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Политическая деятельность Мустафы Чокая в период эмиграции в Франции

Author(s): AIGUL KISTAUBAYEVA / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2020

Mustafa Chokai was the leader and creator of the first emigration Turkestan center in Paris. His goal was the creation of independent national statehood in Turkestan. Mustafa Chokai fought for the freedom of the Kazakh, Uzbek and other Turkic peoples, made every effort to reveal to the world public the hidden sides of the policy of the Bolsheviks in Soviet Russia in relation to non-Russian peoples. The creation of the Turkestan Legion from prisoners of war during World War II is associated with the name of Mustafa Chokai. It is the works of Mustafa Chokai that give an objective description of these processes, which have seriously damaged the historical consciousness of the people. For this reason, the need to study the political science heritage of Mustafa Chokai is a need of the time. Of greatest interest to historians is the mushroom of political activity of Mustafa Chokai in the ranks of the anti-Bolshevik movement "Prometheus", uniting in Europe the heads of national autonomies defeated by the Red Army from 1917 to 1921. The ideology of the Promethean movement was directed towards the formation of peoples fighting for national self-determination civic culture. The study revealed archival materials relating to the political activities of Mustafa Chokai in France

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ტანას (ატენის) ხეობის მოსახლეობის დინამიკა (დემოგრაფიული, ეთნიკური და სოციალური ცვლილებები)

Author(s): Ioseb Alimbarashvili / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 3/2020

The history of Ateni Gorge, one of the strategic places of Georgia and Shida Kartli and the dynamics of it’s population over the centuries have been studied in the article according to the archival documents and narrative sources.Tana Basin is located in the central part of the northern slope of the Trialeti Range, between the Trialeti, Satskhenisi and Tsereteli ridges. Tana starts at the east of Jamjama Mountain and joins the Mtkvari from the right at the intersection of Gori and Khidistavi.Traces of the first inhabitants of the Tana Gorge can already be seen from the Middle Bronze-Late Bronze Age. The "Tana Gorge" was already known in the IV-VII centuries and was included in the administration of Spaspeti.In addition to strategic locations, fertile lands, forests and pastures, the road from the ShidaKartli to KvemoKartli, Armenia and Meskhet-Javakheti through the Kldekari Saeristavo passed through the Tana Gorge. There were plenty of tax collections coming through Ateni road and this was the reason why the royal court or other feudal lords were interested in its economic benefit.The Tana Gorge has been owned by the Georgian Royal Court and the Church for centuries, but at different times the the Baghvashes, the Tsitsishvils, the Orbelians, the Eristavs and others had large estates here. In the 10th century, the "country of Ateni" was owned by the most powerful feudal house of the Bagvashes but the first king of the united Georgia, Bagrat III, confiscated the fortress of Ateni from the Bagvashes and took possession of it.The Bagvashes did not give up the strategic Gorge without a fight, but were eventually defeated by the Royal Court.A number of inscriptions of the AteniSioni indicate the large-scale construction of the city at the initiative of Bagrat IV in the X-XI centuries in the "country" of Ateni. In these inscriptions"borders," " making riverbed" and other actions are mentioned.Ateni became even more important during the reign of David the Builder. The Royal wealth was kept here.The Ateni and Tana Gorge have since been the subject of constant attention and care from the Bagrations.At the end of the XVIII century, thanks to the constant invasions of the Leks, the population in the Ateni Gorge was catastrophically reduced and it was repopulated only in the 1920s.

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Jakub Hauser, Věra Velemanová (eds.), Osudy exulantů z území bývalého Ruského impéria v meziválečném Československu

Author(s): René Andrejs / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2019

The review of: Příběhy exilu: Osudy exulantů z území bývalého Ruského impéria v meziválečném Československu. Jakub Hauser, Věra Velemanová (eds.). Památník národního písemnictví, Praha, 2018, 335 s., ISBN: 978-80-87376-49-2.

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Noël, Marie – Mugnier, Abbé (2017), J’ai bien souvent de la peine avec Dieu. Correspondance

Author(s): Jan Zatloukal / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2020

The review of: Noël, Marie – Mugnier, Abbé (2017), J’ai bien souvent de la peine avec Dieu. Correspondance (établie et présentée par Xavier Galmiche), Paris : Les Éditions du Cerf, 406 p.

