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The research examines the activities of the Poltava Regional Academic Ukrainian Gogol Theater of Musical Drama in 1936-1950 years of the twentieth century, the formation of the creative team and repertoire in pre-war years, the years of the Second world war (1941-1944), and the repertoire policy in the first postwar season in front of the face of increasing ideological pressure. Due to the fragmented nature o f the existing historical and artistic works, the aim of the paper is a cultural study of musical drama theater in Poltava in 1936-1950.
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After the liberation of Bialystok in July 1944, and in the following months of the entire Białystok voivodeship, the representatives of the people's authority began, through their representatives, the construction of the local administrative structures. The process was slow for several basic reasons. In the Bialystok region, there was active independent underground authority which effectively prevented the establishment of administrative bodies, but primarily because of the lack of party structures and the low staffing capacity of the persons in charge of the posts held in the administration.
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The position of Slovakia and Austria in international relations during the Second World War had a different character – whereas for the first time in its history Slovakia gained its (limited) autonomy, Austria lost its independence and became an integral part of the German Reich. At the Conference of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the USA, USSR and Great Britain in October 1943 in Moscow, however, an agreement was reached: Austria was to acquire a unique status in the post-war period: although it was perceived as a war ally of Germany, Austria should still be treated as a free and again independent country after the war. The post-war fate of Slovakia was quite the opposite: in agreement with the Czechoslovak government in exile in London, the Allied Powers confirmed the restoration of the pre-conditions of the Munich Agreement, according to which the First Slovak Republic ceased to exist after the defeat of Germany in May 1945.
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As the result of the unconditional surrender of the Second World War Japan was changed in a revolutionary manner. According to the conditions defined by the Potsdam Declaration of 1945 Japan was completely de-militarized and her territories were limited mainly to four islands including of Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku and Hokkaido. Most of the other territories like Taiwan (Formosa), Korea and the other small islands, which were taken as the results of wars and then administrated by the Japanese Authorities, were to be returned to the former ethnic authorities.
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In the paper I try to describe the phenomenon of the Polish School of Mathematics. It requires the presentation and analysis of the many factors that have had an influence on its creation and development. It is impossible to do so in such article yet I try to show, however, its essence and strength through an analysis up until the point that World War II brutally ended its development. I focus on the mathematicians who were forced to emigrate and created important mathematical centres in other countries. Thus, the program and atmosphere of Polish Mathematical School was continued.
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Jürgen Stroop, the SS general who led the liquidation of the Warsaw Ghetto and the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in April–May 1943, was convicted by a Polish court in 1951 and executed in 1952. Bernard (Ber) Mark (1908–1966), Holocaust historian and director of the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw, provided expert testimony for the prosecution at Stroop’s trial. Mark felt constrained to graft a communist-inflected narrative onto his account of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and to shoehorn it into his expert testimony in court and then into his interpretation of the trial for a Jewish audience. He did his best to give the Jewish Fighting Organization, which spearheaded the uprising, and its Jewish fighters their due at a time when expression of unvarnished appreciation for Jewish heroism was risky, even while he was paying overrated tribute to the communist underground for its assistance to the Jewish rebels during the uprising. But he always stopped short of the line between conformity to and defiance of the communist regime.
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Information about the extermination conducted in the Chełmno nad Nerem death center reached the Łódź ghetto in the spring of 1942. An important link in the information transmission chain was Grabów, reached by the first escapees from Chełmno. Rabbi Jakub Szulman played a large role as he started sending letters with information about the crime obtained from the escapees. The letters he wrote reached Łódź together with people resettled from the provincial ghettos of Wartheland, from whom the Łódź ghetto residents heard a confirmation of the information about the purpose of the Chełmno nad Nerem center. The information flow was also affected by the information blockade campaign conducted by the Germans followed by a misinformation campaign regarding the actual lot of the people deported to Chełmno.
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The Treuhändstelle in Chełm administered real estate in the city (for some time a city with city rights) and in the Chełm country district. In 1940 their joint office was at Orlicz-Dreszera Street 6. The former Treuhändstelle were probably subordinate to the district Treuhänder. The Chełm Treuhändstelle took over more than 600 houses from their Jewish owners, with participation of the municipal authorities, including pre-war Polish clerks. The Germans made a profit on that property, at the expense of the Jews. Ordinary inhabitants of Chełm, various institutions, and Catholic priests sought to trade that real estate.
