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Newspapers, either daily or periodic, represent a significant source of study on cultural and entertainment life in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The magazine Pregled dealed with social, economic and cultural issues of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Through our work, we follow the writings on agrarian issues of the magazine Pregled in the first period of his appearance running from 1910 until 1913. Pregled shows an agrarian issue as a crucial one and consequently apporoaches it from all sides. It follows the agrarian events in other countries of Europe, draws parallels, and eventually gives proposals for the same events in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Sighișoara, just like other cities in Transylvania, started the general modernization process since the middle of the 19th century. This process meant, on the one hand, the modernization of the street network. Although this process has led partly to the destruction of some of the medieval vestiges and cobblestone streets, the construction of gutters for rainwater, pavements, and the introduction of public lighting have facilitated communications within the city. This process is indissolubly linked to the modernization of communications to and from the city through cobblestone roads, the establishment of an efficient post office system and the introduction of the telegraph. Besides these, important is also the connection to the railroad in 1872. The old medieval citadel remained from a demographic point of view a medium-sized city. The local transport was provided by carriages and then by three taxis, as well as by the train that served the narrow railway track Sighișoara–Agnita–Sibiu, which had a stop in the central city square starting with 1898. The late introduction of local public transport also relates to the geographical configuration of the old city, which made the introduction of an urban public system possible only in 1957, with the onset of the industrial development during the communist period, when local public transport buses served the industrial platform of the city. These means of transportation received a particular name, namely the rimb, unique to Romanian cities.
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In article the attempt to analyse the Ukrainian-Jewish relations during the marked period in a paradigm of the concrete historical phenomenon - emigration of Ukrainians to the countries of America at the turn of XIX - XX centuries is made. Scientific novelty. Relationship of two peoples - Ukrainian and Jewish - has long and complicated history which needs complex and impartial scientific research. Need of such research is caused not only cognitive interest, but also political relevance. Unfortunately, the wrong or consciously distorted interpretation of the past quite often leads to a complication of the international relations. It is especially dangerous when it results from organized campaigns and appeals, actions of certain people and groups or policy of the governments which is based on ethnic nationalism.
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The administration of the Ottoman Empire in 1876 Kânûn-ı Esâsî (Law Constitution) together with the first general elections was secured by this constitution and the right to be elected and elected to the Ottoman nation. In 1819, general elections were held in 1919 on the basis of the law Constitution, 1908 electoral law, 1919 election decree and election rules. In this context, the elections in 1919 were the subject of agenda in Alemdâr newspaper.
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The purpose of the article is to chronologize the creative way of R. Zakharov on the Kyiv stage and influence of his choreographer's work regarding the formation of the choreographic repertoire of a theater. The methodology of the research is to apply comparative, historical and logical methods, which allows to reveal and analyze the creative job of Rostislav Zakharov, the influence of his work on the development of the Ukrainian ballet theater during the first half of the twentieth century. The scientific novelty of the work is to provide a new assessment of the creative job of the famous choreographer Rostislav Zakharov (1907-1984), which he created during the 1920-1950s (with interruptions) on the stage of the T. Shevchenko Kyiv State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater.
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The article presents Lev Alperovich, a little-known to general public Belarusian painter of the beginning of the 20th century, who was Ivan Trutnev’s student in Vilnius Drawing School and a student of Ilya Repin in the Emperor’s Arts Academy in St. Petersburg. The works of Lev Alperovich that survived after the World War II are kept in the National Art Museum of the Republic of Belarus. The analysis of the painter’s biography and creative heritage reveals a new vector which was gradually emerging in Minsk at the beginning of the 20th century, i.e remoteness from the academic late “peredvizhniki” realism and the ambition to find a niche in the evolving Russian modern style or the European Art Nouveau style and symbolism. Relatively sparse artistic heritage of Alperovich – single and group portraits, genrepainting, every-day life scenes and staffage landscapes – allows the author to single out this painter as a Belarusian painting phenomenon of the 20th century.
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Restoration of Polish independence in November 1918 allowed the initiation of the process of reconstructing state structures. For the reborn state, the restitution of its proper place on the international arena required falling back on multifaceted measures of both political and military nature. The directions of these actions resulted from the current situation in the international milieu, which was primarily analysed from the angle of ensuring security for Poland, both in external and internal aspect. While formulating the assumptions for Polish foreign and military policy, taken primarily into account were the country’s geopolitical situation, its economic and military condition, and also the forecasted developments in the states posing potential threat of war. Improvement of security, especially in the external dimension, was envisaged first and foremost in concluding political and military alliances by the state. Of extremely important role here was diplomacy and military intelligence, which provided continuous inflow of information that greatly facilitated the decision-making process.