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საქართველოს დამფუძნებელი კრების წინასაარჩევნო კამპანია

Author(s): Otar Janelidze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 6/2021

The main task of the Constituent Assembly was to determine the state system of the First Republic of Georgia, develop and approve the main law of the country - the Constitution. The Regulations for Elections of the Constituent Assembly provided for the election of 130 deputies through general, equal, secret and direct elections on the basis of proportional representation. Citizens of both sexes of the Republic had the right to vote from the age of 20. Elections were scheduled for February 14-16, 1919. The whole of Georgia was declared one constituency and the number of the electorate was determined - 876 910 voters. The Central Election Commission (chaired by the Social Democrat Alexander Lomtatidze), city, uyezd, village and precinct election commissions have been created. Fifteen parties, unions and groups were registered to participate in the elections, among which, in addition to Georgian political parties, there were also ethnic minority organizations living in Georgia. In total, the number of candidates on the lists of electoral subjects exceeded 550, including 26 women.

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დეკანოზ ნიკიტა თალაკვაძის თვალით დანახული ბოლშევიზმი საქართველოში

Author(s): Sergo Vardosanidze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 7/2022

Three historical events were significantly important for the history of Georgia in the first half of the 20th century. 1. The restoration of autocephaly of the Georgian apostolic orthodox church (March 12, 1917). 2. the establishment of Tbilisi State University (February 8, 1918); 3. The declaration of the state independence of Georgia (May 26, 1918). The archpriest Nikita Talakvadze was one of the ecclesiastic individuals, who took an active part in these processes. He had completed the higher ecclesiastical education, was distinguished orator and the tireless propagandist for the freedom of the homeland and the mother church. He was the deserving companion-in-arms of the catholicospatriarch Kyrion of Georgia, he criticized all the enmities, that took place in the affairs of the newlyexempted church. He has written the vast number of notes about both — the religious and secular life. It is noteworthy to mention the political history of Georgia in 1917-1932 written by him, describing the democratic republic of Georgia as well as the Bolshevistic occupation rule, political repressions, about the attitude of the Bolsheviks regarding the principles of the national and state regulations against the Georgian national interest of the Georgian people. The author was bravely unmasking so called Soviet experiments: collectivization, industrialization, cultural revolution, he is demonstrating the internal conflicts and violence of the occupational authorities, the destructive results of the aggressive atheistic policy that lead to the Georgian church in the ruined condition. The writings of the archpriest Nikita Talakvadze is the precious source for the history of Georgia in the first half of the 20th century.

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REPRESENTATIVES OF NATIONAL MINORITIES IN THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY OF GEORGIA (1919-1921)

Author(s): Malkhaz Matsaberidze,Tamar Orjonikidze,Natia Zedginidze / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2022

The article deals with the activities of the representatives of national minorities in the Constituent Assembly of Georgia based on the analysis of the documents reflecting the elections of the Constituent Assembly (1919), stenographic records of the sessions of the Constituent Assembly (1919- 1921) and those-days Georgian press and archival materials. The government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia granted a wide-range of rights to national minorities and tried to integrate them into the newly created state. In this respect the activities of the ruling political party – the Social Democratic Workers’ Party of Georgia – had a tremendous significance, which, through its party list guaranteed representation of almost all national minorities in the Constituent Assembly of Georgia. On the bases of analysis of biographies their future fate in the emigration or under the Bolshevik repressions is highlighted.

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100 de ani de la instaurarea administrației românești în comitatul Satu Mare. Digitalizare și editare de documente

Author(s): Claudiu Porumbăcean,Paula Virag / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2022

During 2018-2019, Satu Mare County Museum, in partnership with National Archives of Romania - Satu Mare County Office, carried out a project to identify and digitize documents related to the national struggle of Romanians in Satu Mare County area, but also to establish the Romanian administration in this region. A large number of documents related to the organization of the delegations attending the Great National Assembly, the period of the Hungarian Directorate of Satu Mare County, the entry of the Romanian Army and the release of these regions from the leadership of the Hungarian Bolsheviks, the organization of the military and civil administration, the taking the oath towards the Romanian state of the Hungarian officials, the economic and financial problems experienced by the new administration, the establishment of the border between Romania and Hungary or Romania and Czechoslovakia, which directly influenced the Satu Mare county. There are official documents of the Romanian or Hungarian civil and military authorities and personal documents (letters, telegrams, journals, memories, notes etc.). The digitized documents are part of the cultural heritage of the Satu Mare County Museum, of the National Archives of Romania - Satu Mare County Office, the National Archives of Romania from Maramureș and the National Central Historic Archives. The entire collective of the History Department of Satu Mare County Museum was involved, supported by the colleagues from the National Archives of Romania - Satu Mare County Office.

