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The article discusses the problem the mass settlement in Gdańsk, which in the first years after the end of WWII started a new period in the history of the city. For the majority of Poles Gdańsk was a Polish city, which should belong to Poland. That is why it was often chosen as the destination for migrations. The article presents the organizational foundations of the settlement action, its course and the dynamics of the process of populating the city in the first post-war years. Apart from indicating the centres of the authority and institutions involved in the settlement process in Gdańsk, the article presents factors affecting the settlement potential in the city. One of the most important questions was the search for rooms and flats for Polish settlers and chaos resulting from the fact of various housing committees competing for dwellings for their workers. The last part of the article shows the dynamics of the settlement in terms of the statistical development and the territorial origin of Gdansk inhabitants.
More...Ein Überblick
The article presents the history and achievements of the Polish-Scandinavian Institute in Copenhagen. Its history is connected with the history of the Polish emigration during WWII and afterwards. As early as 1939 the historian Oskar Halecki set up the Polish University in Exile. In 1952 this university received full academic rights. In connection with the significant number of postwar Polish emigrants in Scandinavian countries, particularly after 1956 and 1968, there appeared an idea to establish a scientific institute there. Eventually, the decision to set up such an institute in Copenhagen was made. In 1971 the Scientific-Research Laboratory was set up, which two years later was connected with the Polish University in Exile. The day of 3 October 1985 is the official date of the establishment of the Polish-Scandinavian Institute. At present, it consists of fifteen ordinary members and ten correspondence members. It deals with the research on the historical and cultural connections between Poland and Scandinavia. The Institute gives awards and medals for the research conducted in this field; it organizes conferences and prepares publications.
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At the beginning of the German occupation in the territories incorporated into the Third Reich all the Polish orphanages and childcare centres became administered by the German authorities. It was in accordance with the incentives included in the book prepared by the Political-Racial Bureau in November 1939 titled The question of the treatment of the population from the former Polish territories from the racial-political point of view, which recommended that racially valuable children should be exempted from resettlements and should be brought up in the Reich in special educational centres which followed the model of the House of Orphans in Potsdam. On 9 September 1939 Wejherowo was taken over by German soldiers from the 207th Infantry Division of Tiedemann, the 32nd Regiment of Grenzwache von Bothmer, the SS Battalion – Heimwehr Danzig of Major von Rittberg and the 5th Cavalry Regiment of Diener. The Wejherowo land became part of the Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. The occupying forces took over the buildings of the pre-war Centre for Social Care and the Primary School for the Deaf and Mute in Wejherowo, which are now situated at 279 Jana Sobieskiego street (at that time: Adolf-Hitler-Strasse). The buildings served as accommodation for the military units. Buildings no. 2 and no.4 along with the farm were not utilised. The German administration set up the Educational Centre called “Erziehungsanstalt Neustadt” for Polish and German boys aged 4 to 16 in the dormitory and school buildings. Polish children came from the territories of the former Pomeranian province – Bydgoszcz, Grudziądz, Toruń, Gdynia, Starogard Gdański and Kartuzy. The number of children of Polish nationality who stayed in the educational centre in Wejherowo amounted to 101 boys 9 according to the data of 31 April 1940). During their stay in the centre in Wejherowo boys were supervised by German teachers or local Kashubians. From time to time children were sent to nearby farms to help in agricultural works. In 1943 the decision was made to liquidate the centre gradually. Thirtyone boys were transported to the camp for children in Łodź in Przemysłowa street. During the evacuation of the centre some children escaped to their family homes. The remaining children were placed by the Polish authorities in childcare centres as victims of the war. Once their identity had been established, they were sent to their family homes. Orphans were placed in orphanages and childcare centres.
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Dana 5. lipnja 2001. godine u Zlatnoj dvorani Hrvatskog instituta za povijest, austrijska povjesničarka dr. Daniela Claudia Angetter održala je predavanje pod nazivom «Medical treatment and medical experiments in the concentration camp Dachau».
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The common standpoint that during the WWII there were 17 Partisan divisions from the territory of today's Republic of Croatia the author disputes and holds that the 9th Dalmatian division cannot be counted as one but two divisions. The problem of counting the divisions increases the amount of Dalmatian brigades from 14 to 17. A further problem is the 3rd Assault Division that had been "remembered" in the historiography of the ex-Yugoslavia as Montenegrin, even though it had never been officially called so. The first formation of the Division, from the establishment in November 1942 to the split-up in June, 1943 at Sutjeska, consisted of a Croatian majority. Only the second formation of the Division could be held in Montenegrin. This was of course not sufficient for the broadening of the national or the territorial definition for the military path of the 3rd Assault Division of the first formation. The remaining two Partisan infantry divisions, the 1st and the 2nd Proletarian, which did not have a national-territorial definition, had in particular periods of its existence a percentage of Croats that varied between 20 to 50 percent, mostly in 1943. The final conclusion is that on the territory of the Republic of Croatia here were 18 divisions, of which 16 survived until the end of the war, while one existed only for a short period of time, and another one was abolished just before the end of the war. Apart from two divisions, the others were fighting on the territory of the Independent Stale of Croatia (NDH) so that they kept a constant majority of Croatian citizens. Two divisions had been outside Croatia, so that they changed their national and territorial composition.
