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The aim of the article is to analyze the views of Ivan Ivanovich Lappo regarding the circumstances of the conclusion of the Union of Lublin. The opinions of this historian were presented in the context of the views of Russian pre-revolutionary historiography, especially of such authors as Nikolay Gerasimovich Ustryalov, Mikhail Osipovich Koyalovich, Nikolay Alexeyevich Maksimieyko, Matvey Kuzmich Lyubavskiy and Fedor Ivanovich Leontovich. The article belongs to the vast area of studies on the history of historiography, the undertaking of which allows the assessment of the current scholarly achievements and research methodology, and thus making new research postulates. It should be noted that, despite some evolution, the fundamental assessment of the Union of Lublin in Russian pre-revolutionary historiography remained negative. However, the circumstances and reasons for its conclusion were perceived differently. Although the description of the conclusion of the Union of Lublin was not the main research goal for I. Lappo, he carried out a fairly detailed reconstruction of the Sejm of Lublin and the circumstances of the conclusion of the Polish-Lithuanian union in 1569. It seems that the aim of such a procedure was not only to explain the attitude of Lithuanians towards Poles and the legal relationship between the Grand Duchy and the Crown, but first of all to support of the historian’s fundamental thesis that, as a result of the Union of Lublin, the Grand Duchy did not lose its independence and distinctiveness. This historian not only reported the course of the Sejm of Lublin and the decision of the Act of the Union of July 1, but also confronted the views of Poles and Lithuanians concerning the conditions of the Union and the way it was concluded. According to him, the historical reality and the political system of the Grand Duchy until 1569 corresponded to the project of a union presented by Lithuanians. In his opinion, the aim of Poles was not to bring about real unification based on the principles of equality and fraternity, but to force Lithuanians to enter into a union through the implementation of old rights and privileges. In some parts of his research, however, the scholar differentiated between the radical attitude of the Chamber of Deputies of the Crown and the more conciliatory position of the Senate. The description of King Sigismund Augustus’s activities presented by I. Lappo turned out to be quite paradoxical and partly incoherent. On the one hand, the historian claimed that the monarch was under the influence of Poles and betrayed the Grand Duchy. On the other hand, he quoted a number of cases in which the king’s attitude contradicted this general opinion. Lappo’s general attitude towards the Union of Lublin remained negative. The historian clearly sympathized with Lithuanians, seeing Poles as merely caring for their own interests to the detriment of the Grand Duchy. The analysis of Lappo’s views made in this article shows that there are elements in his concepts that testify to the connection with the traditional narrative of Russian historiography, as well as new and original ideas.
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For centuries, our hymnbooks bring to the fore not only the issue of musical literacy but also tradition. The Reformed church singing in Transylvania and the Partium was determined by traditions rather than by the sheet music itself. From the beginning of the 19th century the Transylvanian hymnbooks were created under the influence of the spirit of the time. A typical example of this is the hymnbook edited under the influence of theological rationalism in 1837. The hymnbook, edited by Seprődi János in 1908, only partially corrected the melody deterioration while the edition of 1923 further preserved the sorting of cut and leveled melodies, which lacked psalms and old Hungarian songs. If we compare the 1837 hymnbook with the one published in 1921 in Debrecen, which also provides balanced melodies, we can see that melodies enriched with melisma remain in practice in Transylvania and this tradition is still preserved in many places to this day.
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At the end of the nineteenth century, in Iasi, an open conflict arises between the Metropolitan of Moldova and one of the professors of the Faculty of Law. As the time goes by, the conflict escalates, and supporters are added to both parties, both among the laity and the clergy. For this reason, the conflict enters in a sphere of politicization, the problem becoming a canonical-legal one. In order to win as many supporters as possible, both sides published one diary, „Deșteptarea” «Awakening» and „Revista Teologică” «The theological Review», through which they wanted to show their supremacy and prove the guilt of the other side. „Revista Teologică” appears out of an apologetic necessity, but due to the freedom offered by the Metropolitan Naniescu, to the editors Dragomir Demetrescu and Constantin Erbiceanu, the ecclesial newspaper acquires a cultural-philosophical character.