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Școala Românească în Timpul Guvernării Legionare. Ministeriatul Lui Traian Brăileanu. Secvențe

Author(s): Cristian Sandache / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 41/2022

The article presents some aspects of the activity of Traian Brăileanu (1882-1947), in his capacity as Minister of National Education, during the short period of the legionary government in Romania. As in the case of the other ministries they held, the representatives of the local Extreme Right tried to apply in reality, their own nationalist ideology, with radical accents. Anti-Semitism was one of the hallmarks of the legionary government. Traian Brăileanu's mandate was no exception.

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Establishment and Activity of the Jewish Marine School for Officers in Civitavecchia (1934–1938) in the Pages of the Revisionist Zionist Press

Author(s): Jarosław Drozd / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The Jewish Marine School was established in 1934, with the consent of Benito Mussolini, on the basis of the Italian Naval School for Officers in Civitavecchia. It was set up on the initiative of Beitar, a Revisionist Zionist movement led by Vladimir Jabotinsky. The three courses organised by the main lecturer, Capt. Nicola Fusco and the head of the Maritime Department of the World Beitar Headquarters, Capt. Yirmeyahu Halperin, were attended by 17 to 23-year-old cadets from Europe (mainly Poland, Czechoslovakia, Latvia and Germany) as well as Palestine and Africa (Egypt, Somalia and Rhodesia). Despite suggestions from Beitar leaders not to interfere with local fascist politics, the cadets expressed public support for Benito Mussolini’s regime by marching alongside Italian soldiers and supporting the Italo-Abyssinian war as well as collecting scrap metal for the Italian arms industry. They saw Italian nationalism as a perfect contemporary example of a formerly great culture gradually regaining its role in the world through the affirmation of national power and pride. In January 1938, the training ship “Sara I,” a four-master purchased with the funds obtained from “Keren Tel Hai” and a private donation of the Kirschners from Paris, entered the Haifa port, and its crew then visited Tel Aviv, officially greeted by Mayor Israel Rokach. On the way back, off the coast of Corsica, the vessel sank, and this catastrophe largely contributed to the closure of the school just before the start of the fourth course. In the years 1934–1938, the institution educated nearly 150 graduates (seamen, mechanics and fishermen). In addition to the school in Civitavecchia, Beitar also established a smaller educational facility in Riga, which offered courses to local Revisionist Zionists on the training vessel “Theodor Herzl.” The ship made cruises on the Baltic Sea, touching in, among others, at the ports in Wismar and Gdynia.

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Освітнє питання в діяльності німецьких депутатів у парламенті Другої Речі Посполитої (1928—1930)

Author(s): Oksana Ruda,Oleh Pikh / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 17/2022

The article examines the specific features of the activities of German Members of Parliament (MPs) in the Parliament of the Second Polish Republic in the years 1928—1930 (second term of office), which were directed at defending the right to education for Germans, creation of legal grounds for the opening of German-language schools as a guarantee of the national identity preservation. German MPs defended their voters’ educational rights during parliamentary speeches, debates on education, and language-based conflicts, interpellations, and protests. German politicians tried to improve the situation of schooling for Germans by introducing legislative initiatives, inquiries, and interpellations, which raised such important issues as adoption of educational legislation in consultation with minorities, to expand the network of German-language schools, and to provide conditions for their unimpeded activities, stopping persecution of teachers. Their legislative initiative was often supported by Ukrainian and Jewish politicians, deputies from the leftwing Polish parties of the Sejm who advocated securement for children’s learning of their mother tongue. German deputies joined in providing Germans with fundamental rights guaranteed by domestic law and international agreements.