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Review of: Mark Stefan Peters - ALBERT PETHÖ, AGENTEN FÜR DEN DOPPELADLER: ÖSTERREICH-UNGARNS GEHEIMER DIENST IM I. WELTKRIEG (ŠPIJUN ZA DVOGLAVOG ORLA - AUSTROUGARSKA TAJNA SLUŽBA U SVJETSKOM RATU), STOCKER, GRAZ 1998., 448 STR. (Njemački)
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Review of: Davor Kovačić - JOSIP JURČEVIĆ; NASTANAK JASENOVAČKOG MITA: PROBLEMI PROUČAVANJA ŽRTAVA DRUGOG SVJETSKOG RATA NA PODRUČJU HRVATSKE, Zagreb 1998., 202 str.
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During the Third Reich many German physicians supported the Nazis. Physicians took part in torture and killing of the enemies of the Nazi regime. Killing of the mentally disabled persons was a common practice. Concentration camps internees were used for medical experiments and were often tortured to death in process. The aim of the experiments was to improve the medical treatment of the German soldiers and to help them survive at the battlefield. But the results of the experiments were either well-known or totally useless. In the concentration camps ill or injured internees were not medically treated. Either they recovered on their own or they died. Hygienic conditions in the camps were deplorable. Water was scarce and unclean, lice and fleas infested the crowded barracks and thousands of people died of typhus or other infections without receiving any medical help. No matter, how tired, weak or ill internees were, they had to hide it they wanted to survive.
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Izjava Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti o stručnoj vrijednosti rada ing. Vladimira Žerjavića.
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Based on available published and unpublished archival sources of Yugoslav and Soviet origin, as well as relevant historiographical and memoir literature, the paper analyzes the historical circumstances and motives that led to the opening of Yugoslav–Soviet trade negotiations in early May 1940. The course of the talks in Moscow, the character of the concluded agreement, and the scope of mutual trade relations until the outbreak of the Second World War in Yugoslavia, in April 1941, are highlighted. The reactions of the interested great powers—particularly Germany, Italy and Great Britain — to the Yugoslav–Soviet economic and political rapprochement are also presented. The paper contains the author’s assessment of the importance of economic negotiations as an introduction to the complete normalization of Yugoslav–Soviet relations.
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Very few historical moments are inevitable. However, the generalized war that shook the foundations of Europe again, represented, apparently paradoxically, the favorable context for some people to fully realize that everyday experience – regardless of the rhythm of their lives – only makes sense if it shapes them spiritually. Among them was also Sandu Tudor, who, at the end of the Second World War, sharpened his need to consolidate the contents of the assimilated orthodox mystical tradition, which was, in his vision, an efficient way of preserving humanity. It is well-known that the proclamation of the Romanian communist state was equivalent to the introduction of the new wave of repression against the Orthodox believers and, in particular, the mystics, so that in 1948 it resulted in the arrest of many members of the Rugul Aprins (The Burning Bush), especially among the students. In these circumstances, wishing to keep them from the roll of the anticipated communist oppression, Patriarch Justinian ordered, after 1948, the removal of Fathers Benedict Ghiuș, Sofian Boghiu and Arsenie Papacioc, but also of the founder of the Rugul Aprins – Sandu Tudor, a fact which did not escaped the watchful eye of the Securitatea (Security). In this context, as the world became more and more feared because the atheist communist offensive against the Church slowly became visible, Monk Agaton Tudor, becoming the abbot of the Crasna Monastery, continued his spiritual mission, credibly pleading (hence the popularity) for a doctrine other than the accepted one (communist ideology).
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The 8th Cavalry Regiment was a traditional unit in the Romanian army, established on July 1st, 1872. The unit was involved in all the military events from the late 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, the conduct of the officers and soldiers always being beyond reproach. However, in June 1940, the Regiment experienced a very painful moment, triggered by the withdrawal from Bessarabia, as a result of Romania’s acceptance of the Soviet ultimatums. Despite being prepared to fight back, the Regiment received the order to retreat to the West of Prut River and not to open fire against the Soviet troops, who constantly harassed the Romanian troops. The men of the 8th Cavalry Regiment have endured three days of humiliations and the morale deteriorated visibly. The question on everyone’s minds was why were they not allowed to fight back, to resist, to defend their honour.
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On the basis of bibliometric analysis of the flow of Lithuanian Marxist philosophy texts, the article presents panoramic view of the scope, development and examined problems of this philosophy. Lithuanian Marxism structure of problematics is displayed by classifying the texts in accordance with Marxist philosophy nomenclature, also specified by particular problems. Official construct of Soviet Marxist philosophy, which is similar to textbook-like limitations, is concisely reconstructed. It is detailed according to specific problems, the predominant and peripheral problems are identified. Marxism synchronous panoramic outlook of Lithuania is supplemented by diachronic section – quantity and problematic dynamics are shown, also attempts to identify development tendencies are made. The process of specialisation in Marxist philosophy (fragmentation into separate disciplines) has been analysed.
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