We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
The paper aims to analyze hand-written and printed cookery books published in Ukraine from the mid18 to the early 20 centuries as a source for studying gastronomic traditions, methods of preparation and consumption of dishes, rations, festive and everyday food as well as interrelations of different European gastronomic practices. Research methods. The research is based on the cultural-historical approach. It involves the descriptive method for identifying peculiarities of each cookery book that is analyzed. Comparative method and content analyses were used to reveal both continuity of tradition and innovations in nutrition practices of the Ukraine’s population. Systematization method allowed to classify cookery editions according to some strict criteria. Scientific novelty. By analyzing the cookery books the author demonstrates the continuity of the Ukraine’s population nutrition practices. The paper reveals how different gastronomic cultures, religious beliefs, economy and medical science influenced on the cookery books’ content. Conclusions. It is stated that the mid-18 – early 20 centuries cookery books are reflecting the tendency of modernization and globalization of the nutrition practices. Cookery books influenced significantly shaping of the gastronomic practices of the Ukraine’s population. Among the various types of cookery editions there were guides and companions for young women that were not enough experienced in preparing food, examples of dinner menues, works on vegetarianism, childhood nutrition, healthy eating etc. Such books were based on the up-to-date achievements in the fields of physiology and dietology. By the end of the 19th century the quantity of cookbooks raised noticeably. One of the popular types of the cookbooks were editions aimed at young housewives. At the same time, a lot of cookbooks, especially those involving medical aspects of nutrition, were unable to pass through the censorship institutions in the Russian empire.
More...
The term “statistics” comes from the Latin word status, which first denoted a situation, a state of things. From this came the Italian word stato, which was first understood as a governed area or state, and later on as a practical policy, which consisted in the knowledge of Euro-European states. Those who possessed such knowledge were called statista, which meant a statesman, an expert on the state. In the XVII century, statista, goes into German and Latin with the same name. Later, in the second half of the 17th century and at the beginning of the 18th century, the adjective statisticus comes from this word, which was included in the name of the new discipline. For the first time this word was introduced as a scientific term by Hermann Conring in his lectures on “Notitia rerum publica publicarum”. As the term was first used by G. Achenvall in 1743 in the work "Notitia politica vulgo statistica". Statistics at that time was understood as the totality of knowledge about the state structure necessary for a government official . Thus, the term “statistics”, formed for the first time at German universities, gradually found its practical application, became commonly used and gained universal recognition and distribution.
More...
A striking example of the interaction between science and artistic creativity is the ethnographic activity of Ivan Nechuy-Levytsky (1838-1918), who occupies a place of honor among the realist artists of the second half of the XIX − early XX centuries. An outstanding master of words, the creator of the first social and novel novels and stories in Ukrainian, he has left a prominent mark in national and world culture. The aim of the investigations to indicate and to describe the main value of I. S. Nechuy-Levytsky's ethnographic heritage. It is determined not only by theoretical conclusions, but by the rich factual material taken from historical life and everyday life as well. That is the reason of great importance due to its authenticity. The methodology of the research is based on the combination of the method of direct included observation and the comparative / historical-comparative / method, which allows to determine the common and different cultural effects on I. S. Nechuy-Lewytsky ethnographic heritage. Scientific novelty. These sources of great benefit to Ukrainians can be accessed by modern researchers of the material and spiritual culture of people on Ukrainian territory in XIX century. The article presents and comments on the ethnographic observations of IS Nechuy-Levytsky made during his stay in the Carpathians in 1884-1885 years. Similar social, economic and geographical conditions led to the formation of representatives of three Slavic people − the inhabitants of the mountains Beskydy of a number of common features, especially in material culture, the presence of which was well demonstrated by I.S. Nechui-Levytsky. Conclusions. According to the writer, the houses of the Polish Highlander were not fenced off from the street, so the yard was not actually there. Single-chamber and multi-chamber buildings of the house-hay-house type has been noticed. The walls did not grease or whiten outside and inside and it had the natural red color of the spruce tree. It is known, that I. S. Nechui-Levytsky provided meetings with Slovaks and tis is important ethnographic details. We learn from his notations, that the local “gazdos” (masters) wore long haired (heirfell on their shoulders and was cut straight on the forehead), like the Polesie Ukrainians. The traditional clothing of the Highlanders was the same in all three borderline ethnic groups. The most valuable information for ethnographical studies comes from the mountain village Shlyakhtova, which the author calls the «last Russian-Ukrainian» village in the Carpathians. It is an ancient settlement of the Ukrainian Lemkos, which is mentioned in the diploma of the Polish King Jagiel in 1391. The scientific value of these materials is increasing due to the irreversible changes that have taken place since their fixation.
