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The history of PRL (Polish People's Republic) safety authorities is a very interesting issue for now-a-days (contemporary) researchers. This text refers to unknown section that is the SB (security service) and MO (citizens militia) officers health. The analysis concerns period between 1979 and 1980 years and it is a beginning of high spectrum MSW (Ministry of the Interior) healthcare studies.
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The focus of the studies that examine the Bulgarian-Austrian relations during the Cold War falls on the main aspects of the economic, political and cultural domains. The topic of Austria in the pages of the newspaper Rabotnichesko delo (“Worker’s Deed”), which was the printed organ of the Bulgarian Communist Party, has not been a subject of any research until now. The chosen time frame makes it possible to follow both the policy of the Soviet Union towards Austria from the beginning of the Korean War until the death of Stalin, but also how the country’s image gradually changed on the pages of the Bulgarian press, again in relation to Kremlin’s tactics after 1956 against the background of Kremlin’s peaceful coexistence policy.
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This article investigates the scope of the principle of legality in Brazil, its basis, developments, and limits and the role of governing officials in light of this principle. In a summarized manner, we examine the several instruments for the control of legality found in the Brazilian Constitution of 1988. We also analyze the legal institutes of a state of siege, a state of defense, and provisional measures, seeking to identify the reach of such exceptions to legality in Brazil and how their inordinate use has had an adverse effect on Brazilian society.
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The paper briefly describes the political situation in Daruvar and the Daruvar municipality during the „Croatian Spring” from 1970 until 1971. The Daruvar area was not very receptive to the ideas of the „spring” due to the diverse population (especially a significant number of the Serbian population). Nevertheless, an attempt was made to establish a branch of Matrix Croatica Daruvar with considerable difficulties. Despite considerable effort, the branch was never established, but the idea of „spring” took root among the mostly Croatian and less Czech population of the settlement.
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The emigration of Istrian Italians after the Second World War, most often called the “Exodus”, has been a frequent topic of many historical and anthropological studies. This paper reports on new findings based on the EU project Identity on the Line, which studied and interpreted a series of involuntary migrations and unwanted consequences for peoples, communities and individuals in Europe in the middle of the 20th century. In the research of the Istrian “Exodus”, an effort was made to find new testimonies and stories and reach voices that had not been “heard” thus far. In this process, it became obvious that the status and fate of the Istrian Italians who did not emigrate, the so-called “Rimasti” (less studied so far) is very complex due to the ambivalent relationship with the emigrated Istrian Italians (the “Esuli”) as well as with the newly created social environment. Photographs and statements from both communities were collected and meant to be used for two exhibitions, films and publications, thus bringing to light their intimate accounts (some of which were told for the first time), presenting them in a public space. This transformation necessarily implied very careful and sensitive cooperation with the informants, with the aim of making their traumas more visible, as well as establishing museums as institutions where increased efforts are made to communicate “difficult heritage”.
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This article discusses the debates on abortion rights and practices that took place in socialist Yugoslavia. It focuses on the microhistorical case studies of Varaždin and Karlovac, with specific attention given to the period between the first liberalisation of abortion for social reasons in 1960 and the full liberalisation of abortion until 10 weeks in 1969. The primary sources for this article stem from the collections of the Conference for the Social Activity of Women in the Croatian State Archives, as well as periodicals such as Arhiv za zaštitu majke i djeteta issued by the Institute for the Protection of Mother and Child in Zagreb. Digitalised local press sources – Varaždinski vjesnik and Karlovački tjednik – are also explored. As shown in the paper, the liberalisation of abortion in 1960s Yugoslavia generated a wide array of dilemmas for women and practitioners alike. While legal abortions were seen as necessary to curb illegal ones, they were nonetheless perceived by local practitioners as something that should best be prevented and which could prejudice a woman’s reproductive abilities, particularly in the case of first pregnancies. Many women recurred to legal and illegal abortion as a result of the lack in health infrastructure, unavailable contraceptives, difficult social conditions and persisting patriarchal gender norms.
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Self-managerial transformation of culture was based on constitutional and legislative changes which happened in socialist Yugoslavia in the mid-1970s as a need for further advancement of self-management in the state. One of the results was the rejection of the, until then, popular phrase „Culture to the workers!” as a relict of outdated enlightening-educative cultural practices, which were widespread in the period of early socialism. New cultural policies were a symbol of turning back to the original Marx’s and Lenin’s writings. In that way, culture was now seen as a mean and way of life, and not only traditional cultural and artistic practices. It was supposed to help workers to overcome the alienation of their work and turn the working place into cultural space as well. There, workers could and should be able to satisfy all their needs: for the consumption of high culture and arts, for creative and artistic self-expression, but also to practice the ideas of solidary, equality and interpersonal relations as basis of self-managerial culture. This paper focuses on comparison of two case studies: Uljanik shipyard in Pula and Jugoturbina turbine factory in Karlovac. They were both industrial giants and economic and social centres of their municipalities, but also had wider, regional importance. Through the analysis of the factory newspapers and reports on cultural changes, successes and failures in the 1970s and 1980s, this paper aims to find out how applicable cultural theories created by Yugoslav intellectuals and cultural policies were.