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Men’s circumcision is in many countries considered as a hygienic-cosmetic or aesthetic treatment. However, it still remains in close connection with religious rites (Judaism, Islam) and is still practiced all over the world. During the Second World War the visible effects of circumcision became an indisputable evidence of being a Jew and were often used especially by the so-called szmalcownicy (blackmailers). Fear of the possibility of discovering as non-Aryan prompted many Jews hiding on the so-called Aryan side of Warsaw to seek medical practitioners who would restore the condition as it was before the circumcision. The reconstruction surgery was called in surgical jargon “knife baptizing”. Almost all of the procedures were performed by Aryan doctors although four cases of hiding Jewish doctors participating in such procedures are known. Surgical technique consisted of the surgical formation of a new foreskin after tissue preparation and stretching it by manual treatment. The success of the repair operation depended on the patient’s cooperation with the doctor, the worst result was in children. The physicians described in the article and the operating technique are probably only a fragment of a broader activity, described meticulously by only one of the doctors – Dr. Janusz Skórski. This work is an attempt to describe the phenomenon based on the very scanty source material, but it seems to be the first such attempt for several decades.
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The materials presented in the article include documentation of the German Special Court (Sondergericht) in Warsaw proceedings against Tadeusz Puder, a Catholic priest of Jewish origin arrested by the Gestapo in the spring of 1941. His imprisonment was a consequence of a denunciation made by Fr. Stanisław Trzeciak, one of the leading Polish anti-Semites. Sentenced to several months in prison, Puder managed to escape from the prison hospital in autumn 1942 and survive in hiding. He died a few days after the liberation of Warsaw in a car accident. Despite the cooperation with the German security police, Trzeciak was among the victims of mass executions during the Warsaw Uprising in August 1944. The introduction of the article presents a broader context of Trzeciak’s anti-Semitic activity and the reasons for his personal hatred for Puder, as well as unknown details of collaborative attempts in the first months of German occupation.
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W kwietniu 2017 r. czeska Izba Poselska przyjęła nowelizację ustawy o świętach państwowych, w której 9 marca – rocznica masowego mordu więźniów terezińskiego obozu rodzinnego w Auschwitz-Birkenau w 1944 r. – została zakwali fikowana jako ważny dzień. W ten symboliczny sposób czescy posłowie chcą zamknąć długi okres, gdy owo przerażające wydarzenie, uznane za największe popełnione jednorazowo morderstwo czechosłowackich obywateli podczas drugiej wojny światowej, odsuwane było na margines czeskiej świadomości historycznej. Posłowie jednocześnie dodali do czeskiego kalendarza, jako wspomnienie „drugiego oporu” 18 czerwca, rocznicę „bohaterskiej” walki zabójców Reinharda Heydricha przeciwko Waffen SS i Gestapo, i jednocześnie oficjalnie potępili ludobójczą przemoc; ludobójstwem nazwali również prześladowanie Ormian w imperium osmańskim podczas pierwszej wojny światowej.
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Na początku 2016 r. w Litwie, za sprawą książki Rūty Vanagaitė Mūsiškiai, rozpoczęła się głośna debata publiczna dotycząca współudziału Litwinów w Zagładzie. Szerszy kontekst debaty wprowadza i przybliża Agnieszka Stawiarska w artykule Potrząsnąć społeczeństwem. O znaczeniu dla Litwy książki Rūty Vanagaitė Mūsiškiai. W licznych relacjach prasowych Vanagaitė porównywana była do Jana Tomasza Grossa, czy wręcz nazywana „litewskim Grossem”, zestawiana z Timothym Snyderem, oskarżana o finansowanie zarówno z Rosji, jak i z Izraela, zarzucano jej „nastawienie antylitewskie”, próbowano śledzić jej „pochodzenie”.
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Ksiądz Franciszek Ilków-Gołąb z diecezji opolskiej, zmarły w roku 1978, bardzo przystojny do starości, od roku 1949 wykładał teologię moralną także w Wyższym Seminarium Duchownym we Wrocławiu, gdzie również ja miałem radość słuchać jego wykładów. Przypomnę jeden przykład, jak próbował nas uwrażliwić na ewangeliczną prawdę, że osoba jest ważniejsza od prawa: przyniósł na wykład egzemplarz najnowszego numeru czasopisma dla księży „Homo Dei”, w którym pisano o proboszczu nakazującym pochować matkę zmarłą przy połogu na cmentarzu parafialnym, a jej dziecko za płotem, gdyż noworodka nie zdążono ochrzcić...