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Review of: Jure Trutanić - Mateo Bratanić, Pomorstvo Dalmacije u 19. stoljeću: otok Hvar u tranziciji (Zadar; Stari Grad: Sveučilište u Zadru; Muzej Staroga Grada, 2020), 207 str.
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The Craftsman-Laborer’s Association “Banovac”, as the first association in the territory of Petrinja and Banovina, founded in 1885, and functioning until 1945, significantly contributed to the development of the crafts industry in this region, and in elevating the technical, cultural and humanitarian awareness of its members. Until the beginning of the 20th century, it was the only association in Banovina that significantly influenced craftsmen and laborers in this region, especially in its efforts surrounding the foundation of similar associations in Glina and Kostajnica. Not a single political party could secure significant support from the association. After a meeting of the association in Sisak in 1889, relations with “socialist circles”, whose ideas governed the agenda of the Craftsman-Laborer’s Association in Zagreb, became visibly chilled. In the meantime, the Association remained open to cooperation with associations, which were called worker’s associations, and under the influence of socialists, as well as with organizations under the influence of other political parties, particularly the Pure Party of Right. The Association was not burdened with Croatian-Serbian relations, which were present in a large portion of Croatia, especially in Banovina, right at the turn of the century. Considering that at that time, a total of 90% of tradesmen in Petrinja were of Croatian ethnicity, and only 10% of Serbian ethnicity (while in Petrinja the proportion of merchants of Serbian ethnicity was much more favorable), it is clear why “Banovac” from its foundation, until 1905, did not witness any conflicts with national omens.
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In Croatian historiography often prevailed an unfounded opinion that all newspapers in German language - with just being written in German - were in service of Germanization of the Croatian nation. The Croatian newspapers in German that were being published during the period of Croatian national awakening, had played, however, an important role in the promotion of the idea of a literary-cultural lllyrism, what is being illustrated in this article on the case of the magazine Croatia, which had been published from 1839 to 1842 by Franjo Župan.
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The political caricature in the 19th century in Croatia, as one of the richest sources in the creation of national stereotypes and formation of urban public opinion have scarcely been researched in the Croatian historiography. This article deals with the stereotype perception of the image of "Khuen 's Serbs" on basis of contemporary Croatian and Serb satirical magazines that were published during the twenty-year period of the rule of the Croatian banus (vice-roy) Karoly Khuen-Hedervary in Croatia (1883-1902). The article deals with the stereotype image of the elite group of the Serb ethnic minority, which through the Serbian Club and ruling People's Party in the Croatian Parliament had supported the pro-Hungarian and anti-Croatian regime in the mentioned period without any reservation.
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Mihovil Pavlinović, priest, educator, writer and politician, in his political work advocated for the preservation of Croatian culture in Dalmatia. His primary concern was stemming the influence of Italian literature and culture. During Bach’s Absolutism in the 1850s, he supported Serbian minority aspirations, as an ally against Italian influence. During the 1860s he advocated for “Slavism,” as a variant of Yugoslavism, and the unification of Dalmatia with Croatia proper. After the mid-1860s, witnessing the spread of Serbian national thought in Dalmatia, he began to reinterpret his Yugoslavism. He identified three south Slavic states, Bulgaria, Serbia and Croatia, which he felt should be confederated. He argued that Serbs in Croatia should be accorded minority national rights, but that they in turn should accept a united and territorially whole Croatia as their state and not advocate the spread of Serbian statehood to Croatian territory. In this work, the author examines the attitude taken by the “Serbian newspaper” toward Pavlinović from the start of its publication in 1880 until his death in 1887. It concludes that the paper portrayed Pavlinović in a negative light. The main reason for this was that Pavlinović was one of the few intellectuals who correctly appreciated the danger of Serbian politics in Dalmatia: the Serbianization of Dalmatia and the spread of the Serbian state idea outside of the boundaries of Serbia.
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In Slovenia in the 19th century, poor harvests and consequently the shortage of food and seeds for sowing were a localised and completely normal periodic phenomenon. The weather had a profound impact on the emergence of regional life-threatening crises. Since forever, farmers had been especially worried and afraid of hail. The menacing icy precipitation had the potential of devastating the fields. The Swiss historian Christian Pfister rightfully described it as “an exogenous shock that can trigger sequences of events that would otherwise have not happened”. The present study focuses on the regionally restricted example of a severe hailstorm that caused enormous damage in the district of Postojna in the summer of 1864, as it almost completely destroyed the crops. During the agrarian crisis, the majority of the peasant population had already barely lingered on in profound poverty. Apart from the unusually cold and rainy weather in 1864, the damages caused by the hail even exacerbated the severe distress, and ten villages in the district faced severe food scarcity. The head of the district turned to the Provincial Presidency in Ljubljana for help, and it provided aid in the usual manner: by collecting donations for the purchase of food and seeds.
