A közlekedés története Magyarországon (1700-2000)
Majdán János: A közlekedés története Magyarországon (1700–2000). Pécs, Pro Pannonia Kiadói Alapítvány, Pannónia Könyvek, 2014, 244 p.
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Majdán János: A közlekedés története Magyarországon (1700–2000). Pécs, Pro Pannonia Kiadói Alapítvány, Pannónia Könyvek, 2014, 244 p.
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Als Ausgangspungt wurde hier die Kontoverse Bastian-Haekel über die Evolutionslehre gewählt, in der Bastian Uber d ie methodisch unzulässigen Auslegungen auf Grund voreiliger Verallgemeinerungen mit recht spottete. Weiter wurde gezeigt, wie in jeder ethnologischen "Schule" zu solchen "metaphysischen" Trugschlüssen kommen kann. Das geschieht immer, wenn auf Grund ungenügender (oder gar falsch gemachter) Beobachtungen Schlüsse gezogen werden, in dessen "Gesetzm ässigkeit" dann geglaubt wird; in solchen Fällen wird in eine Fiktion geglaubt, in eine nicht vorhandene Gesetzmässigkeit (die eine gewisse Macht ausüben soll) , in etwas aussernatürliches, "uber-natürliches, meta-physisches, ganz egal was für "fortschrittliche" Ideen sonst der Gelehrte zu folgen meint. Solche Abschweifungen stehen nicht nur der richtigen wissenschaftlichen Arbeit im Wege, sondern können auch schwerwiegende politische Folgen haben. Gerade deshalb ist es wichtig, noch zu rechter Zeit die Unwissenschaftlichkeit einzelner "wissenschaftlichen" Versuche als solche zu erkennen und public zu machen.
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Prikazan je sumarno život a napose mnogostrana djelatnost Karla Gottloba v. Antona /1751 - 1818/, njemačkog domoroca iz Gornje Lužice. Uzrastao medu idejama Herders,— Goethea pa prosvjetiteljstva uopće, zarana se s entuzijazmom obraća proučavanju slavenskih naroda, njihovih jezika i kultura. Za tu je svrhu bio u vezi s vrlo brojnim tadašnjim stručnjacima, historicima, jezikoslovcima a napose poznavačima narodnoga života, kulture i jezika različnih slavenskih naroda. Osobito su ga privlačila pitanja iz slavenske davnine, mitologije, običaja i si. Tako je nastalo najznačajnije Antonovo djelce "Erste Linien eines Versuches über der alten Slawen Ursprung, Sitten, Gebräuche, Meinungen und Kenntnisse” /Prvi obrisi pokušaja oko podrijetla, navada i običaja, mišljenja i znanja starih Slavena - 1-1783, 11-1789/.
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Schirokogorows Beitrag zur Ethnologie umfasst einige verschieden geartete Themen. Vor allem ist er als Erforscher der Völker Zentral - und Nordostasiens bekannt, über die er sehr ausführliche Studien geschrieben hat. Hinzu kommen Arbeiten aus dem Gebiet der Anthropologie und Linguistik,gleichfalls auf Grund des ethnographischen Materials Zentral - und Nordostasiens und Studien über den Schamanismus. Sein Beitrag zu den theoretischen Fragen der Ethnologie ist die Theorie vom Ethnos, in der er den Prozess dargestellt hat, der sich unaufhörlich in den ethnischen Einheiten abspielt. Dieser Prozess ist die Folge des Geschehens innerhalb der ethnischen Einheit einerseits und dem Verhältnis im interethnischen Milieu andrerseits. Wesentlich ist in diesem Prozess die Entstehung, d. h, die Formierung der ethnischen Einheit, wie auch die Erhaltung des Gleichgewichts innerhalb der ethnischen Einheit selbst und die Erhaltung des Gleichgewichts im interethnischen Milieu.
