Батак - историко-живописни паралели и асоциации
The slaughter in Batak is one of the most controversial moments in Bulgarian history, but the guilt and the shame from this monstrous deed do not fall to the victims but to the executioners.
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The slaughter in Batak is one of the most controversial moments in Bulgarian history, but the guilt and the shame from this monstrous deed do not fall to the victims but to the executioners.
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In the second half of the 19th century in Hungary there was an enormous increase in the number of associations. While in 1862 there were 579 registered associations, in 1878 it was already 3995. The associations had no duty to keep administration paperwork and agenda. They were acting as independent communes and as a result of this were autonomous written records and administration paperwork. Public authorities had no right to interfere in their own administration records, they just might have consulted them. The way how the written records of each association were kept and preserved for the future generations depended on its individual "conscientious" members. This has resulted in a fact that the researchers who are dealing with the issues of administration record keeping have access mainly to incomplete and fragmentary archive documents. The aim of the article is to present the conditions of the archival historical sources that are related to the research of community life and life in associations in the city of Kosice in 1867 – 1914. The research was conducted in archives and libraries located in the investigated city of Košice, as well as in the same type of institutions in Budapest. Available historical sources particularly include the articles of associations, reports to the police headquarters and own documents and records of associations themselves. These include documents such as speeches, annual reports, reports on general meetings, almanacs, journals, publications published by associations and issues of memorial books published on the occasion of special anniversaries to commemorate the founding of association.
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In this work based on primary sources, the author investigates the chronology of the appearance of the Bulgars and their movement around Europe. Historical facts show that the formation of the Volga Tatars as an ethnicity was in large part based on the cultural traditions of the Bulgars. In light of the information contained in the article, the Bulgars cannot be considered direct ancestors of the Chuvash people.
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In the years after the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie uprising in 1903, complex and ambiguous relations developed between the IMARO and the Bulgarian governments. The nonintervention of Bulgaria in support of the rebels in Macedonia and the Adrianople Thrace led to serious tensions between the revolutionary organization and the state factors in the Principality. There was an intensive process of ideological organizational fragmentation in the IMARO itself, as part of its circles supported the idea of completely breaking off the ties with official Bulgaria. Although it publicly supported conduct of declarative distancing by the Bulgarian state, the Internal Organization continued to benefit from its financial and military assistance. During the period under review, the state subsidies for IMARO increased many times. The financing of the revolutionary organization by the Bulgarian governments suffered from many weaknesses, but it was of great importance for the preservation of its potential. Despite a number of contradictions and problems between state institutions and revolutionary activists, their common strategic goal – the liberation of Macedonia and Adrianople Thrace – determined their permanent co-operation.
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Based on published and newly discovered unpublished sources, as well as the existing historical research on the topic, the author reconstructs the church-national struggle in Sofia in the years after the end of the Crimean War (1856). The events in Sofia are discussed in the context of the national struggle for an independent Bulgarian church and in comparison with the similar activities in Plovdiv at the same time. Two main moments in the church movement in Sofia attract the attention and form the cores around which the source material is focused: the reaction in the city after the secession from the Patriarchate of Constantinople on 3 April 1860 in the Bulgarian church „St. Stefan“ in Constantinople – two months later Sofia’s Bulgarians also renounced the Patriarchate and reinforced this with relevant changes in the municipal self-government; the dramatic events in Sofia in 1861 when the citizens of Sofia defended their previously stated position on the church issue by refusing to accept the patriarchal bishop – Bulgarian Dorotheos.
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Professor Francesco Guida’s lecture, delivered in connection with his election as Doctor Honoris Causa of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, is a synthesis of the historical relations of Italy with the peoples and states in the Balkan Peninsula at the time of the struggles for national unification, for liberation and for political emancipation in the 19th and 20th century. The author examines successively Italy’s relations with Greece, with Serbia, with Bulgaria, Albania, Montenegro and Romania. The stages of Italian-Balkan relations are outlined: from the interaction in the struggle for national liberation to the political and diplomatic relations after the formation of national states and their inclusion in military and political blocs on the eve of World War I, shedding light on the Italian economic interest in the region as well.Guida also discusses the ideas of Garibaldi and Mazzini, which had a wide impact in the Balkans, too, at the time of national-liberation movements. In conclusion, he points out that the national revival movement of Italy (Risorgimento) and the national revival movements of the Balkan peoples had close and important ties. However, these ties should not be overestimated, because the ideas and the political figures of Italy did not exercise a greater influence on the political fate of the Balkan peoples than the Russian Pan-Slavism or than the political and diplomatic initiative of Austria-Hungary.
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The archives of Bulgarian entrepreneurs from the National revival period contain valuable primary sources that allow us to investigate different issues. Such is the situation with the documentary collections of brothers Hristo, Nichola and Ivan Todorovi Pulievi, and their relatives Evlogi and Hristo Georgievi. One can find in those primary sources information concerning the division of the Bulgarian lands in the production of certain agricultural and craft goods; for little-known or unknown businessmen, for commercial practices, for certain events of regional and national scale. Some of the problems mentioned above have been the subject of scientific interest and research, but there are still “white fields” that deserve attention.
More...Петков, П. Ст. (2018). Книга за върховете „Свети Никола“ и Шипка. София: Български бестселър, 160 стр.
