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The author follows institutional steps which preceded the rise of the first Slovak professional art institution – the Slovak National Theatre (1920). Having done research into primary sources, he revises some surviving legends surrounding the rise of the Slovak National Theatre, a result of the Czechoslovakist perception of development in the 20th century and a cult regarding Ján Borodáč as the first Slovak theatre professional. The author focuses especially on particular activities of Vavro Šrobár, a minister fully empowered to govern Slovakia (and at the same time Minister of Health of the Czechoslovak Republic), which resulted in his decision to engage Bedřich (Friederich) Jeřábek’s theatre company in Bratislava, where it operated under the name of the Slovak National Theatre. Activities related to the rise of the professional theatre are followed against the backdrop of turbulent developments in 1918 – 1920.
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The period the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926) spent in Dorpat (today Tartu) (1886–1891) had a great effect on his further career as a psychiatrist and psychologist and has been studied and written about in detail (Steinberg, Angermeyer 2001, Engstrom, Weber 2005, Engstrom, Engler 2015, Allik 2016, Engstrom 2016). Kraepelin described the life in Dorpat in his memoirs (Kraepelin 1987), where it follows that before going to Dorpat, he did not know that Germans were in a minority in the Baltic provinces of the Russian empire. Nor did he know anything about the local political atmosphere and what attitude to take towards it as a national of the German state. In 2003, a special book, “Emil Kraepelin in Dorpat, 1886–1891” (Burgmair, Engstrom, Hirschmüller, Weber, 2003), based on the sources available in the Estonian archives was published, which is a valuable addition to the personal memories of Kraepelin. However, it was very difficult for the authors of the book, historians of psychiatry, to estimate the role of Dorpat in the life of Kraepelin. The few Baltic German studies they used (Gernet 1902, Tobien 1930) and memoirs (Hoerschelmann 1926, Hueck-Dehio 1953) do not provide an objective picture of the tense situation in Dorpat on the eve of Russification, the more so that the subject of those sources was quite different. The aim of this article is to shed light on the political atmosphere surrounding Kraepelin in Dorpat and his reactions to it.
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Christian Rakovsky still remains one of the most important leaders of the Romanian socialism and also of the global communism established as a consequence of the Bolshevik Revolution of October 1917. The goal of this paper is to add new information to his biography and actions as a socialist militant and to see how and why he took further steps from socialism to communism. This research is based mostly on primary sources, the most important being a special file on him made by the Romanian Directorate of Police and General Security (Siguranţa) which contains unpublished archival documents from the Romanian National Archives, regarding his actions in Romania and towards the Romanian Government in the before and aftermath of the Bolshevik Revolution. Although a Romanian citizen, after the start of World War I, Rakovsky becomes a fierce adversary of his adoptive country, partly due to the actions performed against him by the Romanian Government before and during the war. This project highlights how he managed, through his actions, to gain the trust and sympathy of the Russian Bolsheviks which saw him as an important actor in their battle against the imperialist Romania who claimed Bessarabia.
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G.A. Dabija (born in Iaşi, on September 20-th 1872 and passed away in Bucharest in 1957) was a hostile element of the communist regime. He was a military attaché to Bulgaria and Serbia (1910-1913). He fought for his country in the battle of Mărăşti (1917) and on the Tisa front (1919) and, as recognition of his contribution in the battle of Mărăşti, he was awarded the rank of General in 1917. G.A. Dabija became known as a military writer, which led to his detention in the communist prisons at Jilava and Văcăreşti (1952-1955). His monumental work in 4 volumes entitled The Romanian Army in The First World War(1916-1918) was published between 1928 and 1937. He was director general of the Society of Mărăşti, that the objective was building of Mărăşti Mausoleum dedicated to the heroes who sacrificed their lives to the accomplishment of the national unity ideal.
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In the article the source study analysis journal of the Kazan Theological Academy student Alexander P. Kastorsky "Notes on travel to the sacred places of the East." It was published in the "Kostroma diocese statements" in the years 1909-1912. The author left the colorful image of religious sites, and the nature of the population of Syria, Palestine, and Athos, emphasized the role of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society in organizing pilgrimages to the Holy Land. The study showed that the description of foreign lands in the source of personal origin is through the prism of the civilization, culture and religion, which was brought up by the author. The perception of an unknown world for the pilgrim was the result not only of its development, but also its identity as a distinct and Russian Orthodox. When compared with other land and other nations and religions all his perceived to be the best, it is clearly seen in the diary records almost daily. The image of the "other" or "alien" as an antagonist of Russian Orthodox person is constantly present in the pages of memoirs and diaries of Russian pilgrims to Palestine.
