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From the History of Sigillography and Heraldry of Private Towns in Western Pomerania. A Case Study of the Seal and Coat of Arms of Łobez

Author(s): Agnieszka Gut / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The aim of the present article is to answer the question about the functioning of seal images and coats of arms of private towns in Western Pomerania. Achieving this goal – given the current state of research – is possible only through the use of the case study method, which, owing to the analysis of all available sources, can reveal the intentions of the creators of civic seals, primarily in the early modern period. The seals and coat of arms of one of the Pomeranian private towns – Łobez were selected for the analysis. As a result of the analysis, it has been established that the seal of Łobez manifested the dependence of the town on the owner, but in the 18th century it was used in the propaganda actions related to the struggle for independence from the gentry family von Borcke. The chronological element added at that time proved to be long-lasting still in the times when Łobez became a royal town after 1808. The date was removed from the field of the coat of arms only after 1945, when the German population was replaced by the Polish population.

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Cula Cuțui from the Village of Broșteni, Mehedinți County

Author(s): Ileana Cioarec / Language(s): English Issue: XXIV/2023

Since medieval times, in the area of Oltenia, several tower-dwellings were preserved, which remind, by their structure and construction system, of the Byzantine ones or of those from the Balkan world. They are called, by a term of Turkish origin, cula/ă (cule for plural = tower, turret). In Mehedinți County, there were quite a few cule, most of them are located in the Motru river valley. Their placement and the construction site indicate their identity and functionality: watch-tower and signalling cule, refuge and defence cule, or dwellings. Such a request was also answered by the cula from Broșteni, built by the members of Săvoiu family. It was built by Gheorghe Cuțui, called Surcel, towards the end of the eighteenth century and had, at first, the role of refuge and defense. Later, after stoves were built inside the cule, it began to be used as a permanent dwelling as well. The cula had a rectangular shape and two levels (one ground floor and one floor).

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Marsz korpusu inflanckiego wojsk rosyjskich gen. Piotra Lacy’ego w kierunku Warszawy latem 1733 roku

Author(s): Michał Tomaszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2022

This text addresses issues related to the outbreak of the conflict for the Polish throne from 1733–1735. It deals directly with the first weeks of the 1733 campaign, i.e. the entry of General Piotr Lacy’s Russian corps into the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The outbreak of the war of the Polish succession is a subject which still requires further study. The text contains an in-depth analysis of the Russian army’s march and Polish delaying actions. The question of the organisation and composition of Lacy’s troops is also addressed. Moreover, the article is enriched with maps developed by the author showing the route of the corps’ march.

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ІСТОРІЯ ЕЛЕКТРОФІЗІОЛОГІЧНИХ ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ ВІД “ТВАРИННОЇ ЕЛЕКТРИКИ” Л. ГАЛЬВАНІ ДО ЕЛЕКТРИЧНИХ ПОТЕНЦІАЛІВ В. ЧАГОВЦЯ.

Author(s): Inga Tymofyychuk,Svitlana Semenenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2022

The development of physiology as an independent science is closely related to electrophysiology. The regularities formulated in this section are important for understanding the regularities of the functioning of internal organs. The section of electrophysiology includes the study of excitability processes, the formation of rest and action potentials, the mechanisms of muscle contraction, the conduction of excitation along nerve fibers, the mechanisms of conduction of excitation through synapses. The work of all internal organs is based on electrophysiological principles, since excitable tissues are part of the functioning internal organs. Both students of medical universities and working doctors will find it useful to get acquainted with this material, which determines the relevance of the work. We set the aim of the article is to analise the historical stages in the formation of electrophysiology as an independent section of physiology. Metodology of the study is realized mainly with the help of descriptive and historical methods. The novelty of the study. The article states that the presence of “animal electricity” was first noticed by Luigi Galvani. Further studies conducted by Volt, Matteucci, Dubois-Raymond expanded the understanding of the mechanisms of conducting excitations on the neuromuscular elements of the body. Attention is drawn to the role of Ukrainian physiologists who made an important contribution to the scientific heritage. Thus, V. Chagovts discovered the fundamental laws of potential formation and the basis of excitability, the concept of a critical level of depolarization. Conclusions. The resulting patterns are fundamental even today. The data presented in the article expand knowledge of the physiology of excitable tissues and provide an opportunity to form a more complete picture from this section.