More...
The purpose of the article. The aim of the work is the analysis of the features of the image of the Ilinsky church. Sabbaths in the paintings of foreign and domestic artists of the XVIII - early XX centuries. Methodology. The research methodology is based on the use of art history, cultural, and biographical approaches to the analysis of the works of artists who, with their image of the Elijah Church, focused on its cultural and artistic uniqueness. Scientific Novelty. The scientific novelty consists of revealing the interpretation using the art of artistic, historical, and cultural value of the St. Elias Church as an important monument to the B. Khmelnitsky residence. Based on the consideration of works by artists A. Osipov, T. Shevchenko, K. Przhichihovsky, S. Vasilkovsky, and ethnographer de la Fliz, the architectural accuracy of the monument (the primary appearance, the absence of author’s conjectures) is found out, which is an essential factor for restoration and restoration works of art and cultural studies. Conclusions. The analysis of works of art dedicated to the Bogdanov temple in the Sabbotov shows that the engraving by A. Osipov and the watercolor by T. Shevchenko most accurately convey the original appearance of the building. Besides, they demonstrate the particular style of this architectural monument, which was formed based on rethinking the local traditions of temple construction under the influence of Western European baroque, as well as the defense needs of the time. Thus, as a monument to the hetman of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, the Church of the Elias has attracted artists and historians since the late 18th century. The tragic fate of the Ukrainian helmsman not only aroused interest in this temple but also determined the mood of transmission of this monument. Of particular interest are the works of O. Osipov and T. Shevchenko, since the accuracy of the image was the goal in both cases. I want to emphasize that due to the historical status of the Temple of Elias, not only did the magnificent engravings and watercolors appear but also began, without end, the formation of unique architectural stylistics, which was fixed in the works of painting. After all, even in the face of constant hostilities, Ukrainian hetmans XVII-XVIII centuries tried to decorate their residences with architecture worthy of a European city. This is perhaps why the wandering European artists did not leave the Church of Elijah without their attention.
More...
Modern theories of social change and social – political structuration have usually looked to the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries as the starting point for the formation of the modern society without taking into account roles of individual with lower social status. This article addresses central problem of the linkage between human action and social structure (townsmen estate, burghers’ elites and state and urban institutions). The historical research is based on Kaunas city case in the end eighteenth and beginning of nineteenth centuries. The article first addresses the political context of transformations and their main features. Secondly, it studies the social and political action of city elected officer and lawyer. (pol. pisarz miasta,magistrata, rus. майстратовый писарь) Motiejus Požerskis (Požėra; pol. Pożerski) in social and political fields.
More...
This article analyzes creation works of Wladyslaw Starewich (1882-1965), who is pioneer of puppet (also known as spatial, volumetric) animation. Filmmaker’s works cover even several countries. W. Starewich personality as a creator was formed in Lithuania (in that historical period as part of the Russian Empire), first documentary and entomological films and first spatial animation film were created. The artist continued his animation film creation in Russia, but feature films are the major part of films created here, which have a lot of mysticism, mystery, fabulosity. Creative period in France is the longest and often seen as the most successful. W. Starewich films frequently were created based on motives of fairy-tales or fables, although the artist has created and completely original script. For animation pioneer always since the beginning of his career it was important to experiment with film technical solutions, to improve them, to create new effects. Animation creator designed all his movies by himself from the beginning to the end (only family members, wife and daughter helped him) and he never intended to work in film companies. Maybe perhaps this is why he created peculiar, well-recognizable style which fascinated and influenced other filmmakers at that time.
More...