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Le franciscain Alojzije Mišić (1859–1942) était évêque des diocèses de Mostar-Duvno et de Trebinje-Mrkanj entre 1912 et 1942. Il est resté en mémoire comme évêque qui a protesté contre les crimes et les meurtres perpétrés par le régime oustachi contre des gens innocents, sans égard à leur appartenance religieuse ou ethnique. Dans ses écrits, il n’épargnait ni les forces militaires partisanes, tchetniks, allemandes ou italiennes à cause de leurs crimes tout aussi graves, qu’elles avaient commis dans le territoire de ses diocèses. Ce travail présente certaines de ses interventions faites en vue de protéger les simples gens, qui ont aussi e plus souffert pendant les conflits de guerre.
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Based on the records in the newspapers of that time and the annual reports of the Austrian Tourist Club (Österreichischer Touristen-Club – ÖTC) from Vienna, the construction of a shelter (in German Schutzhaus) on the Poklon overpass and other supporting facilities used primarily for hikers but also other tourists and travelers via the Poklon overpass are being reconstructed. The construction formed the Poklon overpass as the focal point of events and marked the beginnings of organized tourism on the Učka mountain. The second part of the paper presents the first representations of the Učka, that is, the Poklon overpass and “Schutzhaus” after a period of construction that played a different role – the formation of an image of the Poklon overpass and the Učka mountain traveling around the world. Representations in press, books, photographs and postcards were analyzed. These first representations reflect the increased interest of visitors as well as the tourism and hospitality industry that began to develop on the Učka. The development of the Poklon and the Učka at that time (late 19th and early 20th century) coincides with the population peak in the settlements Vela and Mala Učka. This prosperous period lasted relatively briefly, but the development of the Poklon overpass and the Učka maintained its continuity and thereafter until the Second World War which tragically interrupted it.
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This paper explores the potential and actuality of social violence within the borderlands between Austria-Hungary, Romania and Tsarist Russia, namely the provinces of Transylvania and Bukovina for Austria-Hungary and Bessarabia for the Tsarist Empire, alongside Moldavia and Wallachia, the former Danubian Principalities, which merged to form the Romanian state in 1859. In so doing it proposes a comparative, transnational examination of the ways in which the Jewish question and the peasant question were intertwined in this region and inquires into the causes that led to social unrest and anti-Semitic violence in some provinces but not in others. Given that these borderlands shared striking similarities in terms of patterns of land tenure (mainly dominated by latifundia), ethnic composition, considerable numbers of Jewish population, low levels of development (literacy rates, taxation, investments), the main thrust of the paper is to account for the dissimilarities in social combustibility which affected how the Jewish population fared on the three sides of the border and how rebellious the peasantry was in this region. The paper looks comparatively at the legislative framework of the polities around the triple frontier and the place occupied by the Jewish population in the process of economic modernization and in relation to nation-building.
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U radu su prikazane promjene u kretanju ukupnog broja stanovnika i karakteristike prirodnog kretanja i reprodukcije stanovništva na području općine Srebrenik. Kretanje ukupnog broja stanovnika općine Srebrenik tretirano je kroz popise koji su izvršeni od 1948. do 1991. godine i procjene za period od 1996. do 2008. godine. Od 1948. godine stanovništvo ove općine stalno se povećavalo i do 1991. godine skoro je udvostručeno. Najveća godišnja stopa rasta stanovništva ostvarena je u međupopisnom periodu od 1953 - 1961. godine kada je iznosila 2,0 %. Prema procjeni, u 2008. godini, općina Srebrenik je imala 43.078 stanovnika. U periodu između 1961. i 2008. godine, u općini Srebrenik je izražena tendencija smanjivanja broja živorođene djece i prirodnog priraštaja stanovništva, uz promjenjivo kretanje broja umrlih. Sličan trend imalo je i kretanje stope nataliteta i mortaliteta. U poslijeratnom periodu tj. nakon 1996. godine, opadajuće stope nataliteta i povećanje stopa mortaliteta dovele su do jačeg smanjivanja stope prirodnog priraštaja u općini Srebrenik. Stanovništvo općine Srebrenik danas karakteriše opadajuća reprodukcija tj. reprodukcija koja više ne osigurava generacijsko obnavljanje ukupnog stanovništva.