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The years 1905-1907 are an important period in the history of Russia, and Taken Lands as well. After the manifesto of October 17th (30) X 1905 the Russifying pressure towards the Poles, Lithuanians, Belarusians and Jews was diminished. Publication of temporary regulations on associations, unions, and meetings, on 4th (17) III 1906. allowed for easier registration and foundation of various social organizations and associations, including the charity. Polish newspapers described this announcement in Vilnius. In the first part of this article I discuss the following organizations: Towarzystwo Opieki nad Dziećmi (free dinners); Kuratorium Miejskie nad Biednymi and its sections: Help for Pilgrims; Fuel Committee; Section of Cheap Dinners, Labour Exchange. The institution, being under the care of the clergy was Saint Vincent a Paulo Orphanage.
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The article discusses the prerevolutionary history of reception of image of the “Russian bear” in Russia. The author points out that the image was negative in years the Crimean War and ambivalent in the revolution 1905 – 07, but during World War I (pre-February period) the figure of “Russian bear” served as a patriotic symbol.
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The article examines the role of an individual representative of provincial intellectuals in the public life of a large industrial city. The key figure of the article is Sergey Smirnov, who had for decades played a significant role in the public life of Ivanovo-Voznesensk. The author describes his work in the local branch of the Russian technical society and in the public library and his publishing activities as a founder of the first local newspaper.
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The represented analysis of the Urals image formation in the Urals travelogue of the late XVIIIth – the early XXth allows the researches dealing with the problems of a territory image construction to focus on the questions of the genre, stylistic and structural particularity of the texts involved in the creation of local senses. In our case, the most important factor of the Urals image formation is a special genre mission of the travelogue designed to build the semantic and syntactic connections of the area. Mapping of the most famous Urals travelogues shows the relation between the road structure of a journey and the image of the area given in the description.
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The article reflects the participation of the national intelligentsia in social and political life of Egypt in the years of World War I. Noted is the participation of intelligentsia in mobilization of various social groups and classes of the Egyptian society to perform against the English protectorate over Egypt which was followed by the organization of new political parties.
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The object of the article is to overview less known facts concerning the development of weaving in the late 19th and early 20th century, cherishers of weaving, mainly landladies, who established weaving workshops and contributed their efforts to the further development of this traditional trade. Countess Anna Mohl, earlier than other landladies, took interest in weaving art. She founded her first weaving workshop in the native manor of Juozapynė (Józefinów, province of Vitebsk, now Belarus) before 1890. From 1904 existed her second weaving workshop-school in Rzeczica (province of Vitebsk, Belarus). In an attempt to spread out handicrafts in extensive sections of the population, in 1913 Anna Mohl established a weaving workshop-school at boys’ orphanage of Juozapas Montvila in Vilnius (Rasos settlement). The countess played an important part in the popularization national traditions and trades in the culture of that period.After restoration of the independence of Lithuania in 1918, organization of public life and employment of population began. In 1920, Society of Lithuanian Arts Creators organized a workshop of sashes in Skapiškis, which was headed by Vanda Silvestravičaitė – an emancipated and noble public woman who took part in social activities. Traditional Lithuanian sashes, tablecloths, runners, strips of carpets, neck-ties and other textile souvenirs made a great number among the artefacts of the workshop’s produce.In 1919, in the manor of Santekliai (near Viekšniai), a weaving workshop was established by Ona Bagnickaitė (1875– 1941) – the owner of this manor and an artist who studied painting and weaving in Warsaw, Paris and Naugardukas (now Belarus). O. Bagnickaitė created tapestries and decorative textiles decorated by patterns of national character. In the beginning of 1920s, in the Tytuvėnai manor there existed a weaving workshop founded by the artist and landlady Sofija Dembovskytė-Romerienė (1885–1972).The author comes to conclusions that founders of the workshops, with their modern mentality, combined national traditions with the openness of mind and innovations, continuation of traditions and tendencies of the new capitalist age.