The article History of the Kežmarok Museum captures the development of this institution since the second half of the 19th century, when the first efforts to establish a museum were initiated. The museum is housed in a castle building which dates back to the year of 1463. After initial problems with finding the building to locate the museum, the castle was finally designated as its seat. The museum was officially opened on May 31, 1931. Since that time, this institution has undergone many changes in respect of its profile, the specialization and creation of a collection fund, administrative governance and staffing. The conclusion of the paper provides the summary of the museum’s current activities, cross-border cooperation, collection development as well as cultural and educational activities.
More...
In the paper extracted, analysed and commented on is the anthroponymic data of the people baptised in two baptismal registry books of the parish of Jablanac in the period from 1860 to 1895,which has been recorded on microfilm and available on the website www.familysearch.org.
More...
In an undated two-page document, probably from the 1840s, Salcho Chomakov, a well-known and affluent Bulgarian merchant and notable, entered his expenditures on his way from Filibe (Philipopolis, Plovdiv) to Istanbul (Constantinople), through Edirne (Adrianople, Odrin). This is a really charming Balkan piece, written in Bulgarian, with Greek letters and Turkish figures. The Bulgarian itself is interspersed with Turkish and Greek words, and sometimes even a Turkish conjunction would be used in the place of a Bulgarian (for example, "ve" instead of "i" for "and"). [...]
More...
Around the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, it became obvious that West European society was undergoing radical, structural change. It was radical in that the fundamental principles of organization were changing, and in that the very spirit of men was being transformed. Such change is totally unlike mere rotation of personnel within a more or less stable structure, or changes in structure which merely amount to a bit more of this and a bit less of that. The transformation was far more fundamental. It was also of more than merely local and temporary significance. It revealed what man really was and could be. It seemed to be the highly conspicuous and illuminating culmination of a long and pointed story. The message had not been visible to earlier generations; now it acquired a high profile. [...]
More...
Kao i na drugim životnim područjima, tako i u svećeničkome djelovanju postoje vidljivi i manje vidljivi učinci napora koje pojedinac čini kako bi se što potpunije ostvario u zajednici u kojoj živi, kako bi što cjelovitije dao doprinos razvoju društva i ostavio trag. Ta težnja za ostavljanjem traga u ljudskoj zajednici ne mora nužno potjecati iz tašte duše, ona je prije svega utemeljena u čovjekovoj želji da čini dobro i da svoje ja dovede do ispunjenja. Tako i u svećeničkome djelovanju postoje materijalni tragovi rada i zalaganja, ali i oni nematerijalni, duhovni, koji su puno važniji, ali su često budućim naraštajima manje vidljivi.
More...
Zofia Branicka (1821-1886) was a Polish wealthy noblewoman who married Italian Prince Livio III Erba Odescalchi (1805-1885) in 1841. From then on until her death she lived in Rome. Thanks to her opulent dowry, Odescalchi family could buy back among others, the Bracciano castle (near Rome) from the Torlonia family. Zofia was very well educated and a polyglot. From the very first years of her stay in Rome, she started to organise famous soirees at her salon in Palazzo Odescalchi. In this way Princess Zofi gathered the elite of aristocracy, diplomacy and the clergy, from diff European countries. Soon she had a possibility to get to know the pope Pius IX, with whom she would maintain a real and close friendship. Zofia had informed the pope about the complex situation of Poland, partitioned by her neighbours. From the beginning of her stay in Italy she was involved in charity work. The princess was very involved in financial and organisational help to Polish people in Italy (emigrees, insurgents, priests, artists as Cyprian Kamil Norwid, Leopold Nowotny, Roman Postempski etc.). She closely co-operated with The Congregation of the Resurrection of Our Lord Jesus Christ in organising the Polish Seminar in Rome in 1866. That was an event of a great importance for Polish people who at that time had no country of their own. Thanks to her deep religiosity and patriotic activity Princess Zofi was known among her contemporaries as “the Polish pope”. Nobody at that time could have imagine that after one hundred years Karol Wojtyła would become the first actual Polish pope.
More...