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In 1869 a Bulgarian Learned Society in Braila was finally founded, as realization of an idea of the Bulgarian Revival community from the 1850s. From the begging the Bulgarian Learned Society and its leaders are actively involved in European scientific life, using the experience of the work of similar institutions. Thanks to the efforts of several leading figures, a network of contacts is quickly established, which contributes to the further development of the Society. This article provides information on the BLS‘s connections with various individuals and foreign scientific organizations at the its initial stage, and aims to present and analyze the various factors that influence the development of such relationships.
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This article considers the creation of IRA and pays attention to its ideology, organization and social structure during the period under review. It examines the main IRA’s actions in the conflict with British government (1919 –1921) and their consequences. The main thesis presented in this study is that through its heterogeneous actions during the Irish war of independence IRA becomes decisive but not only factor in the rejection of the British government from the south of the island. Applying partisan tactics and acting together with the separatist Irish government IRA successfully neutralized British armed forces leading to the signing of the peace treaty between two countries (06.12.1921).
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The downfall of the communist system in Europe in 1989, during a peoples’ awakening of a kind, was very soon reflected upon the events occurring in Socialist Yugoslavia, where the Yugoslav Communist Union had, until that time, exercised absolute power. Under the pressure of the communist system having fallen down in Eastern Europe, the true power takeover happened in 1990, when – after the introduction of a multi-party system – the Communist Union disappeared from the Croatian political scene. Referring to and based upon articles from local newspapers, publications issued by political parties and other written sources, the author notes how hard the way to democracy had been and indicates to the emergence of political parties in the area of the then Bjelovar Municipality. The paper presents the election results in the Bjelovar area in detail.
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The review of: Pieter Lagrou: The Legacy of Nazi Occupation. Patriotic Memory and National Recovery in Western Europe, 1945-1965. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2000, 327 strani.
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On the basis of literature and archive sources, the author outlines some characteristics of the economic development in Slovenia in the first two years after the Second World War. Special attention is dedicated to the the endeavours of the federal bodies to centralize and unify, as soon as possible, the economy in Yugoslavia.
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The review of: Janez Janša: Premiki. Nastajanje in obramba slovenske države 1988-1992. Mladinska knjiga Ljubljana 1992, 364 strani.
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The review of: Janko Prunk , Slovenski narodni programi, Založilo Društvo 2000, Ljubljana 1986, 284 str.
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The author analyzes the arrangement of federal relations in the constitutional system of the new Yugoslavia from the National Liberation War in the years 1941—1945 to the present constitutional arrangement based on the constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1974. The continuity of federal principles from the second session of the AVNOJ in Jajce in 1943 onwards is emphasized and the arrangement during individual stages is assessed.
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The name of Marin Drinov is well-known among the specialists and among the wider audience as the name of a notable scholar, honoured enlightener and public figure. Despite numerous studies, however, his correspondence has not received the adequate attention from researchers and still remains hardly accessible to readers. The study focuses on the fate of the epistolary heritage of M. Drinov in the context of the development of the Bulgarian historical science in the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century. Special attention is paid to the scientists who have made significant contributions to the search, reading and publication of his correspondence. The article outlines the prospects for future research and the preparation for publication of his known and unknown letters.
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Marin Drinov’s stay in the Czech lands, with interruptions between September 1867 and November 1869, came at a crucial moment in his life, when the young and talented graduate of the Russian Slavic School took the path of science on his own. The first prolonged stay of the novice historian in Central Europe brought the first results of his work as a scholar. In all of them the handwriting of the Medievalist is evident, but also of the revivalist, which reveals M. Drinov as a person who used his professional pen in the service of his country. His teacher, the famous Russian Slav scholar Osip Bodiansky, was well known in the circles of scholars around the National Museum in Prague and it is no surprise that his alumnus quickly established closest ties in these circles. The article highlights the most important moments in the biographies of the Old Czechs’ leaders František Palacky (1798–1876), František Ladislav Rieger (1818–1903), František Brown (1810–1880), Jan Stanislav Skreyszowski (1831–1883). Drinov’s association with the Old Czechs’ leaders was also facilitated by the good contacts of his friend Vasil D. Stoyanov with them. The article presents the cooperation of the two Bulgarians with the Old Czechs in connection with their main project of that time – the establishment of the Bulgarian Literary Society. During his second stay in Bohemia, Drinov also made contact with representatives of the younger generation in the Оld Czech environment. The author concludes that the close links of the Bulgarian historian with the Old Czechs were favored by long-established friendships, but were also the result of the personal preference of the conservative minded Bulgarian.
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This paper aims at presenting the acts of book and document censorship within the library of «Griechisch-orientalische kaiserlich-königliche Obergymnasium in Suczawa», the first high school from southern Bukowina, founded by imperial decree on the 30th of June 1860, in which German was the tuition language, today known as Colegiul Național “Ștefan cel Mare” from Suceava. This study is based on original archive documents, previous studies on the topic and documents from the school library. Relying on historical research approaches, the phenomenon of book censorship is analysed during all polical regimes that succeeded in the nearly 160 years of existance of the school library. The paper points to the restrictions imposed during the Austrian rule (1860-1918), the cleansing and even total distruction of the most valuable books belonging to the Romanian heritage during the totalitarian regimes after the Great Union of 1918, the reorganisation of the special collections, the restriction of the public accessibility to certain titles. This paper, alongside previous ones on the same topic, is meant to contribute to the understanding of the complex phenomenon of censorship in Romanian libraries.
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