A közlekedés története Magyarországon (1700-2000)
Majdán János: A közlekedés története Magyarországon (1700–2000). Pécs, Pro Pannonia Kiadói Alapítvány, Pannónia Könyvek, 2014, 244 p.
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Majdán János: A közlekedés története Magyarországon (1700–2000). Pécs, Pro Pannonia Kiadói Alapítvány, Pannónia Könyvek, 2014, 244 p.
More...François de Tott báró (1733-1793)
Tóth Ferenc: Egy magyar származású francia diplomata életpályája. François de Tott báró (1733–1793) Budapest, MTA Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont Történettudományi Intézet,2015, 313p.
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This article is devoted not to the biographies of Simonas Daukantas or Pranciškus Malevskis but to an exclusive moment that can be grasped only through the prism of the epoch. In an oppressed nation the epoch was always multifarious, sometimes encouraging resistance, sometimes counseling accommodation, so that a creative person had to lead a double life, one inner and one outer. With great effort Daukantas reached his goal: he found employment at the archives of the Lithuanian Metrica, containing the documents of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. These archives were safeguarded in the Governing Senate. But Daukantas’s hands were tied there: Czarist laws prohibited the publication of these documents; and copies and excerpts from them were not collected in separate volumes. Today we can hold Daukantas to have been a writer, historian, philologist, publicist, and ethnologist, who during his 15 years in Saint Petersburg worked in all fields vital for the Lithuanian nation. So what led Daukantas to seek out Russia’s northern capital, in which due to its climate, foreign language, and “time of terror” public laws he never felt at home or needed? A search of archives in Lithuania, Saint Petersburg, and Moscow yielded new documents about the circumstances that could have aided Daukantas in obtaining a job in the Governing Senate, access to which was hardly possible without the help of influential acquaintances, especially after the insurrection of 1830-1831. This new investigation suggests that Daukantas benefitted from the assistance of Pranciškus Malevskis, a classmate at the Gymnasium and University of Vilnius.
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The city of Osijek was awarded the Magistrate Instruction by the Caraffa Commission, which enabled the city to develop into the administrative and economic centre of Slavonia under the Chamber’s jurisdiction. With the implementation of this document, the citizens were exempted from commitments of inferior status and were free to engage in economic activities. At the end of the first decade of the 18th century the construction of the Osijek fortress started; the works continued throughout the second decade and ended at the beginning of the third decade of the century and thus the city also became the seat of the military command of the Slavonian Military Frontier. The exemption from commitments due to their inferior status enabled the citizens to focus on personal economic activities, i.e. the development of their own economy. Some of the citizens were engaged in trade activities. Hence, they decided to purchase or sell merchandise in nearby but also distant locations such as Buda or Bratislava. In 1716 the merchants from Osijek came with their merchandise 20 times to the customs clearance, i.e. customs control, and the following year 15 times. In 1716 the Buda customs office was visited by 14 and in the following year by 10 merchants. The merchants from Osijek delivered mainly textile products (textiles, thread, hemp fibre, Hungarian caps, bed linen, dresses) to the Buda customs and to a much smaller extent various merchandise such as spices (pepper, cloves and ginger), various types of fish, sugar, pigs, millstones, flour, glue, cheese, spelt groats, tin, frankincense, alum, paper, sulphur, brandy and boats. A large part of the goods consisted of purchases from Bratislava where the Osijek merchants paid the thirtieth (tax). The most outstanding Osijek merchants at the Buda customs were Joannes Peacsevics (Piacsovicsa), Gregorius Nicolantin (Nicolandy), Stephanus Stoigics (Stekics, Stegics) and to a lesser extent Jacobus Vergics (Veridics). The greatest part of the merchandise for customs clearance, i.e. customs control, was delivered by these four merchants.
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The paper presents a chronological overview of portraits of Empress Maria Theresia in museum collections of north-western Croatia – Zagreb, Varaždin and Trakošćan. The early portraits of Maria Theresia as the heiress to the throne are smaller in size, portraying her as the Austrian archduchess, while portraits after her ascension to the throne are mostly large, stressing the official use they were intended for. They range in quality from those painted by well-known Viennese court artists up to representations by highly or less skilled anonymous artists. Martin van Meytens the Younger stands out as the most prominent portraitist of the Empress; together with his workshop he provided the whole Austrian Empire with numerous portraits of Maria Theresia and her husband. Most of her portraits painted between 1741 and 1760, held in museum collections in north-western Croatia, are attributed to Meytens and / or his workshop. Portraits of Empress Maria Theresia in museum collections of north-western Croatia present the monarch in different stages of her life – as a young archduchess and heiress to the throne, a mighty ruler and mother, and finally a grieving widow. They remain a constant reminder of the greatness she had achieved as the only female monarch of the vast multinational Habsburg Empire.