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Znaczenie sporu polsko-litewskiego dla bezpieczeństwa II RP w latach 1919-1922. Wybrane przejawy (cz. 2)

Author(s): Tomasz Landmann / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2022

Celem artykułu jest określenie i scharakteryzowanie kluczowych przesłanek świadczących o tym, że implikacje sporu polsko-litewskiego wpłynęły w latach 1919-1922 w sposób niekorzystny na bezpieczeństwo odrodzonego państwa polskiego. Analizę oparto na materiale archiwalnym zgromadzonym w Archiwum Instytutu Józefa Piłsudskiego w Ameryce, a także na dostępnym piśmiennictwie. Przyjęto tezę, że eskalacja i trwanie sporu polsko-litewskiego wpłynęły niekorzystnie na bezpieczeństwo państwa polskiego w latach 1919-1922. Oddziaływały niekorzystnie na położenie państwa polskiego w różnych dziedzinach przedmiotowych bezpieczeństwa. Zaprezentowane argumenty pozwalają stwierdzić, iż konflikt polsko-litewski oddziaływał w latach 1919-1922 na różne przedmiotowe sfery bezpieczeństwa II RP. Wpływał niekorzystnie na bezpieczeństwo wewnętrzne i zewnętrze państwa. Dotyczył zagrożeń militarnych w związku z działaniami armii litewskiej i doraźnie organizowanych oddziałów partyzanckich, a także sprowadzał się do licznych zagrożeń pozamilitarnych. [The aim of the article is to define and characterize the key premises proving that the implications of the Polish-Lithuanian dispute in 1919-1922 adversely affected the security of the reborn Polish state. The analysis was based on archival material collected in the Archives of the Józef Piłsudski Institute in America, as well as on the available literature.It was accepted that the escalation and continuation of the Polish-Lithuanian dispute had a negative impact on the security of the Polish state in the years 1919-1922. It adversely affected the position of the Polish state in various security areas.The arguments presented allow us to state that the Polish-Lithuanian conflict in 1919-1922 affected various security areas of the Second Polish Republic. It has adversely affected both the internal security and external security of the state. It concerned military threats in connection with the activities of the Lithuanian army and temporarily organized partisan units as well as boiled down to numerous non-military threats.]

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Influenţa Marii Uniri asupra evoluţiei constituţionale a României

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Influenţa Marii Uniri asupra evoluţiei constituţionale a României

Author(s): Ioan Vida,Ioana-Cristina Vida / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 04/2018

The influence of the Great Union on the constitutional evolution of Romania aims to highlight the historical episodes that caused the appearance or revision of the Romanian constitutions. The 1859 Unification of the Romanian Principalities and the Great Union of 1918, through territorial and demographic changes, generated the Constitution of 1866 and 1923. The 1938 Constitution and the communist constitutions were the result of ideological impulses, and the 1991 Constitution emerged under the revolutionary impulse triggered by the 1989 Revolution.

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Jewish Political Life in Poland on the Eve of the Second World War

Author(s): Antony Polonsky / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2022

The increasingly critical situation of the Jewish minority and the bankruptcy of the previously dominant political orientations within the Jewish community created a new set of opportunities for a group, the General Jewish Workers’ Alliance, or Bund which had played only a marginal role in both Polish and Jewish politics between 1920 and 1935. The growing strength of the Bund was clearly evident in the municipal elections of late 1938 and early 1939 which saw it emerge as the largest Jewish party in towns such as Warsaw, Łódź, Vilna and Białystok. This article seeks to evaluate the Bund’s reaction to its heightened importance in Jewish politics in Poland.

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Iubire, trădări, vitriol

Author(s): Simona Preda / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2023

A scrie despre relația de iubire dintre un bărbat și o femeie – chiar și atunci când protagoniștii sunt celebri — reprezintă o încercare aproape imposibilă. Și poate nici reală — în accepțiunea obișnuită a termenului. E cât se poate de dificil să reconstitui stări și sentimente care au legat cândva afectiv doi oameni. O viață – prin acțiunile ei, prin documentele lăsate de indivizi, prin însemnări sau corespondențe – poate fi reconstituită faptic. Trăirile unui om însă, vor fi întotdeauna pentru un istoric, situate într-un registru în care speculația – onestă, de altfel, cu sursele pe masă - va fi cea care va conduce discursul.