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Wychowanie księcia Henryka Lubomirskiego na tle idei epoki oświecenia

Author(s): Szymon Mikołaj Polak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 46/2022

The concept of upbringing was truly revolutionised in the 18th century. From the theses of the English scholar John Locke, who encouraged changes to the approach to young people and educating their spirit (mind) so that they would become righteous and just citizens, to the ideas introduced by the Geneva-based philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau, suggesting that a child is a being completely different from an adult, so the concept of education should also be completely different. In Poland, there were some reflections of the aforementioned changes in education and upbringing, as evidenced by Prince Henryk Lubomirski, who at a very young age was placed under the care of his relative, Princess Izabela Lubomirska, née Czartoryska. It was she, influenced primarily by Jean Jacques Rousseau, who decided to raise Prince Henry according to the standards of the time.

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Дмитрий Кантемир и Пётр Великий. Эволюция отношений

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Дмитрий Кантемир и Пётр Великий. Эволюция отношений

Author(s): Victor I. Ţvircun / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2023

Despite the continuing interest in the scientific community in the biographies of the Moldavian ruler Dmitry Cantemir and the Russian Emperor Peter the Great, in the history of Moldovan-Russian relations in the first quarter of the 18th century, many related topics and problems are still little or completely unexplored, the history of the relationship between these two statesmen, among them. This article is an attempt to trace the evolution of these interpersonal ties during the years 1711—1723, the time from their first contacts to the death of the Moldavian prince. Along with extensive literature related to this topic, the author used numerous archival materials from the archives of the Russian Federation.

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COLLECTING COINS AND MEDALS IN 18TH-CENTURY SWEDEN

Author(s): Ylva Haidenthaller / Language(s): English Issue: 34/2023

During the 18th century, collections of coins and medals were familiar sights. The col- lectors ranged from scholars to amateurs, men and women and the collectables tempt- ed collectors for various reasons: they signified wealth and knowledge, they rendered historical events or current politics in material form, or they were miniature artworks and financial investments. Also, the visual and material culture that involved collect- ing coins and medals consisted of cabinets and numismatic publications. But how were numismatic collections amassed, and how were they used? What did it mean to own a coin and medal collection? This article discusses the practices of collecting numismatics in 18th-century Sweden through various case studies concerning private and public collections, such as the Uppsala University coin cabinet or the possessions of politician Carl Didric Ehrenpreus, numismatist Elias Brenner, medal artist Arvid Karlsteen, and merchant-wife Anna Johanna Grill. These cases illuminate the diverse motivations behind collecting, from intellectual curiosity to social status. These case studies include immaterial facets such as witty discussions and international net- works and material aspects such as coins, medals, cabinets, letters, and publications. Based on contemporary written sources, this article sheds light on how numismatic objects were bought, sold and circulated, highlighting the market dynamics of col- lecting. Furthermore, the examples examine how numismatic publications were used next to the objects, contributing to hermeneutic study and the collecting process. The written records provide insight into the scholarly discourse surrounding these collec- tions, offering a glimpse into the intellectual context of the time. Finally, the article will add to the understanding of values and ideas attached to the practices of collecting coins and medals in early modern Europe. It elucidates the role of numismatics as a collecting practice, as well as how it shaped cultural perceptions, underscoring the intricate interplay between material and visual culture, society, and the production of knowledge during this period.

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CZY GEORG FORSTER NIE LUBIŁ POLAKÓW? PENDANT DO REFLEKSJI NAD LITERATURĄ PODRÓŻNICZĄ JAKO ŹRÓDŁEM HISTORYCZNYM

Author(s): Jacek Kordel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2023

The picture of Poland and Poles painted by the hand of Georg Forster, botanist and traveller staying in Vilnius between 1784 and 1787, has been covered with a thick layer of varnish by successive generations of historians. It decayed, darkened, and lost its transparency, making it impossible to see the details of the composition. The author tries to pull back this veil by analys- ing Forster’s correspondence from his stay in the Commonwealth against the broad background of the late eighteenth-century literary phenomena. He also undertakes a polemic against the myth of Forster as an objective observer and cosmopolitan.

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The Evolution of Views of Franz Karl Heintz, the Quarantine Physician of the Right-Bank Ukraine, Concerning the Reasons of Occurrence, Course and Treatment of the Plague

Author(s): Olga Gaidai,Tadeusz Srogosz / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

In the years 1780–1781, Doctor Franz Karl Heintz hesitated about the diagnosis for a long time. Initially he thought he had encountered cases of ‘rotten diseases’. However, taking into account the experience of other European countries, he knew one had to be certain about the diagnosis given, especially when it concerned the most terrible infection. Only after some time he admitted was dealing with the plague. He was still optimistic though. He claimed that herbal medicaments were efficient in many cases. In 1786, already as the quarantine physician of the Right-Bank Ukraine, he sensibly assessed the potential of medicine regarding the plague. Although he based his project on the contemporary medicinal state of the art that went along with the 18th c. ideal of medical knowledge (he was a follower of Hippocrates, i.e. a supporter of humoral pathology), the most important components of the project were police-order in their character, which found a permanent place in the medical thought of that time.