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This work analyses the economic cooperation between the Socialist Republic of Montenegro and the Federal Republic of Germany, that is to say its federal states. The Federal Republic of Germany was among the most significant economic partners of Yugoslavia, i.e. the Yugoslav Republics in the late 1970s. With regard to the value of trade, it was the second most important foreign trade partner of Montenegro at the time. Montenegro’s objective was to reduce the trade deficit through an increase in exports, to attract German investors and extend the cooperation to other regions. This objective required the establishment of direct political and economic relations. In the mid-70s the Yugoslav republics established direct relations with the German Federal Republics. Relations between the Executive Council (Government) of Montenegro and the governments of the states of Hamburg, Baden-Württemberg and Bremen were established in the late 70s and the early 80s.
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W niniejszym numerze „Societasa/Communitas” publikowane jest dokończenie trzeciej części listów Marii Ossowskiej, czyli listy z lat 1959-1963 (listy 384-472). Wcześniejsze chronologicznie części korespondencji ukazały się: w tomie 31: cz. 1: 1918-1939 [listy 1-146], w tomie 32: cz. 2: 1940¬ 1949 [listy 147-275], w tomie 33: początek cz. 3: 1951-1958 [listy 276¬ 383]. Koncepcja edycji listów przedstawiona została w tomie 31. Wybrany podział chronologiczny korespondencji pomyślany był jako rodzaj dopowiedzenia do wydanych w latach: 2019-2022 Dzienników Stanisława Ossowskiego, zestawionych w analogicznej chronologii. W trakcie prac nad przygotowaniem listów do edycji zweryfikowano ich datowanie i numerację. Edycja korespondencji Marii Ossowskiej stanowi namiastkę zniszczonych jej własnych dzienników i stanowi ważny dokument do badania historii socjologii.
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The present paper deals with the area of activity of Czesław Czapów which is associated with his co-creation of the opposition discussion club called Personalists. They were an extremely interesting group of people with roots in Warsaw student organizations and the Logophage Club (Klub Logofagów). Their idea was intellectual exploration related to the field of social sciences. Besides, they opposed to the Stalinist model, which was being imposed on the social sciences, as well as searched for a certain system of social values, which, while remaining left-wing, protected and defended human rights, and above all enabled the cooperation of believers and non-believers.
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Until 1934, Royal Romania did not establish a diplomatic mission inside the USSR. However, the country shared a common border with the Bolshevik state and dealt with Soviet refugees escaping persecution, repressions, collectivization, and famine throughout the 1920s and 1930s. Romanians were aware of the ongoing tragedy on their eastern border beyond the Dniester River. From the Soviet perspective, the Romanian monarchy was a rival enemy due to incompatible political and economic systems. Romanian and Soviet geopolitical interests were likewise mutually exclusive. While Romanians were concerned about the fate of the Ukrainian SSR’s Romanian-speaking population and the Kremlin’s claims on Bessarabia, the Soviets intended to recover the latter lost imperial Russian province and export their ideology westward. Soviet collectivization in the late 1920s–early 1930s and the Great Soviet Famine of 1932–1933 are often discussed by the general public, widely exploited by politicians, and contentiously investigated by scholars. Researchers rely on available archival material and existing scholarship to explore and interpret these dramatic events. This paper examines Soviet and Romanian narratives about collectivization and the famine based on unexplored and, in some cases, rarely used, sources published contemporaneously or shortly after these events. The author relies on books, textbooks, poetry, children’s literature, and articles published in the Moldavian ASSR and Greater Romania. This article’s purpose is twofold: first, it will focus on how collectivization and repression were justified and propagated through Soviet publications; second, it will examine how authors in Romania portrayed the USSR, described Stalin’s collectivization, and expressed their views about the Great Soviet Famine. In both cases, Moldavian autonomy in Soviet Ukraine— bordering Greater Romania—is the main focus of this research. The paper demonstrates that while Soviet narratives praised Stalin’s USSR and its agrarian reforms, by contrast, Romanian narratives criticized all things Soviet. This article highlights the suffering of peasants, the ineffectiveness of collectivization and its negative impact on citizens’ lives. It also illustrates how the Soviet Union and Romania employed books, children’s literature, and other publications as reliable tools to propagate their ideological agenda, justify domestic and foreign policies, and attribute wrongdoings and crimes to their political rivals.
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The author presents little-known facts from the history of Polish science proving that representatives of Polish post-war emigration had a very good understanding of the situation of science in Poland. In philosophy, this situation was exemplified by the contacts of Zbigniew Jordan (1911– 1977) with representatives of philosophy active in Poland. For many years, Jordan maintained regular contacts with approx. forty people belonging to the elite of Polish post-war philosophy and sociology. His friends and correspondents included, among others, Jan Łukasiewicz, Rev. Józef Pastuszka, Tadeusz Czeżowski, Maria and Stanisław Ossowski, Tadeusz and Janina Kotarbińscy, Adam Schaff, Leszek Kołakowski, Jan Szczepański, Andrzej Grzegorczyk, as well as Polish emigrants employed at Western universities. Owing to these contacts, he was able to achieve two goals at once. First of all, he popularized the achievements of Polish science worthy of commemoration, thanks to which his efforts ensured a close relationship between national and world science. Secondly, he ensured the historical continuity of Polish science, which was not interrupted even by the introduction of communist orders in the country, that boiled down to an attempt at rejecting the entire previous tradition. The author is of the opinion that science is the most important part of culture and for this reason Jordan's achievements should be popularized throughout the scientific community in Poland, as an example to be followed by its young adepts focusing exclusively on careers in foreign scientific institutions.