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Vorausgeschickt wird eine kurze Darstellung des Werdeganges dieses Museums, welches nach gründlichen inneren Umbauten im bisherigen Museumsgebäude und der allseitigen. Modernisierung der Säume, der museumstechnischen Anlagen und des Betriebes, mit einem Vortragsaal, neuen Säumen und Anlagen für die Depöts der Museumssammlungen, den zeitgenössisch gebauten beweglichen Vitrinen u.s.w. im Oktober 1972. wiedereröffnet wurde. Die Anfänge des "Nationalmuseums" Kroatiens im J. 1842. zugleich Anfänge der Sammeltätigkeit von Gegenständen der überlieferten Volkskultur, die aber noch lange vernachlässigt wurde, trotz des noch in Fülle vorhandenen Materials dieser Art. Trotz wiederholten Bemühungen um die Gründung eines eigenen ethnographischen Museums in Zagreb blieb aber alles bis ins zweite Dezennium des 20. Jhdts erfolglos. Nach dem Ende des I. Weltkrieges konnte endlich diese Idee verwirklicht wer den. Dank der Iniziative des Sammlers von bäuerlichen Textilien und ersten Donators S.Berger sowie des damaligen Museumskustos V. Tkalčić und dem Verständnis seitens des Kultusministers der damaligen Negierung in Kroatien M. Rojc. So wurde im J. 1919. das jetzige Gebäude (des ehemaligen Gewerbemuseums), die nötigen Mittel und das notwendigste Personal für diese neu gegründete Abteilung des "Kroatischen Nationalmuseums" gesichert. Die nun folgende fachliche Tätigkeit dieses Museums, seine allgemeine Bildungs und publizistische Tätigkeit werden kurz geschildert bis zum Ausbruch des II. Weltkrieges, als die Sammlungen im Schutzkeller untergebraoht und die Tätigkeit des Museums auf das Minimum reduziert werden mussten. Nach dem Krieg wurden die Schausammlungen wieder: neu aufgestellt die Forschungs und Sammeltätigkeit systematisch fortgesetzt trotz immer noch ungünstiger Umstände, besonders was die Bäume des Museums, das veraltete und beschädigte Mobiliar und die Vitrinen der Schausammlungen, die ganz unzulänglichen Depöträume für seine cca. 52.000 Einzelgegenstände Tcca. 41.000 Inventarnummern) sowie anderen sehr empfindlichen Mängeln. Nachdem Dank.der Einsicht aller zuständigen Stellen für Kulturfragen der Stadt Zagreb im J. 1968. die notwendigen ausserordentlichen Mittel bewilligt wurden, trat man zum oben erwähnten Umbau und Modernisierung dieses Museums hinzu, weswegen es für das Publikum bis zur Wiedereröffnung geschlossen blieb. Die Schaueammlungen sind nun nach einem völlig neuen Entwurf aufgestellt um den Besuchern und fachlichen Interessenten noch übersichtlicher und einprägsamer die Bauernkultur vor allem Kroatiens, dazu auch der übrigen Gebiete Jugoslavians und einer Seihe aussereuropäischer Völker darzubieten.
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Када вас пут наведе у Пешту, прошетајте улицом Реги пошта, која сече Ваци улицу у најужем центру града, те прођите испред пивнице (као Одисеј крај Острва сирена) и откријте на забату куће бр. 4 спомен-плочу која обележава место извођења прве мађарске позоришне представе 1790. Овде је стајала Рондела, стражарска кула некадашњих градских бедема, у којој је од 1774. радило немачко позориште, а од 1812. наступала Мађарска позоришна дружина. Овде је одржана и прва професионална спрска позоришна представа, коју је осмислио и остварио Јоаким Вујић.
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This essay investigates the translational aspects of theatre culture in the South Slavic countries in the first half of the 19th century concentrating on German playwright August von Kotzebue (1761–1819) and the intense reception of his works. The aspects of Cultural Translation are of special interest in this context, since the dynamics of the multilevel translational processes corresponds to the multiethnic structure of the Habsburg society. The agents of Cultural Translation – transmitters – operate in the cultural „in-between“, on the verge of different literary traditions. Mihailo Vitković (1778–1829) – a prominent figure in Serbian and Hungarian literature – is among Kotzebue-translators. His Serbian translation of Kotzebue’s play „Der Opfer-Tod“ (1798) was published by „Matica srpska“ after his death (1830). Using translational strategies of domestification and localization he incorporated the elements of his social and linguistic background in his translational work and created so a system of multiple cultural references. This translation was staged by „Domorodno teatralno družtvo“ in Zagreb in 1840/41. As the manuscript of the copy illustrates, parts of Vitković’ translation have been changed several times – especially names and geographical references. Textual changes appear as different levels of translation and appropriation, as each level introduces another set of cultural references; the last one eventually re-establishes the context of the original. The manuscript acts as an „interactive medium“ with different „co-authors“.