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The subject of this research was the history of librarianship and the development of library science in the nineteenth century and at the beginning of the twentieth century on the territory of Central Europe, particularly in Austria, Prussia and Croatia. Apart from giving a wider context of librarianship (achievements in building libraries, in establishing techniques for constructing and creating library collections and catalogs, in developing and establishing institutions for the librarian educations, as well as in the organization of the library management). The Austrian and German librarianship and library science began at the beginning of the twentieth century applying a multidimensional approach to knowledge and showing a tendency towards re-estimation of the cultural heritage of the past. Thus, a way to an interdisciplinary approach to the development of librarianship, both as a science and a practical activity, was set. Modern trends affirm increasingly the need for such an approach to everything that surrounds us.
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Review of: Vlasta Švoger - Tomislav MARKUS, Slavenski Jug 1848.-1850. godine i hrvatski politički pokret, Hrvatski institut za povijest - Dom i svijet, Zagreb 2001., 315 str.
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Focusing on the psychiatric case of Miloš Krpan, one of our first socialists and anarchists who was twice admitted to the Royal Institute for Mentally Insane in Stenjevec at the end of the 19th century, the paper aims to show how, by participating in the construction of Croatian civil society, psychiatry develops medical knowledge but also normalizes power. Psychiatry pacifies the resistance against the system by dislocating it to the Institute where it is further examined, processed, mastered and disciplined. At the same time, it acquires scientific legitimacy and gains social status by producing a category of the abnormal and by developing techniques to repress it. Thus, it assumes responsibility for social morale, security and purity, and by associating itself with judicial practice it becomes one of the main legal authorities. In other words, apart from seeking to cure insanity, psychiatry emerges as an apparatus of social discipline and establishes modern forms of normalizing power in the young bourgeois capitalist society of the second half of the 19th century.
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The historiography of the Diocese of Warmia has so far lacked a study on military chaplaincy in the first half of the nineteenth century. In order to investigate this issue, an analysis of the documentation stored at the Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz in Berlin has been conducted. The results of the study demonstrated that the Catholic military chaplaincy began to recover after the Napoleonic campaign of 1806–1807. In 1810, Catholic priests performed regular ministerial service in four cities. However, in 18 garrisons services were not performed. As a result, soldiers could receive their sacraments in Catholic churches only if they obtained passes. The first legal solutions of 1811 did not provide for the existence of a Catholic chaplaincy during peacetime. Some significant changes occurred in 1832. In the absence of a military chaplain, a clergyman working in a civil parish was to take over his function. By the end of that year, priests from Warmia served regularly in garrisons in Braniewo, Elblag, Klaipeda, Konigsberg, Malbork and Tilsit. Another 15 garrisons were to receive a chaplain. Some of them served in several garrisons. The issue of financing military chaplains remained unresolved for quite a long time. In February 1835, the Minister of War, Job von Witzleben, informed that chaplains recruited from the diocesan clergy received allowances, reimbursement for travel expenses and four thalers for their chaplaincy. However, some military places of worship suffered from a shortage of liturgical equipment.
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The review of: Hugo und Gerty von Hofmannsthal – Hermann Bahr. Briefwechsel 1891–1934. Hg. und kommentiert von Elsbeth Dangel-Pelloquin. Göttingen: Wallstein 2013, 1007 S.