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Ecclesiastical funeral is a very important event for every faithful. Burial of body is not only honoring for deceased but also giving sanctification and hope to alive. In 1983 Code of Canon Law the legislator put regulations in which is defined, who can be buried with ecclesiastical funeral, where the funeral can take place and where the body can be buried. The article deals with the actual regulations in case of ecclesiastical funeral. The author discusses and analyzes norms of the canons, especially from title III part II book IV of 1983 Code of Canon Law.
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The aim of the study is to indicate the circumstances that are relevant when deciding about fault and punishing the perpetrator of the crime. These are circumstances that exclude criminal liability, those that reduce it, and those that make the punishment for the offender to be increased. This work was kept in this regime. A very important event that prompted the author to take up this issue was the reform of Book VI of the 1983 Code of Canon Law. This reform introduced several significant changes in the scope of the problem in question. Some of these changes were of an orderly nature, but there were also those that decidedly changed the existing regulations, e.g. obligatory restriction of penalties in the event of a relapse into crime.
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The diocesan bishop is obliged to establish a presbyteral council, which represents priests with pastoral care or offices in the diocese. The council is his collegial consultative body. The author gives a short practical commentary on the presbyteral council according to the 1983 Code of Canon Law (can. 495-501).
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The French administration had manifested its interest for social housing since the centenary of the French invasion in Algeria, in 1930, this period was characterized by the strong demographic growth and the rural exodus towards urban centers, and it intensified in the 1950s. It aimed to house both European and Muslim citizens, adopting different housing typologies. This research paper analyses the production of social housing in Tlemcen a city situated in the west of Algeria during the aforementioned period, revealing the differences and the similarities between types of housing. This paper questions housing architecture in regard to three levels, the urban, the building, and housing itself.
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Schubart Park (1965-1976) was a South African state-sponsored mass housing project, initiated by the Nationalist government (1948-1994) and the city council of Pretoria, in the zeitgeist of post-war housing solutions. This scheme was partly influenced by British legislative practices and inspired by various international examples of welfare-state responses to urban housing crises. This paper investigates the timeline of a South African mass-housing experiment, forming an ambitious and wide-ranging urban renewal vision for the western quadrant of the historical centre of Pretoria, and one of the very few government-sponsored mass housing estates in South Africa during the 20th century ever fully realised.
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About two decades after the signing of the Washington Treaty, through which the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) came into being, the reference strategic framework for the efforts to ensure the security and defence of member states has undergone substantial transformations. These were reflected in the adoption, at the end of 1967, of a new Strategic Concept, which had as its main element the development of the potential for crisis response on coordinates of flexibility, through the superior exploitation of NATO’s potential. The implementation of this approach overlapped with a series of events having a profound impact on the security equation during the Cold War. One of the implementation formulas for Flexible Response Strategy would be applied in NATO’s defence system including the development of innovative instruments and procedures. It focused both on the aspects of supporting allied forces and on strengthening the level of interoperability between them in order to meet higher requirements. The creation of an intensive training program (REFORGER), simultaneously with the expansion of the support potential through the prepositioning of equipment (POMCUS) are steps that have contributed to the maturation of the NATO planning process. For the entire duration of the Cold War, these instruments have been constantly used and improved, with beneficial effects in terms of strengthening political and military cohesion between Member States, while providing more coherence in ensuring an effective deterrence posture.
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It is generally admitted at present that the attention paid to the human and faith experience is at the heart of the catechetical movement in France. It has not always been in this way. The awareness of its importance has occurred progressively, first with the catechists of the 1950s, such as Marie Fargues and Françoise Derkenne, who focused on the value of taking into account children’s interest areas in catechetical approaches. In the same period, Joseph Colomb emphasized the perfect relation existing between the human experience and the faith experience. During the 1960s, period of Vatican Council II, the bishops of France recognize the place of the human experience in what they call the pedagogy of signs. In 1960, Catechesis is born. The transformation of Catechistic Documentation into the Catechesis magazine marks a break in the history of Catholic catechism in France: it consacrates the passing from catechism to catechesis. The preliminary of its first number reviews this semantic transfer which is more than a methodological aggiornamento. On the one hand, the catechesis is a mission of the Church of a pastoral nature, consisting of transmitting the doctrine of salvation in order to strengthen the faith of the believers in their particular conditions of people, time and place. On the other hand, the catechesis is a pastoral activity centered on the education of the faith, which involves a pedagogical reflection and approach, constantly focusing on people and on their concrete possibilities of reception of the religious knowledge; it means taking into account the conditions of people’s age and milieu, seen as a starting point for the pedagogical laws and methods.
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