Villem Ernits lähemalt ja kaugemalt
Review of: Villem Ernits. Koostaja Ott Kurs. Rupsi: Liivi Muuseum, 2021. 118 lk.
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Review of: Villem Ernits. Koostaja Ott Kurs. Rupsi: Liivi Muuseum, 2021. 118 lk.
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The paper addresses the changeable vs persistent part of the culturally constructed unconscious – the so-called “dark matter of the mind” (Everett 2016). Two sets of responses given to an identical list of Estonian stimuli in a word association test (WAT) are compared. The first set originates in the time when Estonia was ruled by the Soviet regime and the second (an excerpt from a larger database) in the 21st century during political independence. The aim was to detect which associations tended to survive and which did not. The quantitative results show that two-thirds of the primary associations have retained their position while their strength has weakened. Contrasting pairs like short → long, man → woman, woman → man, boy → girl, girl → boy, etc. are the most persistent. One-third of the primary associations have moved to a lower position or disappeared. The qualitative changes point to progress in the standard of living, to a change of the ruling ideology (from communism to capitalism), to changes in the implicit values (incl. the rise in openness and dynamism), and to the growing preference for eliciting individual and experience related responses. The latent dominants (recurring responses) were partly similar (e.g. water, sky, big), partly pointing to differences in the emotional tone (the “bright” words such as white and yellow were replaced by those usually associated with darkness (black, night, dream, and bed). There were also changes in the preferred strategies of eliciting the responses – the ones gathered in the 20th century revealed a preponderance of paradigmatic relations, i.e. strategies relying on abstract semantic relations such as antonymy and co-hyponymy; while syntagmatic relations (such as complementing a compound or evoking a fixed phrase) showed a higher percentage among those gathered in the 21st century. The results were discussed in relation to changes noticed in other languages and in respect of differences in the methodology of carrying out the WAT tests (paper and pen vs internet; administered vs voluntary; controlled vs uncontrolled time of performing).
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This study, conducted with an interdisciplinary methodology, deals with one of the most important promoters of Romanian culture in interwar Italy, Claudiu Isopescu (1894-1956), known mainly as the founder of the Department of Romanian language and literature at the University „La Sapienza” in Rome, but also as a promoter of Romanian language education in other Italian universities. Claudiu Isopescu has been engaged in Italy in a complex mission as a teacher, publicist, researcher, organizer of cultural events, translator and coordinator of the first Italian monographs dedicated to Romanian authors. He was also the creator of an important collection of Romanian books in Rome (Fondo Isopescu, Biblioteca Alessandrina). After a brief presentation of the sources used, in particular those found in the Italian and Romanian archives, and of his rich correspondence with important personalities of the interwar period (Giovanni Gentile, Vittorio Rossi, Giulio Bertoni, George Călinescu, Mircea Eliade, Nicolae Iorga, etc.), we focused on the activity and work of the Romanian intellectual, in an attempt to deepen the reception he enjoyed to the present day. Although we discussed all aspects of his activity, we focused in particular on his work as a teacher of Romanian language and literature, publicist and researcher. The aim of our study was to understand the value of his contribution to the development of Italian-Romanian cultural relations, in particular the significance of his scientific work, and to explore the idea of cultural apostolate that is reflected in his historiographical and literary reception.
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Review of: Alina-Sandra Cucu, Planning Labour: Time and the Foundations of Industrial Socialism in Romania. New York: Berghahn Books, 2019
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Women who break new ground are also a beacon of hope for those who will come after them. When we examine the life of Süreyya Ağaoğlu, who has pioneered Turkish women in different fields, which has been very productive and filled with every moment, we see very important examples of this feature of being a beacon of hope. In this study, it will be tried to deal with the life of our first female lawyer, Süreyya Ağaoğlu, in terms of the aspects that lead Turkish women.