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The aim of this article is to discuss the Jašiūnai manor (Pol. Jaszuny; Russ. Яшуны; Vilniaus Governorate, Vilnius County), owned by the historian, journalist, poet, translator and collector Michał vel Michał Wincenty Feliks Baliński (1794–1864). The manor will be discussed not only as a cultural hub for intellectuals in a general sense, but also as a unique space for writing Lithuanian history. The term “space” is understood here in the broad sense, as of the manor—as well as in the more narrow sense, as of the library itself (the historian’s office). Especially important for this research was the latter concept of a “space within a space”, the “historian’s workshop”, and its epicenter—the archive (manuscript collection). The aim of the research was to reconstruct the story of the emergence and fate of this collection of documents including its contents, sources, and most importantly its thematic direction and distinctiveness. The research showed that the largest collection of historical documents once housed in the archive of the Jašiūnai manor library is now kept in the Jagiellonian Library (Krakow). This material remains important to the history of the city of Vilnius, Vilnius University, and Lithuania’s academic history. Supplementary elements include attention to the Radvila family, the period of Steponas Batoras’s rule, and the history of the Szubrawcy (rascals) Society. This last component can be considered as an integral part not only of the history of Vilnius city but also of its university.
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Istražujuci cjelinu Dirkemovog učenja, nedvosmisleno se nameće zaključak da se njegovo poimanje sociologije i društvenih nauka može okarakterisati kao sociologizam, što znaci da je on vjerovao da je društvo primarno u odnosu na pojedinca, odnosno da pojedinac svoje postojanje pronalazi isključivo u okviru društva. Nesporno je da je ovaj francuski mislilac bio među najistaknutijim sociolozima koji su zagovarali ideju o primarnosti društva u odnosu na pojedinca. Takvo razmišljanje ga je dovelo do ideje da sve društvene aspekte i elemente razmatra u duhu svojih sociologističkih stavova. Mnogi teoreticari se slažu da se sociologizam najpotpunije prikazao u objašnjenju religioznog fenomena, koji se konstituiše na osobenom i od individue neshvaćenom veličanju (obožavanju) društvenosti. Kultura, politika i ekonomija kod Dirkema nužno su bile shvaćene u skladu s idejom o primarnosti društva. Univerzalistički shvaćeno, društvo predstavlja poseban entitet koji živi za sebe, nezavisno i odvojeno od života različitih individua, djelujući u sopstveno ime i težeći ciljevima različitim od onih kojima se rukovode te individue. Cjelokupna Dirkemova zamisao o pozivu sociologije zahtijevala je da ova nova nauka prekorači prag univerzitetske učionice i obrati se širem auditorijumu, čak cijelom čovječanstvu.
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This article examines two important historical moments: the establishment of a Romanian honorary consulate in Warsaw in the late 19th century, and the assignment of a Minister plenipotentiary in the same city at the end of the First World War. Efforts to establish a Romanian consulate in Warsaw began as early as April 1896 and were completed in 1899. After the First World War, at the beginning of 1919, Romania had 13 legations abroad. Only one diplomatic mission was founded in 1919, that in Warsaw, led by an experienced diplomat Alexandru G. Florescu.
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The paper summarises the repertoire of hymns for the Feast of the Epiphany in selected printed and manuscript Slovak hymnbooks of the 17th to the 19th centuries. Altogether 27 hymns on the Three Kings from these sources reflect the various developmental phases of the Christmas hymn in Slovakia: paraphrases of Latin hymns in the language of the people; contrafacts on traditional tunes from Czech and Slovak, mainly anonymous, authors of the Renaissance and Baroque; hymns in pastoral style from the late 18th and early 19th centuries; original Church hymns from 19th century hymnbooks.
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The article focuses on the scarcely studied esoteric aspects and development of theosophical ideas in Kazimieras Stabrauskas’ (Stabrowski’s) creative work as well as in the Warsaw Fine Arts School led by him. It analyses: the esoteric and aesthetic factors that had an impact on the painter’s peculiar artistic style, his contacts with various trends in Russian, French and Polish painting, his accession to the Lithuanian movement for national awakening of fine arts, and his influence on Čiurlionis’ creative work. The article provides a multidimensional discussion of the early and mature stages in development of Stabrauskas’ artistic style, the impact of theosophical ideas and occult practices on the principles of his artistic creativity. Based on the comparative analysis of different stages in Stabrauskas’ creative evolution, the author shows that the painter’s search in the field of esoterics left clear traces in the development of his artistic style and symbolic interpretation of landscapes, historical motives and the image of a woman. It also helped him to originally treat the objects he painted and to stimulated him to take a deeper interest in the cultural history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Lithuanian folklore and mythology.
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