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Dimitrie Cantemir

Author(s): Maria Vaida / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 10/2023

The study presents the personality and work of the scholar and prince Dimitrie Cantemir, 300 years after his death. As a scholar Dimitrie Cantemir (1673-1723) was a prolific encyclopedist, ethnographer, geographer, philosopher, historian, linguist, musicologist and composer. His genius greatly manifested itself in the field of historical science, a field in which he left us a number of immortal fundamental works. Most of them are related to national history, and others to universal history. Dimitrie Cantemir’s great interest in the history of his people, of the Turkish Empire and of many neighboring peoples from ancient times to his era was a strong incentive in the elaboration of his historical work. In order to better understand the contribution of Dimitrie Cantemir’s work to Romanian culture, we must take into consideration the backgrounds of the era when he recorded the first attempts to highlight the literary skills of his mother tongue.

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Pojęcie rekreacji w polskich źródłach drukowanych do 1795 roku

Author(s): Arkadiusz Włodarczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

Recreation, alongside physical education, sport and physical rehabilitation, is one of the forms of participation in physical culture. The analysis of works from the times of the First Republic of Poland has shown that this term was used in its Latin version as early as at the beginning of the16th century. In the early period of its dissemination in the Polish lands, it was translated as ochłoda, which in the Polish language of the time meant enjoyment. Based on the analysis, it was found that the Polonized version of the word recreation was used for the first time in 1584, while the dynamic development of the dissemination of the concept of recreation and the meaning context occurred in the first half of the 17th century. As a result of the analysis, several meanings of the term recreation can be distinguished: as an enjoyment, entertainment, fun, as a rest from studies and a holiday break, which was called school recreation in education and religious recreation in a church institution, and even as an element of the general educational process.

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Socjotopografia osadnictwa żydowskiego w Warszawie w drugiej połowie XVIII wieku

Author(s): Hanna Węgrzynek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 52/2023

In the second half of the eighteenth century, there was a rapid influx of Jews to Warsaw, even though at that time the de non tolerandis Iudaeis law was still in force. In 1778, there were over 3,500 Jews in Warsaw, and by 1792 the number increased to 7,000. At that time, they constituted over seven percent of the entire population of the city. Jews lived in different parts of Warsaw, but they began to form enclaves that were centers of both economic and religious life. The activity of the Warsaw Jews was dominated by two fields: trade and crafts. In the 1790s, they accounted for thirty percent of commercial operations. Responding to the needs of the Warsaw market, Jews started producing clothes. About thirty percent of the tailors working in Warsaw were Jewish. Despite numerous restric- tions and bans, Jewish self-government institutions began to emerge in Warsaw, and religious life developed. These changes were conducive, if not to legalization, then to the slow acceptance of the Jewish presence in Warsaw. In this way, at the end of the eighteenth century, not only the largest Jewish community in Europe began to emerge in Warsaw, but also an important center of Jewish social, cul- tural, and religious life.

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Du Lenkijos karaliaus ir Lietuvos didžiojo kunigaikščio Stanislovo Augusto Poniatovskio laiškai Kristupui Olendskiui

Author(s): Ramunė Šmigelskytė-Stukienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2023

The reforms of state government adopted by the Four-Year Sejm (1788–1792) and the Constitution of May 3, 1791, that crowned these reforms were one of the most significant political events of the united Polish-Lithuanian State in the eighteenth century. The rich historiography of the Four-Year Sejm covers not only the genesis of the reforms, and the content of the adopted transformations, but also their reception in the voivodeships and districts (powiats) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The nobility’s approval for the fundamental government reforms was expressed in the district’s assemblies (sejmiki) held in February 1792, which went down in history as a referendum on the Constitution of May 3. However, to date, the personal composition of the reform and the group of supporters of the 3 May Constitution and their activities in the different voivodeships and districts of the Commonwealth have not been sufficiently studied. Also, little is known about the special tasks performed by the king’s chamberlains during the consolidation of the reforms and Constitution. The new archival sources presented in the article reveal the connections of the Samogitian nobleman Christopher Olendski (Krzysztof Olendski, Olędzki) with the faction of the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Stanisław Augustus Poniatowski in the last decade of the XVIII century and testify to his agitation activities in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Courland in 1791. The composition of the ruler’s group participants in Lithuania is supplemented with a new personality.

