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The series of events that began in early 1989 and culminated in the free elections in March 1990 have been characterized as "revolution" of one of four kinds. According to the British journalist T. G. Ash, it was a "refolution" suggesting that what happened in Hungary was more than reform but less than a revolution. Though intended as a clever oxymoron, the term is grossly misleading as it obscures and trivializes the qualitative difference between the point of departure and the point of arrival, that is, the difference between dictatorship and democracy According to the former democratic oppositionist ideologue János Kis and several others who chose this formulation, the Hungarian events amounted to a "lawful revolution." The term stresses the notion of legal continuity and the nonviolent and non-confrontational nature of events. In my view, it is a misnomer as it deliberately overlooks the essentially politics- and power-driven substance of the process and, by design, fails to make any kind of moral distinction between the "before" and "after" spirit and normative content of laws and institutions.
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Some say that the event, which the Croatian parliament sponsors, has become the largest annual gathering of neo-Nazis in Europe.
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(U povodu četerdesete godišnjice smrti Džemala i Razije Bijedić) Kažu da svaki čovjek na ovom svijetu ima svoju sudbinu. Neki u to vjeruju, a neki ne vjeruju. Ako sudbina postoji onda je ona bila određena Džemalu i Raziji, da se oni kao mladi ljudi sretnu i upoznaju u Gradačcu i da se vežu za tuzlanski kraj u periodu svoje rane mladosti (Majevicu, Trebavu i Posavinu) a posebno imožda najviše za Gradačac.
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The article is an attempt to scratch the biography of Adam Plesnar. The analysis was subjected to the activity of the protagonist until 1977. Plesnar was an active member of the Club of Young Catholics at the University of Wroclaw, co-founder of the Young Democrats (ZMD). Already in the sixties he was convicted for opposition activities. In the seventies he was an activist of Polish Esperanto Association. He participated in protests against changes in the Constitution of the PRL. Since 1977 belonged to the members of the Movement in Defense of the Rights of Man and Citizen (ROPCiO) and the leader of the Movement of Free Democrats (RWD), an activist of the Wroclaw opposition. Within the Movement sought to participation of the opposition in legitimate forms of political activity, including in the elections to the Sejm PRL, while remaining critical of the existing system.
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Państwo polskie jeszcze w trakcie walk w 1945 r. przeciwko III Rzeszy znalazło się pod rządami komunistów. Część patriotycznie nastawionej młodzieży nie pogodziła się z tym faktem i zaczęła przeciwstawiać się procesowi indoktrynacji. Młodzież podjęła z ustrojem komunistycznym walkę, której główną formą była dzia- łalność propagandowa. Młode pokolenie starało się w ulotkach pokazać prawdę o rzeczywistości czasu stalinizmu, np. opisywano brak swobód obywatelskich. Niektóre ugrupowania podejmowały także trudne kwestie stosunków polsko-żydowskich.
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Moscow seems indeed to be a centre of world tourism. On the one hand, its tourism attractiveness for Russians and foreigners, as well as the wide opportunities it offers to its own inhabitants, stimulates trips for tourism and recreational purposes. On the other hand, it is determined by a number of historical, geographical, demographic, geopolitical, economic and socio-cultural factors.
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Slovakia and the structures of Communist Party of Slovakia (CPS), local branch of statewide Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (CPC), played an important role in the period of attempts to reform the communist political system in Czechoslovakia in the years 1968–1969. The effort to gain an equal position to Slovakia in the common state catalyzed the crisis in the ruling establishment that led to election of Slovak communists‘ leader Alexander Dubček to the post of First Secretary of CC CPC. Dubček became a symbol of reform movement in the party. In Bratislava he was succeded by Vasil Biľak, one of the main supporters of Warsaw Pact‘s military intervention in Czechoslovakia. After invasion in the August 1968 the leadership in CPS was taken over by Gustáv Husák, who suppressed the freedoms in Slovakia, and after becoming First Secretary of CC CPC in April 1969 continued the „normalization” in the rest of the country. The situation in Slovakia was observed by the diplomats of People’s Republic of Poland and functionaries of Polish United Workers’ Party especially from regions bordering with Slovakia, who maintained contacts with Slovak comrades.
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Édouard Herriot was one of the leading European politicians, who became involved in propagating the idea of the European integration in the 1920s. He closely collaborated with the main figures of the European unification movement – the author of the Pan-european project – Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi, and Aristide Briand, Franch Prime Minister who proposed the conception of the United States of Europe in 1930. Herriot was the first governing politician to officially support Paneuropa in 1924. Afterwards in subsequent public speeches and articles he called for bringing this plan into effect. Few years later he also became involved in propagating the Briand Plan. At the same time he created his own concept, differing in some important aspects from the Pan-european project and the Briand Plan. He presented its details in the book „Europe” published in 1930. After Briand’s death he became the main figure of the European unification movement, however, in the mid-1930s, he broke with it because of the conflict with Coudenhove- Kalergi. After World War II he become once more involved in the actions for European integration. He continued it until the beginning of the 1950s. Despite the important role he played in the European unification movement, his actions usually remain in the shadow of his fa
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Moscow seems indeed to be a centre of world tourism. On the one hand, its tourism attractiveness for Russians and foreigners, as well as the wide opportunities it offers to its own inhabitants, stimulates trips for tourism and recreational purposes. On the other hand, it is determined by a number of historical, geographical, demographic, geopolitical, economic and socio-cultural factors.