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Flags from Maria Theresa’s era had regulated guidelines that had to be obeyed in order to produce the most representative as well as the most typical baroque banners. The ongoing military reforms launched by Maria Theresa, in conjunction with state-governing reorganizations, are also mirrored in the Collection of Flags and Streamers at the Croatian History Museum. In particular, there are four main representative flags that, on the one hand, show the practice of exhibiting statehood statuses by means of dynastic symbols on battalion standards, and on the other indicate the iconographic significance of saints and beatified kings on ceremonial and commemorative banners. These instructions were all done under the impression of the baroque style, the Age of Enlightenment, and the turbulent time of conflict in Maria Theresa’s reign.
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Starting with the Middle Ages institutionalized care for the poor and the appearance of hospitals became a clear sign of urban development. This was the case in medieval and early modern Kolozsvár also. When the city had lost its status as a free royal city in 1665 all the institutions administered by the local counsel underwent a series of changes. These changes did not leave unaffected the hospitals either. By the time Kolozsvár regained her lost privileges in 1712 out of the three medieval hospitals, only one was still operating, the Saint Elisabeth. Right around this time Catholicism started to regain some of its former status in Kolozsvár shattered by the reformation and it became once more the crown’s favored religion. This change in status led to the repossession and reorganization of formerly catholic institutions and properties in the city, chief among them the hospital of Saint Elisabeth.
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This paper on medical history will present the circumstances, organisation, functioning, fi nancing and operation of the fi rst hospital in Bjelovar during several periods between 1760 and 1845, when the new building of the brigade hospital of the Varaždin Military Border was opened; it has remained a part of the Bjelovar General Hospital ever since. According to the results of yearlong research included in a defended doctoral dissertation, the fi rst hospital in Bjelovar was a military (regimental or rather garrison) hospital, opened when the city of Bjelovar was founded, and not – as claimed so far in the literature – established in 1845. The hospital had been in the possession of the Đurđevac regiment, which was one of the two regiments in the city, and had remained so until the demilitarisation of the Military Border and transfer to civil government on four locations in the city, out of which only the one opened in 1845 has survived. Surgeons operated at the hospital with the assistance of medical orderlies, while the hospital commander was the medical captain-regimental physician of the Đurđevac regiment. The hospital was at fi rst military; as the city of Bjelovar subsequently became the community centre of the Varaždin Generalate, the hospital changed to both military and civil, or rather became community-owned. Thus, both military and civil authorities fi nanced the hospital together. Hence, soldiers and their families, as well as citizens of Bjelovar and the surrounding company sett lements from across the entire Varaždin Generalate were treated at the hospital. According to the Register of Deaths of the Bjelovar parish of St. Teresa of Avila, massive dying at the hospital and the causes of death as of the fi rst decades of the 19th century became evident. In most cases, infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis and diverse infections (pneumonia, meningitis), which were incurable then, caused massive dying. The first hospital marked the beginning of the continuous 250-year-long organised health care in the Bjelovar region, which has lasted until the present date.
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Osnovan 2007. godine, Izdavački centar Matice srpske ima za svoj glavni projekat Antologijsku ediciju „Deset vekova srpske književnosti". Od 2010. kad jeobjavljeno prvo kolo, do proleća 2016, kada su izašle iz štampe knjige sedmog kola, objavljene su 72 od ukupno 120 knjiga predviđenih za prvu seriju. Uređivački odbor - Miro Vuksanović, glavni i odgovorni urednik, urednici Zlata Bojović, Slavko Gordić, Tomislav Jovanović, Marija Kleut, Goran Maksimović, Marko Nedić, Milivoj Nenin i Mirjana D. Stefanović - iskazuje i ovom prilikom zahvalnost Kolarčevoj zadužbini, koja je od samog početka prva adresa na kojoj predstavljamo rezultate svoga truda. Ovaj put je reč o deset knjiga sedmog kola, pod brojevima 18, 25, 26, 31, 35, 61, 84, 88, 89 i 91, čiji je ukupan obim 4400 stranica.
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Druga je polovica 18. stoljeća razmjerno bogata izvorima o Slavoniji kao dijelu istočne Hrvatske, koji donose vijesti o narodnom životu i narodnoj kulturi. To su dijelom historijski (izvještaji o Slavoniji sastavljeni po nalogu tadašnje vlade, protokoli uprave Vojne krajine) i literatni izvori (poučna literatura slavonskih prosvjetitelja). Neka sasvim metodska razmatranja potrebno je unaprijed izložiti: povući granicu između posve historijskih i posve literarnih izvora među odabranim djelima jedva da je moguće. „Historijsko-geografski opis kraljevine Slavonije i vojvodstva Srijemskog“ Friedricha Taubea moramo uvrstiti u historijske izvore, dok su „Aždaja sedmoglava“ Vida Došena ili „Satir iliti divji čovik“ Marije Antuna Reljkovića literarni izvori.
