the return to traditional values.