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Social history, a field that developed especially in the 1950s and 1960s, represents even today a bridge between factual, objective history and the lives of individuals, marked by subjectivity and affectivity. The present article starts from two elements: the analysis of a place of memory – namely a village shop – and, respectively, of an interview granted to Mrs. Delia Gligor, an elderly lady living in Baia de Arieș, Alba County, Romania. Together, these two elements provide a revealing overview of the history of Vidra de Sus village during the 20th century, but also of the political regimes that marked Romania over a period of almost 100 years. Vidra de Sus is a mountain village in Alba County, now known as Avram Iancu. From this perspective, one can note the extent of the impact exerted by the political regime changes, on the one hand, on a family, and on the other hand, on the entire community of Vidra de Sus. At the beginning of the 20th century this family advanced socially and materially on the village hierachy towards the wealthier categories, by opening a shop. With the communist regime, however, their main source of income, the shop, was confiscated and replaced by a post office, which has led the former owners to each look for other occupations to survive. Finally, the year 1989 puts an end to the communist regime, but not to the difficulties that the Goia family was going through – from this moment they had to fight to regain their former properties so that they can lead once more, after almost 50 years, a quiet life.
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In the years after the Second World War, Osijek and Slavonia experienced a significant lack of trained medical personnel, especially dental personnel. A large number of such personnel were of Jewish origin and perished in the persecutions during the war, also a large number of people that were of German origin moved away from Slavonia. In addition to that, a considerable number of trained dental and medical personnel retired after the war, so the situation was very difficult. To improve the state of dental protection of the population, in 1961, the College of Dentistry was established in Osijek. The education lasted two years and was organized into six trimesters, after which the participants obtained the title of the senior dentist. During the ten years of activity at the College of Dentistry in Osijek, there were several hundred students who studied from all parts of the country at the time, but mostly they were from Slavonia. In this way, this educational institution fulfilled its goal. The shortage of trained dental personnel has been reduced and Osijek and Slavonia are catching up with the rest of Croatia in the number of medical personnel. In 1971, the College of Dentistry ceases to operate, transforming into the Polyclinic for the protection of teeth and mouth in Osijek, which continues the tradition of dental protection of the population and training of dental staff.ijek, which continues the tradition of dental protection of the population and training of dental.
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The experience of imprisonment at the end of World War II and during the subsequent period is still deeply etched in the survivors’ memory. Throughout the present paper, the author deals with specific issues related to the topic, focusing on the ordeal of some Hungarians from the Székelyland who took part in the operations and were taken prisoner by the Soviet and Romanian authorities both from the front and through centrally issued orders and instructions regarding those who had returned to civilian daily life. The author turns to several of the dozens of interviews with survivors that he has collected during the 1990s and the 2000s, but also to archival sources that reveal the details of how they were taken prisoners and their attachment to the homeland and the loved ones left behind. The paper approaches the topic from the bottom up, from the perspective of individuals affected by the war and its consequences.
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The dynamics and features of interaction between Karelia and Finland in the cultural sphere in the 1960s are considered in the context of the tasks of expanding the USSR’s influence on the territory of its northern neighbor. The forms and ways used by the creative forces of Karelia in the studied period for presenting the Finno-Ugric culture on the territory of Finland do not allow us to define these relations as intercultural communication. As early as in the late 1950s, the chairman of the Karelian Branch of the Union of Soviet Writers A. N. Timonen joined the party and state structures in their efforts to implement cultural diplomacy in Finland. The Karelian Branch of the USSR-Finland Society, created to establish an intercultural dialogue, was removed from the traditional field of propaganda and agitation. Timonen used multilateral personal contacts with the creative intelligentsia of Suomi. This way, he was able to stimulate informal communication between colleagues in the field of culture and arts and ensured mass participation of residents in cultural and friendship festivals on both sides of the border. This allowed Karelia and Finland, while preserving the tasks of cultural diplomacy in general, to switch to intercultural dialogue in the 1960s and to intercultural communication in the 1970s.