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Die zweite Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts ist für Slawonien als Teil Ost-Kroatiens verhältnismässig reich an Quellen, die Nachrichten über Volksleben und Volkskultur enthalten. Es handelt sich dabei um historische (Reiseberichte im Auftrag der Regierung, Protokolle der Militärverwaltung) und literarische Quellen (Lehrdichtung der Aufklärung). Einige rein methodische Überlegungen müssen hier vorausgeschickt werden: eine Abgrenzung zwischen rein historischen und rein literarischen Quellen ist bei den herangezogenen Werken kaum möglich. Die „Historisch-geographische Beschreibung des Königreichs Slavonien und Herzogtums Syrmien“ von Friedrich Taube ist als historische Quelle zu werten, während die „Aždaja sedmoglava“ (Der siebenköpfige Drache) von Dosen oder der „Satir iliti divji čovik“ (Satyr oder der wilde Mann) von Reljković literarische Quellen sind. Indessen, diese Unterscheidung zwischen zwei Quellenarten kann zunächst beiseite gelassen werden.
More...Leser* und Lektüre im Spiegel der herrnhutischen Überlieferung
A large number of Sorbian Protestants were influenced by Pietism in the18th Century, above all the Herrnhut Community of Brethren. This community emphasised the importance of reading amongst its members and supporters and as a result contributed substantially to the spread of literacy amongst the Sorbian population. Personal accounts, reports, and letters from the archives of the community provide a unique insight into the reading experiences, reading behaviour and habits of the Sorbian population in the 18th Century. At the same time it becomes clear that, together with books, numerous manuscripts were circulated in the Sorbian Diaspora, of which only a few have survived. These were translated, copied and reproduced in Kleinwelka, the central place for work in the Sorbian Diaspora. It was often decided for a number of different reasons not to print this work. As is shown in this study, the distribution in hand-written form of these manuscripts in no way meant that they were not publicly accessible. The manuscripts also reacheda large audience purely through being read out and distributed in the societies. This study argues for a re-evaluation of Sorbian manuscripts in the light of this background. It is not necessarily the case that they have to be seen in every case as having an inferior status through not being printed, but should be seen in their own right as a form of publication.
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The portrait painting by F. G. von Kügelgen has been our main visual evidence about the appearance of the famous rector and professor of physics of the University of Tartu. The painting itself became lost at the very beginning of the 20th century and was known mainly after its lithographed reproduction. The original portrait painting was found by a lucky chance in the US A in 2016 and was acquired by the University of Tartu. The article follows and reconstructs a rather intriguing provenance story of this symbolic and significant painting. In addition to the questions how the portrait of the rector was received in the university after its commission at the beginning of the 19th century, a new interpretation of the portrait focusing on the composition and pose of the depicted person will be offered. Opening up the historical and art historical context of the portrait and comparing its different versions should also lead to a better understanding of the role of artworks in academic institutions.
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Euler and d’Alembert did not only essentially influence the intellectual life of the 18th century but also especially the fortune of the Royal Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Berlin and of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. If one compares the origins and the childhoods of these two outstanding representatives of the European Enlightenment, a greater difference can hardly be imagined. Euler was religiously educated in a Protestant family of a parish priest who published writings against the hated freethinkers as the leading mathematician of his time. D’Alembert was a foundling who grew up in the household of a master craftsman and became the leading freethinker of the French Enlightenment and an equal rival of Euler as far as analytical mechanics was concerned. Their dealings with King Frederick II of Prussia and Empress Catherine II of Russia were also completely different. While Euler gained the respect, but never the favour of the King, d’Alembert enjoyed the friendship of Frederick II without ever giving up his independence. While d’Alembert politely refused all offers of the Empress, Euler returned to St. Petersburg after Catherine had fulfilled all of his demanding claims.
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This research is dedicated to F. M. Klinger, the first curator of the University of Dorpat. The paper explores his activity in Dorpat: what place did the University occupy in his life and how much did he contribute to its development. The study examines the nature of his relationship with the first rector G. F. Parrot and identifies whether Klinger and Parrot’s assertions about the concept of university were in essence similar. The research is based on materials of private correspondence, the memoirs of Klinger, Parrot and their contemporaries as well as some official documents. The relevance of the research stemmed from drawing attention to one of the first six curators of Russian universities—F. M. Klinger, whose personality and activity has not yet been the subject of a separate study.