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Prije nego što su ljudi počeli na zemlji živjeti sasvim društvenim životom, jednako su bili gospodari svih dobara kojima ih je priroda bogato obasipala.
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The paper deals with the friendship of Josip Juraj Strossmayer, the »First Son of His Homeland,« with the British John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton, KCVO DL, a known politician, man of letters, and the »Magistrate of History,« and ideational relation to John Henry Newman, Cong. Orat., the »Augustine of the Modern World.« Analyzed is a correspondence, mostly untranslated heretofore, of the Đakovo »vladika« (that is, episcope), as he titled himself frequently, with William Ewart Gladstone, FRS, FSS, the »People’s William« and the then British Prime Minister, especially in the 1876‒1892 timespan, and the new realizations on Strossmayer’s role in the rebirth of the Croatian culture, his attitude toward the South Slav question and Pan-Slavism, as well as a neo-historical study of the outreach of his speech at the First Vatican Council, have been exploratorily elucidated, with an evaluatory interpretation, from an Anglo-American viewpoint. Thus, Strossmayer’s intercession of a federal-state system, understanding for a unification of the Kingdoms of Dalmatia and Croatia, and a guarantee that the Croatian language be introduced in the then official usage, has also been revalorized, while his cultural significance has been described as a realization of the renaissance Latin term of a »universal man.« All these determinants describe his cultural importance equally cognitively, for just a few of the Croatian 19th-century dignitaries have incorporated it by their influential personalities.
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In this work is analyzing insufficiently known scandal with false assassination of three foreigners on Serbian king of Alexandеr Obrenović in 1893. on the ground of published archive documents. Soon after king Alexander committed coup d`etat, took over power in his hands,declared himself of full age, Richard Mayne, The British citizen informed Serbian legation in London about preparation of so called international coup against new Serbian sovereign. After extensive researching in London and in Belgrade it is confirmed that Mayne sent false information to Serbian authorities in order to get personal material benefits. Scandal has appeared in the moment when the power of the Serbian king was unstable and fragile.
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This paper emphasizes the importance of the archival legacy of the Italian botanist and geographer Antonio Baldacci (1867-1950), who was associated with Montenegro by his scientific work and interest,economic and political activity, as well as friendly and business relations with numerous figures from the country. Highlighting the significance of Baldacci’s correspondence is particularly indicative of the Baldacci’s interest in Montenegro, as sixteen letters sent to Baldacci from persons of different social, cultural and national milieu are presented to the readers and analyzed. Letters are written in Italian and South Slavic languages, and in this paper they are published in translation.
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When studying the activity of Japanese companies in the Meiji Period (1868-1912) we may notice that these have taken actions that are not exactly within the capitalist ethos of competition and personal profit. As an example, we refer to the networks created by managing directors who served concurrently in different companies, in the same field of activity1. Seen from the point of view of a competitive, market-oriented economy, this is an unbelievable phenomenon. Maybe it is due to the fact that the people preserved its traditional values despite the adoption of such social techniques as the joint stock company system. Our study will analyze the role of traditional business ethics from the Edo period in shaping the modern ethics and vision of Japanese management.
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Shooting sport in Serbia was initiated in 19th century by war veterans who invited the citizens of Belgrade to attend and take part in a competition in hitting targets. Military personnel, diplomats of the Serbian state, merchants and ordinary people established the first shooting sport troop. The support provided by the Ministry of Army and Artillery Committee was crucial in shaping and spreading of shooting sport, which followed the Swiss pattern. The association of shooting troops in the Kingdom of Serbia was established in 1887. In the period 1880–1888 shooting troops took forms of townsfolk societies. Expansion of shooting sport in Serbian villages in the last decade of 19th century was the result of conscientious efforts by civilian and military groups, the Royal Court and teachers, who worked together to prepare the people for the mission of national liberation. The rules for shooting competitions were getting more complex, and various tournaments lasted several days. The state championships were also staged in provincial towns across Serbia. They were exciting spectacles for numerous crowds, and the successful shooters and champions in the shooting events were awarded by the King and the Minister of Army.
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For integrate into the European cultures, the Romanian culture received, in the 19th century many influences from all over the world. The various models of the arts and writings have contributed to a modern and new atmosphere and have been good examples to follow. The new creative atmosphere, specific to the European „horizons”, was really favorable to the rise of the dynamic temperament of the Romanians, who understood that modernity had to prevail to create new socio-aesthetic awareness. On the cultural „battlefield” was disputing „the struggle” between tradition and modernity in all areas (social, literary, political). In our study, we propose some opinions of Romanian writers-critics concerning the defense of Romanian cultural identity, as an integral part of European culture, especially in terms of the development of the creative spirit in mentalities and consciences of that time.