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The study examines Bulgarian research on American problems from the Renaissance to the early 1990s. The author believes that the professional level of the research has been influenced by the political situation in Bulgaria at different stages of its historical development and the ideological views and dogmas prevailing during these periods. These views and dogmas negatively influenced the development of a particular field in history studies in Bulgaria. For a long time, the image of the enemy prevented an objective assessment of the history of the United States and the history of Bulgarian-American relations. The question of the civic responsibility of researchers, called through scholarship to promote mutual understanding and to dispel prejudice, to combat superstition and ignorance in spiritual contacts, is important for any field of study, but its significance for history and political science is enormous. Here, as nowhere else, researchers are obliged to always ask themselves the question (while remaining, of course, faithful to historical facts): What purpose does their research serve – the cause of peace, trust and cooperation, or the cause of war and the fomenting of enmity and hatred? In spite of the positive results achieved in the research on certain problems, and the undoubted achievements of individual researchers who have received recognition in Bulgaria and abroad, Bulgarian research on America did not clearly establish itself as an independent field of study until the early 1990s. The beginning of the 1990s was a turning point both in history studies in Bulgaria and in the field of American Studies in particular.
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Review of: Nikola Mijatov, Sport u službi socijalizma: Jugoslovensko iskustvo 1945–1953. Beograd: Čigoja štampa, Institut za savremenu istoriju, 2020, 507.
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Review of: Jugoslavija: poglavlje 1980–1991. Beograd: Helsinški odbor za ljudska prava u Srbiji, 2021, 963.
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The thousands of documents related to the land of Covurlui, to be found in public or private collections, were, only to a small extent, scientifically used in various Romanian and foreign journals. We intend to present the effort of some Romanian historians, who tried to publish these testimonies related to Covorlui county.
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The national issue was crucial in the context of the transformation of Yugoslav society from socialism to the desired communism. However, in federal Yugoslavia, this issue was proved highly dynamic, and it was resuscitated anew and interpreted significantly differently. Republic leadership in the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina forced the proclaimed principle of national equality, the dogma of brotherhood and unity; in addition, it was highly sensitive to any stepping out of the defined frame. It also listened carefully to impulses coming from other republics, following the events, especially in the Socialist Republic of Croatia and the Socialist Republic of Serbia, which could have affected the mood and activity of the population within the borders of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Based on the original archives, this paper focuses on the President of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Bosnia and Herzegovina Branko Mikulic during the early 1970s, a period of significant political turbulence throughout Yugoslavia. We indicated what he spoke about the position and activities of the League of Communists, the adopted national policy, the conclusions of the 21st session of the Presidency of the LCY and their implementation in Western Herzegovina. Mikulic has been visiting this part of the Republic intending to encourage the activities of the League of Communists, on the trail of the conclusions of the Mostar Consultation (1966), and remove the mortgage of ustashism from the position of Western Herzegovina, unfounded insistence on collective responsibility and generalization. He insisted that the local staff under the aegis of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Bosnia and Herzegovina should solve problems in this part of the Republic, as well that interference from the Socialist Republic of Croatia and the Socialist Republic of Serbia makes the position of the people in Bosnia and Herzegovina onerous. Ultimately, even though the 1970s was a decade of significant progress, the economic development of Herzegovina did not go according to plan and republic funds should have supported local loans and self-contributions to a greater extent. Life in Western Herzegovina has differed significantly from the model defined in party documents, numerous conclusions and resolutions. In congruence with the crucial transforming processes of Yugoslav federalism, there was no intention to change certain practices and attitudes of the Party. However, the national question, and thus the national affirmation, was under the firm supervision of the leadership, which was in constant fear of crossing the permitted border and disturbing the strict balance of nations of Bosnia and Herzegovina in conformity with its views and determinants.
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Along with the development and spread of feminism and women’s movements in the 1970s, there was an expansion of scientific works on women through a history of different spectrum and significance. Thanks to the competence and agility of contemporary historians, a departure from feminism has been established and an independent historiographical direction in the study of women’s history has been formed. In these half centuries of opening the women’s issue and the visibility of the role of women throughout history, numerous scientific works have emerged that shed light on this important and undeniable side of history that has long been marginalized through traditional science. Women’s history as a historiographical direction is not yet institutionalized in all national universities of developed societies, but the history of women and their importance in social development is being studied more and more intensively, which can be seen from the increased number of published works. Recent literature in the first two decades of the 21st century shows that women’s history is written not only by women but also by men, and that integrity and legitimacy are achieved through an interdisciplinary method.