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The article is devoted to the linguistic image of an angel – a good spirit – depicted in the lyrics of contemporary secular Polish songs. The analyzed research material included 70 lyrics of songs released in the period from 1985 to 2012. The songs represent different music styles: from pop and folk music to blues and sung poetry to hip-hop, various genres of rock and so-called gothic metal. The analysis of the linguistic image of those supernatural beings involved the following categories: 1) appearance, 2) location, 3) features, 4) functions, 5) emotions and behavior. Special attention was paid to the figure of a guardian angel and its unusual variant – a winged protector who no longer fulfill their duties, as well as ‘humanized’ angels, resembling humans in their physical and behavioral characteristics. It was stated that the figure of an angel in the analyzed lyrics is characterized by extensive functionality. The linguistic portrait of that spiritual being is an interesting combination of concepts present in the collective consciousness (to some extent originating in the Bible and angelic iconography) and individual ideas developed by the songwriters.
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Antique myth about Pigmalione and Galateee is interpreted in M. Gofajzen’s poem Teogonija. The eternal plot is transformed in the tideway of postmodernist tendencies. The invariant is exposed to a reduction (the motive of love of the artist and the statue which was created by him disappears) and a inversion – as a result of the creation certificate revived Galatea dies and leaves the world which is created by Pygmalion, but exchange she has an opportunity of eternal life in the uncountable worlds of addressees of art under condition of successful communicative interaction between the creator and the recipient. The artist who has given freedom to the product cannot influence its destiny and should continue creative activity. Thus the author assimilates to God-founder who creates own world by the Universe example. Interpretation of an antique plot in the postmodernist text shows the aesthetic complexities accompanying creative process, and confirms the new status of the Creator, removing the thesis about “Death of the Author” in its traditional understanding.
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For many years, a history handbook has been the most popular didactic object, during lessons and homework alike. Until recently, such handbooks have been in the form of traditional books, but the technological development and common digitization have lead to attempts to replace such books with computer software. The article presents various ideas of modernization of the didactic concept of a history handbook, proposed by the pedagogic and didactic-historic circles in the second half of 20th C. and the beginning of 21st C. (e.g. handbooks with audio / video carriers, audio-visual handbooks, educational sets). On the basis of abridged history of the handbook, from the end of 18th C. until today’s e-handbooks, the author analyses individual elements of the didactic concept of handbooks for teaching history, highlighting the symptoms of the most important changes with specific examples. The author concludes that it is the publishing market that forces, to the biggest extent, the changes in the didactic concept of a history handbook; hence, it is necessary to conduct scientific research on the efficiency of the proposed changes and consequently to determine what the real impact of the new elements of the handbook’s didactic history will be on better results of education.
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As a consequence of the outbreak of the Soviet-Yugoslav conϐlict, Cominform emigrant communities were established in the Soviet Union and in Eastern Europe, including Hungary. The emigrants took an active part in the ongoing anti-Titoist propaganda campaign. This paper focuses on Lazar Brankov, the ϐirst leader of ibeovci emigrants in Hungary, his political activities and his role in organizing the emigrants’ community in Hungary. Special emphasis is placed on their propaganda activities and the relationship between the emigrants and the Hungarian authorities. The article is based on archival research that was carried out at Hungarian archives.
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This paper offers a brief historical overview of the key changes in the organizational structure of the Islamic community in Bosnia and Herzegovina, primarily due to frequent changes in the state-legal framework and shifts of different ideologies in the 20th century, with a special focus on the so called “Austrian Heritage“. The paper is mainly based on the original archival materials and offers a more detailed view of the approach and method by which the „Austrian Heritage“ was deleted from key organizational acts of the Islamic Community during the late 1950s.
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Ksiądz Henryk Rybus był pierwszym samodzielnym pracownikiem naukowym i pierwszym profesorem w powojennej historii Kościoła łódzkiego. Jak sam często mówił, jego droga do profesury była bardzo długa. Już przed wojną miał wiele publikacji i zebrane materiały do rozprawy habilitacyjnej. Niestety wojna i trudny czas po niej, brak księży w Kościele łódzkim sprawiły, że przez 17 lat zajmował się pracą duszpasterską, odkładając z konieczności działalność naukową, którą kochał i był w nią zaangażowany. Pragnął, aby gdy tylko nadarzy się okazja, wrócić do niej.
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Pitanje komunikacije ili sudioništva u svetim činima, odnosno svetinjama i duhovnim dobrima katolika s odijeljenim kršćanima, aktualno je osobito za krajeve, kakvi su i naši, u kojima žive izmiješani pripadnici Katoličke crkve i odijeljenih istočnih, odnosno pravoslavnih Crkava, ili protestantskih crkvenih zajednica. Držim, stoga, korisnim ovu tematiku, promatranu iz ugla novijeg učenja i pravnog reguliranja Katoličke crkve, približiti kako običnim vjernicima, tako i duhovnim pastirima.
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In light of concerns surrounding the alleged link between immigration and crime, our goal is to investigate trends in violent crime rates by race/ethnicity within and between counties with differing degrees of immigration. Using unique data from California for the 1980 to 2012 period, we find (1) that after an initial decade of stability, violence rates fell beginning in the 1990s during a period of rapid immigration growth. Additionally, (2) this pattern is observed for all offenses, race/ethnic groups (including Hispanics), and was near uniform in counties with both high and low levels of immigrant concentration and growth. Despite fears of immigration fueled crime waves, our findings suggest that high immigration has not worsened the problem of violent crime and that places with both low and high immigrant concentrations and growth experienced parallel declines in crime from 1990 to 2012.
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This article analyzes reflection of folk art traditions in genre painting of Transcarpathia in 1960-70's, studies the transformation of ethnographic images in art practice in the context of the aesthetic processes of the second half of the twentieth century.
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