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The aim of the present article is to analyze the ideas promoted into the programmes of the political parties to repudiate the political and economic restrictions imposed on the Principality of Bulgaria under the Berlin Treaty. Although the ideologists and the leaders of the bourgeois parties did not work out in detail specific resolutions to gradually deprive the foreign subjects of their privileges, the programme documents gradually and more and more emphatically propounded the demand to repudiate the political and economic dependence imposed by the Berlin Treaty. With their practical actions the governments, and in particular those of the People’s Liberal Party and of the People’s Party, contributed to the de facto annulment of the capitulation regime, and paved the way for the recognition by Turkey and the Great Powers of the independence of the Bulgarian State, which was declared on 22 September 1908.
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Eastern Roumelia received its fundamental law drafted by a specially European commission. It is quite a detailed document providing for all aspects of life of the Roumeli citizens. The Organic Statute of Eastern Roumelia defined the new political formation in the Balkans as a state of modern (for that time) bourgeois-liberal type. It had all the features of and independant state: its own government, a representative authority elected by the people and a national army. The sovereignty of the sultan was included in the Statute, but thanks to the efforts of Eastern Roumeli political figures, it soon became nominal, without any serious power in the region. Unlike the neighboring countries (the Ottoman Empire, the Principality of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Romania) there was no legalized and preferred religion in Eastern Roumelia. All religious issues were placed in the hands of the religious communities and the state did not involve itself with them. The only condition was that they should not violate any of the laws valid to the region.
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The author examines the idea of essence of political governmental elite which is an important lever of state building, analyses factors of influence of Ukrainian elite upon decision of the national state building ideas.
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The influence of legal scholars of Kazan University on the formation and development of the economy of the Republic of Tatarstan was studied. It was revealed that Kazan University played a key role in the theoretical and ideological justification for creation of the TASSR and the Republic of Tatarstan. As a leading higher educational institution of the former Russian Empire, it helped to quickly and effectively solve the problem of training managerial personnel of the Republic of Tatarstan. For example, the Faculty of Law, with the Department of Civil Law in particular, has been training highly qualified legal specialists for many years. In addition, legal scholars of Kazan University contributed significantly to development of the national economy of the region through their research: in the 1960s–1980s, collective farm and agricultural law was one of the most advanced areas of civil law in Kazan, which promoted the development of agriculture in the region. Nowadays, the Republic of Tatarstan is among the most economically developed regions of Russia, which is, in many ways, an important achievement of legal scholars of Kazan University, who carry out their research and training based on the extensive experience built up for many years and in full compliance with the requirements of the modern market.
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Russian revolutions of 1917 still attract the attention of the historians. Was Russia able to avoid those cataclysms? Why was the Proletarian revolution accomplished in an undeveloped rural country? These and many other questions have answers sought in the perspicacious books of the Russian religious philosopher Nikolai Berdyaev. He is the man who saw the truth that the revolution was the internal destiny of the Russian people and that Bolshevism could only be defeated with intellectual overcoming and not with guns.
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The Russian Consulate General in Ruse has contributed to the enrichment of Bulgarian literature. The results are not due to formal recommendations and instructions by the Asian Department and the embassy in Constantinople. Above all, they depend on the personal inclinations, beliefs and efforts of some of the Russian diplomats closely related to the Slavophile circles. Since its foundation, the Russian Consulate in Ruse, later General, is formed as a book-spreading centre for church literature and in the 70s of the 19th century plays an active role in the translation and publishing of Russian literature into Bulgarian language.
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Ignorance towards world history can lead to severe distortions in the national psyche. Even today, Bulgarians either rejoice as the greatest nation, surrounded by enemies, for some reason, or as a hopelessly lagging nation. The book offers the most fateful events and processes from the history of mankind in the twentieth century. During this century, people entered space, found the computer but at the same time faced the threat of nuclear self-destruction and were struck by a new type of plague known as AIDS. The planet became narrow. Clothing, life-style and food are uniform. The globalization, symbolized by both McDonald's fast food and Chinese restaurants, has its furious opponents, but also enthusiastic followers. Current Handbook aims to acquaint students with those historical events and processes in the history of Europe and the world in the twentieth century that directly impact human civilization, and the beginning of the 21st century. Therefore, the approach is not typical for historical science - events and processes are not chronologically but problem-based considered.
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The aim of the text is to create a prosopographical portrait of the merchant-entrepreneurs from the Danubian town of Svishtov during the Bulgarian National Revival period. I will shed light on merchants’ family background, education, individual qualities, etc. Most of the merchants were born in Svishtov. On the other hand, there are persons who fled from their native places and settled down in Svishtov. Some of them chose to settle in Svishtov in order to find better prospects for professional realization and peaceful life. Often these people are not highly educated, although there are some exceptions. Despite the lack of high and/or specialized education, they compensate with their individual qualities such as natural intelligence, resourcefulness, diligence, perseverance and honesty. They used “strategic marriages” to preserve, and to extend their wealth. They created entrepreneurial networks through which exchanged information with their relatives, acquaintances and friends. They used commercial and personal letters. Some of them were fluent in foreign languages. They used different kinds of commercial ledgers. They managed to benefit from the advantages brought to them by the economic situation in the 18th and 19th centuries. All of them participate, according to their abilities, in the public life of their native Svishtov.