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Prikazan je sumarno život a napose mnogostrana djelatnost Karla Gottloba v. Antona /1751 - 1818/, njemačkog domoroca iz Gornje Lužice. Uzrastao medu idejama Herders,— Goethea pa prosvjetiteljstva uopće, zarana se s entuzijazmom obraća proučavanju slavenskih naroda, njihovih jezika i kultura. Za tu je svrhu bio u vezi s vrlo brojnim tadašnjim stručnjacima, historicima, jezikoslovcima a napose poznavačima narodnoga života, kulture i jezika različnih slavenskih naroda. Osobito su ga privlačila pitanja iz slavenske davnine, mitologije, običaja i si. Tako je nastalo najznačajnije Antonovo djelce "Erste Linien eines Versuches über der alten Slawen Ursprung, Sitten, Gebräuche, Meinungen und Kenntnisse” /Prvi obrisi pokušaja oko podrijetla, navada i običaja, mišljenja i znanja starih Slavena - 1-1783, 11-1789/.
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Mлади буржуј из Лангреја, Дени Дидро, дошао је у Париз да пронађе своју срећу. Први кораци били су му изузетно тешки. Никако није успевао да пронађе своје место међу париским интелектуалцима. Нико га није схватао озбиљно. Срећа му се осмехнула онога дана када му је Ле Бретон после краткотрајног познанства поверио задатак да са енглеског преведе Чемберсову Енциклопедију. Дидро се херојски прихватио посла. После неколико дана рада синула му је идеја да прошири пројекат и да објави оригинално дело које ће по обиму бити много веће од енглеског дела. У периоду од 1746. и 1773. године рад на Енциклопедији ће заокупити скоро сву његову пажњу.
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Georges Frédéric Parrot (1767–1852), the first Rector of the University of Tartu (Dorpat) after it was reopened in 1802, was a son of the French Enlightenment. He considered it his mission to implement these ideas in the context of the new university. One of the foci of his activities was arranging the university according to a new type of statutes endorsing free development of all kinds of branches of science in the framework of the so-called ‘Academic Republic’, which would be no longer dominated by theology. Parrot was successful in his pursuits. The University of Tartu became an outstanding centre of astronomy, mathematics and natural science—the fields Parrot himself was actively involved in. Today, the term Academic Republic is becoming more and more frequently used by the university employees again. The emphasis on the role of natural science, which was one of Parrot’s main ideas, caused the need for a New Enlightenment. This is the term invented by Nicholas Maxwell, the British philosopher of science. Although the focus of Maxwell’s New Enlightenment seems to be much narrower than that of the classical one, the final goal is still the same. According to Maxwell, making physics the science proper, the basis of constructing serious academic knowledge, has caused the concentration of research on the quest for some kind of special knowledge, the scientific one. Everything stops there. We have lost sight of the general goal of serving humanity, looking for solutions to actual grave problems that Homo sapiens is facing today. Obviously, to serve the whole humanity was the basic goal of the “original” Enlightenment as well. We have to restore the view of the so-called philosophes concerning the position of social science in the academia. It is social science (and the humanities) that form the basis for the understanding and solving the problems that are of real importance to human life.
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Great Britain did not have diplomatic representation in the Papal State, so all business conducted there and relevant news was reported to Whitehall by a Venetian resident. This was Alexander Cunningham, who began this duty in 1715, after the Jacobite rising in Scotland of James Francis Edward (the “Old Pretender,” the son of the deposed James II of England and Ireland, VII of Scotland). Cunningham’s attention during 1718 was focused on surveying the actions of James Edward and the position the Holy See took towards him. Judging by his correspondence, Cunningham he did not perform this task well. An aggravating circumstance was the complicated relations between various states due to the possession of Sicily (by the House of Savoy) and the Kingdom of Naples (by the Austrians), for his seriously challenged balance of power established in Utrecht and Rastatt. Various treaties gave Great Britain a role of guarantor of peace and neutrality in Italy. As a result, Great Britain became involved in events in this part of Europe, especially when Spain entertained the thought of bringing back Sicily under its reign. On the other hand, Cunningham was compelled to watch the position of Venetian authorities regarding the Jacobites, who started to immigrate into the Venetian state. The decision of James Edward to move to Spain, whose support he needed to take power back in Great Britain, relieved both British-Venetian and British-Papal relations of that burden.
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Introduction. For our ancestors, especially those living from 16th to 18th century, hunting was not only a way to obtain some wild game, but, above all, a favorite entertainment, increasing one`s social position. Moreover, hunting on horseback, using dogs and falcons, was considered not only as a leisure time activity, but as an important physical and psychical strength training of future knights, necessary for defending our country. Aim. Introduction of different forms of utilization of horses, dogs and predatory birds, evolving together with gradually changing functions of physical activities – from life necessities to sports. Methods. An analysis of specialist literature. Results & Conclusions. Nowadays horses and dogs are used mainly for pleasure and sports activities, sometimes also for therapeutic reasons. However, there are some active historical reconstruction groups, successfully attempting to prevent the traditional activities, such as falconry, from extinction.
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