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У оквиру Збирке Архивске грађе Историјског музеја Србије чува се ратни дневник Ристе Трпковића из српско-бугарског рата 1885. године, заведен под инвентарним бројем АГ, 1641. У њему су описани време и догађаји од 25. септембра до 16. децембра 1885. године (по јулијанском календару), на потезу Тимочке дивизије према Кули и Видину. У саставу ове војске учествовали су Неготинци, Зајечарци, Ресавци, Јагодинци, Параћинци, Књажевчани... [...]
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Dacă ne uităm la istoria europeană din Evul mediu încoace putem observa un lent proces de concentrări statele care au condus în secolele al XIX-lea și al XX-lea la formarea statelor naționale. Mai multe din ele au la origine o uniune de entități statale mai mici. Motivele pentru uniune au fost diferite, deseori lupta împotriva unui hegemon asupritor, dar rezultatul a fost în general o uniune de cetățeni care constituie suveranul. Dar de la sfârșitul celui de-al doilea război mondial încoace anumite forțele hegemonice, cu o legitimitate îndoielnică, încearcă să suprapună peste statele naționale europene o uniune suprastatală în care nu apare clar cine este suveranul și cine sunt adevărații beneficiari. Pe baza unui model analitic al conceptului de uniune, eseul de față schițează problemele de suveranitate și de distribuirea beneficiilor cu care s-au luptat statele naționale și pe care Uniunea europeană trebuie să le rezolve.
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Swearing an oath is legally regulated by laws, rule books, decisions and clarifications. The first regulation on soldier’s oath can be found in Vojeni Ustav (Military Constitution) from 1813, which never came in force. The decrees on soldier’s oath were passed in 1836, 1839, 1840, 1861, 1883, 1901 and 1904. In the first half of 19th century, there was a hierarchy of oaths, in accordance with the ranks. From the second half of 19th century, the pattern of oath was same for all the members of the army. Soldiers swore the oath at the beginning of their military service, while officers had to take an oath in writing in addition to swearing it orally. In the first half of 19th century, the oath was taken in the church, but from the second half of the century swearing the oath was performed in garrisons. Civilians serving in the army took an oath in compliance with the provisions of the Law on civil servants from 1864. Members of the committees for military procurement value assessment swore the oath in accordance with the Law on military procurement from 1899. Priests played the most prominent role at oath taking ceremonies. Soldiers swore the oath with their three fingertips of the right hand joined and raised to the height of the head. In 1900, a form of the oath for Muslim and Jewish soldiers was enacted into law.
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This article discusses four sources of information about the battles fought around Vranje in January 1878, as well as social and demographic conditions created in the first years after liberation and annexation of the area to the Principality of Serbia. All these sources are characterized by literariness and some of them by controversy, as well. They were written and published shortly after the events they narrate. They were written in the picturesque language of undoubted literary values but also the values that help us to learn about the past. Those sources are the war diary of Professor Andre S. Knićanin, polemical response to the diary by Major Radomir Putnik, topographic and geographic and ethnographic records written by lieutenant colonel Radovan Miletić and a „Gothic“ story by Professor Ilija Vukićević.
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By the end of February 1859 Prince Miloš decided to send his son Prince Mihailo to Paris to express his appreciation to Napoleon III for his benevolent attitude as well to ask for his further support. Above everything else, he was supposed to find out whether the Austrian – Italian conflict would reopen the Eastern question. During Prince Mihailo stay in Paris attitudes of French statesmen proved to be ambivalent in regard of the policy which should be pursued towards the various nations in Danube basin. Prince Mihailo was in two occasions received in audience by Emperor Napoleon who was very inclined towards the Serbian tendencies.
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Garrison command facility in Užice was built since 1851 to 1859 As some events and lack of funds were often interrupting works. The building contains ground and first floor and is designed according to principles of European architecture of the 19th century. Volume is in the form of regular square with two lateral risalits. The facade is divided horizontally with multilevel and eaves wreath. Vertical division comes out of using angular pilasters. The facade is in equable rhythm window axes – per three on risalits and five on central facade field. The building had a significant role in functioning of town during Ottoman occupation. After the deliberation, it became the center of the square formed in front of the building.
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