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Civil schools in Bosnia and Herzegovina worked by program basis established during the period of Austro-Hungarian rule. They have been establihed exclusively by resolution of Ministry of Education. Political municipalities provided facilities and resources, while teacher's salaries came from the budget of Ministry of Education. Despite the fact that these schools did not fall behind after lower gymnasiums regarding educational plan and possibility to gain basic culture, they did not attract attention, neither that one of authorities, nor the one of wealthy parents. It has been general view that gymnasium opens a path to higher education, while civil school prepares student for production and provides limited possibilites. Students with 4 classes of primary school could enroll in civil school, which lasted for four years. Classes were being held by teachers who had at least 2 years of Higher pedagogical school after finished teacher's school or they had 'special exam for teachers of civil schools'. Many citizens of Tuzla, Mostar and Travnik were not satisfied with the work of civil school so they asked for their reform in memorandums. Demands of citizens were only partially fulfilled , so civil schools countinued to operate as leading circles envisioned. Civil schools in Bosnia and Herzegovina employed teachers with different level of education.There were thsoe with finished Higher pedagogical school, but also those with finished teacher's or other faculty. Several civil schools employed instructors titled teachers of elementary school, and teachers of handicraftand music. Many teachers of civil schools were actively involved in work of cultural and humanitariansocieties, contributing to further development of the society.
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The article shows the features of emergence and activity of the Union of the unions and the professional and political unions of the intelligentsia and employees in 1905—1907 in Russia, the evolution of their political platform from liberalism to revolution, relationship of these unions with cadet and socialist-revolutionary parties and with Bolsheviks, the significance of the intelligentsia unions.
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The article analyzes social and political views of A. P. Chekhov. It is noted that the writer assigns a special role in the state construction to the intelligentsia professing philosophy of duty, work and creativity.
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The traditions of organ playing in the second half of the 19th century can be characterized by a difference between musicians in big cities, who played a rather difficult repertoire, and in small towns.The organ as an instrument did not play such an important role in Catholic Church as in Protestant churches of Lithuania. Thus the organ playing traditions in Lithuania in the second half of the 19th century were not developed to such a high level as in other Baltic States.The traditions of professional organ playing in Lithuania were developed late in the 19th century, when the Lithuanian composer Juozas Naujalis came back to his native land after his studies in Warsaw.The repertoire of the Lithuanian organists Jonas Žukas, Zigmas Aleksandravičius, Konradas Kaveckas consisted of romantic and impressionistic music by German, French, Italian, Polish and Lithuanian composers. The main part of the repertoire of these Lithuanian organists consisted of their own interpretations, which were performed in their own original style.A new generation of famous organists-teachers was trained at the Kaunas Conservatoire (1933-1949). Their professional level exceeded the fundamentals of playing the organ in church. The playing of the organ was based on the European traditions of interpretation which became popular in Lithuania.
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Customs duty constituted one of the public tributes regulating international trade after regaining independence by Poland in 1918. The independent character of the customs duty was emphasised not only by the character of the regulations in customs law, but also by the existence of a specialised branch of public administration devoted to its collection. Customs duty performed a fiscal function and constituted an instrument of protection against inundation of the Polish market by cheap commodities imported from abroad.
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Field and summary proceedings of the military criminal procedure constitute the most characteristic modes of this particular suit. In these modes, unlike in any other proceedings, it becomes evident how crucial the command factor is for the military judiciary as well as how paramount general prevention is for severe and swift penalisation of criminal activity by the military court. These particular forms of proceedings in the military constitute also an opportunity to present the general rules and solutions for criminal proceedings which are incongruous with the military criminal procedure.The particular character of this kind of military criminal action is also manifested in the fact that it originated in the Polish Army around the time Poland regained independence, and the cases tried in military courts at the time testify to the condition of the resurgent country.
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In historiography, there is an ongoing discussion about the actual range of power of three emperors of the Empire of Japan: Meiji, Taishō and Shōwa (known as Hirohito). The 1889–1945 Constitution formally granted them huge prerogatives. While some historians regard that as fiction, others are ready to treat the three monarchs – and especially Emperor Shōwa – as true dictators. The fragmentary sources suggest that Emperor Meiji had a genuine share in ruling. He served as an arbitrator between the government, the army and the genrō – an unofficial council of “honorable statesmen,” who had the last word. It was possible thanks to the huge personal respect he enjoyed. As a result of his son Emperor Taishō’s illness and dying out of the genrō, the military prerogatives were taken over by the general staffs of the army and navy, formally dependent solely on the ruler. They were counterbalanced by the last living genrō, Prince Saionji, who died in 1940.
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