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Pani L. to Lidia Wolańska, wtedy młoda dentystka. Mieszkała w domu należącym do rodziny Perechodników w Otwocku na rogu ulic Kościelnej i Kościuszki, tam też prowadziła swoją działalność stomatologiczną.
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One of the most comprehensive social operations in the process of Sovietisation was the liquidation of traditional peasant society. The individual peasant farms, the organisations and church communities of rural society represented a political counter-base in the path of the communist programme. The land and the people could only be collectivised through the use of terror. The “collective farms” created in the fi rst wave of collectivisation were a failure for the programme of Sovietisation. Contrary to the results of many other historical researchers, in his extensive research in all county archives the author found that the sweeping campaign for full collectivisation carried out between 1958 and 1961 used mass violence. The effects of the traumatisation that occurred in those days, the emptying of rural social spaces are still felt today.
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The Diplomatic Archive is one of the oldest departments of the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. During its history this department had been systematically considered as an auxiliary one, of low importance. However, in the moments of crisis such war and territorial disputes, the decision makers periodically ”realized” that the Diplomatic Archive is not only an ”old paper warehouse” but more a ”safe-deposit box” full of historical and judicial evidences of our own statehood and territorial unity. This article tells the heroic story of the evacuation of the diplomatic documents on Transylvania caught in the middle of the military operations in the town of Băile Herculane, during World War Two. During the evacuation, the convoy was attacked by German planes and part of the archive was lost in flames, despite the heroic attempt to save as much as possible documents. The price paid by the members of the convoy was bitter: one dead and several others wounded. However, the archivists did their best to comfort their brave wounded colleagues and guardsmen by raising money to help them and the family of the fallen soldier. Later, in a race against time, they managed to recover all the documents lost in flames, by using other copies stored in a different place.
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The article is sanctified to research of reasons of appearance and stay of Ukrainians in composition Army of general Anders in the years of Second world war. To reasons of appearance of Ukrainians in composition the Polish military forming it is possible to take historical afterclaps: participating of Ukrainians in composition Polish Army in the Soviet-Polish war-time of 1939 and further stay of Ukrainians in soviet camps for an internee, and also soviet repressions against the Polish citizens on territory of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus that lasted in a period from September in 1939 to June 1941.
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The purpose of present paper is to focus on program, activity and results of “Catholic Action” in Slovakia in the area of broadcasting organization in the period of 1928 – 1948 on the ground of up to this day unpublished archive material. Catholic Action was a movement of the laity in the Catholic Church, promulgated from the pope Pius XI in the 1922. Its aim was reconstruction and revitalization of the catholic life in family and society, through the realization of the Christian principles in all fields of humane life. It was assumed that by implementation of the program of “Catholic Action” in 1928 in Czecho-Slovakia it will be reduce in practice also in the field of radio broadcasting. Particularly it was concerned with enforcement of moral and Christian principles in practice and mainly with establishment of religious broadcasts. However, historical and political course after the 1948 meant the death of “Catholic Action” in Czecho-Slovakia; even further misuse of its name by communist’s regime in order to achieve the objective.
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The presented scientific, theoretical and practical aspects of the topic are considered an important prerequisite for understanding the causes and results of the mass use of the deportation repressive tool in the intensive consolidation of Stalin’s totalitarian regime in “class hostile environment” and the consequences of such a policy for the western region development, particularly at modern stage, including the Ukrainian political nation-building and the independent Ukrainian state, which is now experiencing challenges and threats that are rooted in the totalitarian past. Stalinism, as a particular political regime, was established in the western regions of Ukraine at the final stages of World War II and can be defined as a kind of left extremist totalitarianism. The main components of the efficiency of the Stalinist totalitarian regime based on the mass use of political violence and terror through the branched structure of repressive secret police. Functions of the NKVS, NKVD, prosecutors, and courts followed the strategic objectives of Stalin’s totalitarian regime in a hostile social and national environment in Western Ukraine in the complex military and political conditions of the final phase of World War II. Effective and timely implementation of policy priorities of Stalinism in the region allowed to create an appropriate institutional and procedural system, which was based on the large-scale use of political violence and employed such characteristic tools as terror, repression, deportation.
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