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Review of: Dženita Sarač-Rujanac, Branko Mikulić: politička biografija 1965-1989, Univerzitet u Sarajevu – Institut za historiju, Sarajevo, 2020.
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This paper analyses the continuity of efforts of Bono Zvonimir Šagi to promote promote dialogue with unbelievers. The period after the Second Vatican Council until the establishment of the Croatian state and the period after the establishment of the Croatian state are taken into account. The first part discusses pre-council, council and post-council attitudes of the social doctrine of the Catholic Church and scientific and theological reflections on dialogue with unbelievers. The second part discusses the situation in the Catholic Church in Croatia after the Council and after the independence of the Croatian state, regarding the dialogue with unbelievers. The third part analyses attitudes of Bono Zvonimir Šagi on the complex phenomenon of atheism, and the specifics of the influence of atheism on the predominantly Catholic population in Croatia in the period of Yugoslav socialism and the post-socialist period. The authors summarise in conclusion the contribution of Bono Zvonimir Šagi to dialogue in general, and dialogue with unbelievers in particular.
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This article provides an insight into the cooperation of musicologist Lovro Županović and conductor Vladimir Kranjčević at the Varaždin Baroque Evenings festival. This cooperation lasted for nearly three decades (1971 – 1999) and was one of the most significant projects promoting early Croatian music at the time. Županović studied, discovered and transcribed works by little known Croatian composers, and Kranjčević staged them at the Varaždin Baroque Evenings, as evidenced from numerous published records and twelve volumes in the series of music editions entitled Monuments of the Croatian Musical Past, edited by Županović. As the director of the Varaždin Baroque Evenings, conductor Vladimir Kranjčević embraced the concept of openness to various interpretative aesthetics. Moreover, the Baroque Evenings frequently featured repertoire from the 16th up to the early 19th century. Thus, Županović was in a position to prepare sheet music for contemporary Varaždin premieres of pieces by composers such as Wisner von Morgenstern and Leopold Ebner, as well as the vocal oeuvre by the preeminent Croatian master of Renaissance polyphony, Julije Skjavetić. In adition, a number of professional and scholarly conferences were attached to the festival, and Županović also staged several concerts in cooperation with his Zagreb musicology students. There is no doubt that the first thirty years of the Varaždin Baroque Evenings were marked by the cooperation between Županović and Kranjčević.
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By taking advantage of abundant literature that has been written on the subject, the paper aims to give an overview of the history of rock music in Yugoslavia from its introduction in 1956 to the mid-1970s, when the new wave emerged. It also intends to remind the reader of this topic’s relevance and open possible new research questions for history and related fields. Particular emphasis will be placed on the impact that this musical, cultural, social, and political phenomenon had on the lives of Yugoslav and other socialist youth while highlighting the changes rock’n’roll brought to their lives, including opening up to Western cultural influences through new fashion, different forms of youth entertainment, new understanding and redefining of gender relations. Also, the paper will review the cooperation of Yugoslav rock musicians with Eastern Bloc musicians. Through the analysis of articles found in Džuboks, a youth music magazine deemed popular at the time; the paper will attempt to illustrate how the Yugoslav youth rock press helped shape the minds of young people. This paper intends to remind the reader of this topic’s relevance and open possible new research questions for this and related fields.
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The paper analyzes the arrest and trial of a group of opponents of the communist regime in Yugoslavia in the mid-1970s in the Socialist Republic of Croatia, who were convicted of founding a terrorist organization that collaborated with Croatian anti-Yugoslav émigrés in the West. The verdict is compared with the investigative documents of the Yugoslav intelligence service, but also with the authorized record of the conversation that the author of this paper had with the first defendant Tomislav Držić in 2019. It is argued that this was a group of regime dissidents whose activity consisted of anti-regime conversations, writing anti-regime texts that were not disseminated, reading Croatian émigrés’ propaganda materials and Držić’s occasional contacts with émigré in Canada Stjepan Dubičanac, rather than a terrorist organization that could seriously shake the regime.
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