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The article is devoted to the role of life stories in the study of the family of theBessarabian Bulgarians. The eyewitnesses’ stories (or the stories of their loved ones)contain various appreciations, experiences, feelings, values, and meanings whichallow the reconstruction of their world. The study is based on the life stories collectedduring field ethnographic expeditions conducted in 2009-2010 in villages witha predominant or significant Bulgarian population in the Republic of Moldova andUkraine.The life stories are an invaluable source for the study of the Bessarabian familyin traditional and contemporary perspective. Sharing them requires a climate of trustbetween the respondents and the researcher. The life stories represent a collection ofselected facts and episodes, in which many hidden, suppressed and forgotten thingsremain beyond the narrative. Because of their subjective character, the family is representedin an estimative and emotional way enabling the identification of the trendsin its development and the judgement of its values and morals.
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In the moment of creating of new state quality of life in Yugoslavia was quite opposite from the expectations of its inhabitans. Different circumstances contributed to the fact that it was not capable to satisfy even its modest needs thus contributing to certain disillusions of rich and self-sufficient state. In situation marked by constant lack of finances parliamentary debates over the amount of state budget and its distribution questions related to defense expenditure always caused bitter controversies. Opposition parties mostly considered military expenditures as excessive and unnecessary not taking into consideration realities of Yugoslav position in international relations as well conditions within the army as well its needs. Ruling parties were pressed by the demands for reduction of military in general as well shortening of service period, development of air force or navy at the expense of ground forces, reductions of officer’s salary supplements, serving in areas closer to the actual places of residence, budget support to the local authorities for the maintenance of army barracks. Defense ministries considered saving measures were already bringing results on everyday basis, while certain changes could not be undertaken due to the provisions of ruling laws, and that some of them already distorted normal functioning of the armed forces. Many of these remarks were exaggerated and motivated by political interests, while remarks on the subject of underdevelopment of navy and air forces were contradictory with demands for reductions of defense budget.
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The article traces the multifaceted activity of prof. M. Drinov as a public figure and scientist to legitimize Sofia as the capital of Bulgaria. The emphasis is on revealing the sound scientific justification of Drinov’s idea. “The Sofia line” in his writings is traced in all his works where he argues that it is Sofia that is the geographical, historical, spiritual, cultural and social center of Bulgaria.
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The study examines the social characteristics of the clergy in the kaza (region) of Razlog in the early twentieth century. Based on the register of local parish priests from 1910, the main socio-economic indicators of the clergy are traced: age, marital status, ordination circumstances, years of service, church hierarchy, origin and heredity of the profession, education, parish size, annual income. The regional peculiarities of the clergy in the context of the general data on the Bulgarian priests in Macedonia in the beginning of the XX century are outlined.
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The proceeding recording of the Special Judicial committee, appointed by the Sublime Porte, reveal the worthy position of Vasil Levski as well as the foresight of his tactics. In comparison to him, the behavior of most of Bulgarians, involved in the Sofia Trial, seems at first to give an idea of mass confessions which are in discordance with their former activity and the oath of safeguarding the revolutionary organization secrets. The records of the interrogatories make a painful impression on the reader. Actually, the preserved Ottoman documents are fragmentary, as the records in them are incomplete. The investigators usually pay special attention to the brave behavior of three more outstanding committee figures besides Levski: Christo Kovachev, Dimitar Pashkov and M. Poplukanov. In the present article, the scrutiny of the records of proceedings reveals the worthy actions of other defendants who make attempts to express the political grounds of the Bulgarian Liberation Cause. Among the records of the extorted personal confessions can be found cases of firmly rejected accusations or attempts to mislead the inquiry in order to free from blame some suspect, to preserve a secret or a committee member who has escaped the prosecution till then. Undoubtedly, the daring words, uttered in court were meant to protect the national aspirations for the liberation of the fatherland from the Ottoman domination, for equality and for a future republic. The main defendants in the trial in Sofia were convicted according to the clauses of the Ottoman Penal Law, dealing with political crimes. The Sublime Porte admits officially the political motives of the patriot’s actions, without easing their sufferings as exiles in Minor Asia. However, this appears to be a new approach to the previous practice of law suiting Bulgarians, accused of rebelliousness. It is well grounded to consider the trial in Sofia 1872-1873, which signed Vasil Levski’s sentence.
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published by PROSVETA (Belgrade 1946). // This book is a selection from those articles by Tihomir Đorđević which present mostly cultural opportunities in Serbia a hundred years ago. The articles are taken from the books "Our People's Life", "The Serbia of King Milos" and from a literary supplement "Politika". All articles were published as published by Tihomir Djordjevic; only a few shorter places have been left out, which have a very close character. As the book is intended for a wider circle of readers, references and sources are reduced to a minimum.
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С иредговором Милована Ђиласа
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This work shows that Magyarization dates back to the Middle Ages, and that it was associated with the Magyars’ plan to turn the multinational Hungary into a monoethnic Magyar state, using any means available, even though by the end of the eighteenth century the number of Magyars in the country amounted to less than one third of the population. Even at that time, it was almost a common fact that the Magyars showed awareness that this process is what keeps them unified at all times. In their struggle for survival, the self-preservation instinct made Slavic people on the Hungarian soil as well as the Romanians, develop the power to resist assimilation, whereas the Germans of the region, except for the Transylvanian Saxons, showed no such resistance; in Germans, it wouldn’t start to form until 1848. In its initial stages, the prime purpose of Magyarization was to magyarize the original names of places. Just for how long that was the case will be explained elsewhere. The facts became even clearer when the sources started to reveal more detailed accounts of the initial phases of Magyarization, as well as of its later developments. The Magyars soon turned their policy towards magyarizing personal names of the previously mentioned peoples , especially the Slovaks. The policy of Magyarizing the Slavs was a matter of cooperation with the Vatican, but later it went on to cause misunderstandings between them, although it never led to any conflicts, or separation.
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