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The Cultural and Nationalising Mission of Kindergarten Teachers in Southern Dobruja, 1914-1940

Author(s): Maria Camelia Zavarache / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Public Education was an essential feature of nation-building throughout Europe during the 19th century. Nationalising states designed school policies to transform peasants into nationals and citizens. However, kindergartens were primarily urban institutions. One of their goals was to teach young children modern languages. At the beginning of the 20th century, Romanian elites started to create and adjust them to nationalise Dobruja and Cadrilater, the two provinces integrated into the Old Kingdom. Both regions were ethnically diverse. In localities primarily inhabited by a minority population, the purpose of kindergartens was to spread the Romanian language and national culture. This article focuses on the national integration of South Dobruja through public kindergartens. It also examines the professional path of teachers serving in these regions until the end of the 1940s. Finally, the paper follows teachers’ interaction with the locals and their efforts to mediate between the pedagogical and national aims of Greater Romania and the local interests that sometimes collide with the state school policies.

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The Puppet and the Puppeteer: Deconstructing the Historiography on King Carol II and Miron Cristea, the Romanian Orthodox Patriarch

Author(s): Ion Popa / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Miron Cristea was one of the most important and influential political actors in interwar Romania. He became the first patriarch of the Orthodox Church (1925), a member of the Regency (1927-1930), and was prime minister of Romania from February 1938 until his passing on 6 March 1939. Most historiography on that era overlooks Cristea’s power and influence, being focused primarily on the Iron Guard and on several political players, such as King Carol II, Armand Călinescu, Corneliu Codreanu, or Iuliu Maniu. This article traces the origins of this minimisation, unearthing evidence of a process started in the 1970s. It deconstructs the various layers of history writing about Carol II’s regime, examining communist and post-communist motivations behind the focus on some players (such as the king, his mistress – Elena Lupescu, or the royal camarilla) and the deliberate forgetting of others, including Miron Cristea. Historiography on Carol II and the royal dictatorship has seen some changes since communist times, some of them analysed here, but the writing on Miron Cristea has remained, for several reasons, largely unchallenged.

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Sociologia proastei guvernări în România interbelică. BOGDAN BUCUR

Author(s): Petru Negură / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2022

Review of: BOGDAN BUCUR, Sociologia proastei guvernări în România interbelică. București: RAO, 2019, 728 pp.

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„Stworzyć tu naprawdę śliczną a bogatą kolonię polską”. Polskie międzywojenne opisywanie Peru

Author(s): Mikołaj Paczkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2021

The article shows how Polish authors described Peru in the inter war period (1918–1939) and what influenced their writing. Most of the texts on Peru were written in the years 1928–1933 and were related to the idea of creating Polish colonies for emigrants in this country. The books of Kazimierz Warchałowski, Michał Pankiewicz and Mieczysław Lepecki were propaganda works. Their goal was to encourage Polish farmers to leave,which is why they depicted Peru in an idealized way. There are also texts criticizing the plan of establishing colonies, in which life in Peru is shown more realistically. The exception is Arkady Fiedler’s travel book, in which the author tries to fashion himself as an exceptional traveler-explorer. For this reason, he describes Peru as an unknown and dangerous place

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Būsto modernėjimas ir urbanistinis planavimas Vilniuje 1919-1943 metais

Author(s): Marija Drėmaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 50/2022

Housing modernization played a key role in interwar European urban planning, as it was used to build a new type of healthy and comfortable residential area. This question is also relevant in the case of the city of Vilnius, since from 1919 to 1939 the area of the city did not increase – its limits covered an area of 10 400 hectares, which was approved in 1919. This means that the modernization of housing and related urban planning in Vilnius had to take place in a different way than it had in the rapidly growing cities of East Central Europe, where the growth of a city’s area was stimulated by newly built residential suburbs. In this paper, residential architecture of Vilnius in 1919–1943 is studied based on the theory of housing-based urban planning formulated by Yael Alweill and Noa Zemer. Through an examination of how the Greater Vilnius Master Plan (1936–1939) was prepared, the research follows how the construction of modern housing affected urban planning and functional zoning.

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