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The Neuilly Treaty, imposed on Bulgaria by the victors in World War I, was signed on November 27, 1919. This date coincides with the public holiday of the Bulgarian army – the Bulgaria Victory Day, which celebrates the Bulgarian victories in the Serbo-Bulgarian War of 1885. At the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century it was celebrated on the 15th of November according to the Julian calendar, which was then official for Bulgaria. After the country adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1916, the holiday shifted to November 27. During the First World War it was established as one of the most special Bulgarian holidays and celebrated with military parades, church services and civil celebrations, including in Macedonia and Pomoravia. The article provides evidence that the signing of the Neuilly dictate on the date of the Bulgarian Victory Day was not an accidental coincidence, but a deliberate and sought-after trampling of Bulgarian national dignity in general and of Bulgarian martial glory in particular.
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From another perspective, a turning point could be a point at which change occurs to a greater or lesser degree, ranging from a simple change in ruler to noteworthy − but perhaps even unnoticed at the time − social or economic changes. The word “metamorphosis” might apply here, suggesting a kind of natural process, just as a caterpillar becomes a butterfly. At the same time, change as such is an inevitable part of history. It is obvious that things change. There has been no end of debate among historians about the degree to which societies are influenced by change and which are the product of continuity. Turning points are interesting because they frequently raise the problem of developing a “new normal,” issues of “Now what?” and “Quo vadis?” They also raise questions about opportunities seized, fumbled, or lost, which seem inherently interesting.
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Present in the political life since 1884, Alexandru Marghiloman stood out, at the turn of the century, as one of the most important leaders of the Conservative Party. Occupying the ministerial portfolios of Justice, Foreign Affairs, Home Affairs, Finance, “the Wallach Lord” proved to be one of the personalities that marked the elegant and prosperous period called La Belle Époque. He contributed, through his efforts, to the modernization of Romania. The pursuit of his activity, carried out in the Council of Ministers or under the dome of the Parliament, is doubled, in this study, by a careful analysis of his political speeches. I analysed them because I wanted to bring up the fact that his political activity is deeply influenced by a programmatic and ideological dimension and in order to better explain the distance between Marghilomanʼs theory and practice.
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Ottoman Empire took part in the Alliance States, which had been pioneered by Germany during the First World War. It had to sign the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918 when the states he was allied with lost the war. With the seventh article of this treaty, the States of the Entente were granted the right to seize any province of the Ottoman state if they considered there was any situation that would threaten their security. Furthermore, the Ottoman Army was disbanded, receiving its guns and ammunition. Briefly, the Ottoman State had already been ended with this truce. The Allied States began to seize the Straits of Mosul, Iskenderun, Istanbul and Çanakkale, Thrace and Anatolia as of November 1, 1918, on the basis of the terms of this Treaty. Greeks also attacked West Anatolia according to the decision made at the Paris Peace Conference. These invasions proceeded fairly violent. The Greeks spread to Anatolia by burning, robbery, and murder. The occupations started to have the characteristics of annexation. Western Anatolia witnessed numerous humiliating and inhumane massacres. Such occupations have contributed to the awakening of national consciousness and the beginning of the national fight. What had the Greeks done that initiated such strong reactions and triggered the independence movements in Turkey? In order to address this issue, the aim of the article will be to discuss the events that took place during the Greek occupation of Western Anatolia.
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Although emigration from present-day Croatia, particularly from Dalmatia, to the United States has often been discussed in papers dealing with the Croatian diaspora and emigration waves, there has been no well-documented analysis of the places of origin, ages of the emigrants, or the dates and causes of their emigration. This paper analyses the intensity of emigration from Dalmatia to the USA in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and information about the immigrants by consulting the Ellis Island Database. Methodology included both descriptive and inferential statistics. A database search by ethnicity (using the parameter "Dalmatian") resulted in 24,901 records. The largest group were young adults (aged 15–26), who accounted for 51.8%. The immigrants were predominantly males from rural settlements on the islands or in the hinterland. The most important push factors were the harsh economic situation (brought about by grapevine pests, underdeveloped industry, the lack of arable land etc.) and the intention to avoid conscription into the Austro-Hungarian Army.
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