The article presents the political activities and views of Michał Czajkowski at the end of the1840s and the beginning of 1850s as a top agent and head of the so-called Eastern Agency in Istanbul. The Eastern Agency, supported by France, is a permanent residence in the East of Adam Czartoryski’s Polish political émigré camp Hôtel Lambert. The change of the geopolitical tides in the East in the 1840s forced Czajkowski’s pragmatical Slavophilism towards a pragmatical Turkophilism. When the top agent of Hôtel Lambert found himself without French protection after exerted influence by Petersburg, he found shelter as a subject to the Sultan in 1850, converted to Islam, and accepted the name Mehmed Sadyk. That decision opened a completely new chapter and prospective career options in the Ottoman state for the Polish renegade.
More...„Synod Zamojski 1720–2020. In Memoriam” Zamość, 17 września 2020 r.
More...
Attested since the end of the 16th century, the Hangu Monastery (Pionu) found itself, over time, in the caretaking of prince Ştefan II Tomşa, of the relatives of Vasile Lupu, of Alexandru Ruset and the Cantacuzino family. At the beginning of the 19th century, after Matei Cantacuzino’s departure to Russia, the locals had to take care of this place of worship that lied in the Ceahlău Mountains. The precarious state in which it had ended up urged Irinarh the hegumen to compile, following the model of other monasteries, a founding obituary (“pomelnic”) in which both the ancient founders, and the new benefactors are mentioned for remembrance. Thus, in the year 7322 <1813/1814>, Chiril, the Secu Monastery schemamonk, begins the drawing up of the “founding catalogue”, a obituary that contains hundreds of names of princes and ladies, metropolitan bishops, bishops, archimandrites, monks and nuns (most of them from the Hangu Monastery and those found in proximity, like Neamț, Secu or Văratec), priests, boyars, merchants and laymen in the neighbouring area, all written down together with their relatives. Alongside a short history of the shrine, the present study contains an analysis of this novel document, a precious source of historical and genealogical information, which today is hosted in the Romanian Academy Library. In its entirety, the obituary is published in the Annex.
More...
Publishing nominal population censuses is, in our opinion, the most accurate manner to highlight important documents for researchers dealing with areas such as the social structure and the origin of the population, demography, onomastic, genealogy etc. The Jewish community from Huşi in 1845, a small one compared to those in the cities located in the northern part of Moldova, represented a dynamic element in the life of the town. The diversity of the crafts and of the branches of trade practiced by Jews shows us that most of their work was complementary to that of the natives.
More...
The paper is focusing on the initiatives of Baccio Emanuele Maineri (1831-99) towards Romania, during the time when Romanian state gained its independency. This is a glimpse of a widespread phenomenon that saw a crowd of Italian personalities (politicians, scholars, journalists) as friends and defenders of Romanian national movement, the Latin culture and Romania’s place in the Europe of the second half of the nineteenth century.
More...
In his article, the author focuses on the legal handbook of the former bishop of Paderborn Konrad Martin “Catechism of Roman Catholic Church Law” (1875). Bishop Martin defends (in the middle of Bismarck’s Germany) the thesis about the inalienable right of the church to its own unrestricted activity without the intervention of state authorities. His conciliatory view of the relationship of the Catholic Church to religious societies separated from it was rather rare at the time.
More...
In order to meet the expectations of wealthy visitors, who did not only anticipate effective treatment, but also rich cultural and social attractions, spa owners and administrators had to provide different entertainment and fun. With this purpose in mind they would hold shows of theatre companies, concerts, balls, soirees, lectures, etc. Therefore the spa houses raised in resorts featured ball rooms, reading rooms, restaurants, cafes, gaming rooms. Also theatres were built, and stages for music shows were mounted in parks. The paper is dedicated to these very buildings that came from several selected spas considered to be Polish and raised in the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. On the one hand they are the oldest spa resorts (from the first half of the 19th century), the largest and operating until this very day: Busko, Ciechocinek, Druskienniki (Druskininkai, t. Lithuania), Iwonicz, Krynica, Solec, Szczawnica, and Truskawiec (Truskavets, t. Ukraine), as well as newer ones on the other (from the second half of the 19th century), but well known and still operating today: Zakopane and Połąga (Palanga, t. Lithuania). The paper is focused on wooden structures, since it was them that until the early 20th century determined the architectural landscape of Polish spas. With the majority having been destroyed, they are known only from iconographic materials and descriptions.
More...