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„Egy füstbe ment terv”. Michál Minas Theodorowicz örmény unitus püspöki jelöltsége Erdélyben (1731−1742)

Author(s): Kornél Nagy / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2023

One of the least known events in the church-history of Transylvania in the 18th century is the candidacy of the Armenian Uniate Priest Michál Minas Theodorowicz (1686−1760). At the same time, the scant literature available to us has embellished the activity of this man of church with many myths. Posterity remembered him as a cleric of pure faith and capable of great sacrifices for his people, who almost became the Uniate Bishop of the Armenians in Transylvania in the 18th century. In addition, there is a myth about his figure that in 1758 Queen Maria Theresa (1740−1780) appointed him Apostolic Vicar and Bishop of the Transylvanian Armenians of the Uniate faith, but his consecration failed mainly due to the fierce opposition of Daniel Todor, the Armenian Supreme Judge of Szamosújvár [Gherla, Romania], because he wanted his close relative, Daniel Minas, who studied in Rome, to be appointed as a Bishop of the Armenians in Transylvania instead of Theodorowicz at the Imperial Court in Vienna and Apostolic See in Rome. Therefore, the main aim of this article is, among other things, to clarify the circumstances of Michál Minas Theodorowicz’s appointment as a Bishop with the help of recently uncovered archival sources, being kept in foreign countries, and to shade the myth related to him. In addition, through the case of Theodorowicz, we get an insight into the history of Transylvania in the 18th century, especially in the 1730s and 1740s, the scholarly research of which has been pushed into the background in recent decades.

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Thomas Jefferson és a szegénység problémája az Egyesült Államokban republikánus kontextusban

Author(s): Zoltán Vajda / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2023

This essay is proposed to explore the problem of poverty in Thomas Jefferson’s thought – an issue that has received very little attention from scholars of intellectual and cultural history. Although there have been modest attempts at probing into the general aspects of his ideas concerning poverty as well as its ramifications concerning indigence in Europe, the American scene has been left largely intact by scholars. A careful examination of his writings, however, reveals that Jefferson was, in fact, concerned over poverty in the USA and devoted quite a degree of his attention to it. I argue, in the first place, that his understanding of republicanism largely informed his conception of poverty in the US. In the second place, I demonstrate, he distinguished several categories of the poor ranging from the unemployed indigents through the labouring poor existing in America, and that his regarding America as an exceptional place compared to Europe was largely based on his understanding of the extended nature of poor relief for those in his country. Finally, I also argue that from the early nineteenth century on, Jefferson used the discourse of poverty to describe the situation of farmers, struck by the general economic crisis, otherwise considered the bulwark of American republicanism. His complaints about their lot also extended to himself trying to cope with a situation that he originally identified with those living in poverty.

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Z DZIEJÓW PRODUKCJI KSIĄŻKI WE LWOWIE XVIII WIEKU. DRUKARNIA BRACTWA ŚWIĘTEJ TRÓJCY

Author(s): Edward Różycki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

Founded as a continuation of Wojciech Mielczewski’s printing shop, the printing house of the Fraternity of the Holy Trinity operated between 1705 and 1786. It produced over 300 items, which were mostly religious. Its lay publications included alphabet books to learn Polish, Polish poetry, almanacs, play programmes for school theatres, light fiction, panegyrics etc. The printing house popularised Polish culture in multicultural Lviv. Book inventories found in its storeroom show that some titles and publications are not known to bibliographers.

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“Coveting the Manor” — the feud between Father Józef Dembiński and Krystyna Wilkońska née Dembińska in 1758—1772

Author(s): Mirosław Płonka / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

In 1758, Krystyna née Dembińska of Rawicz coat of arms, widowed by Kazimierz Wilkoński, of Odrowąż coat of arms, the Standard Bearer of Zator and Oświęcim, presented on the personage of Stryszów Fr Józef Ferdynand Michał Tomasz Dembiński of Nieczuja coat of arms. The young clergyman was a son of the owner of Marcówka and Zembrzyce villages, situated near Stryszów, which belonged to the Wilkoński family. Until 1772, the parish priest engaged in a lasting feud with the patroness of the church over proceeds from benefices and church privileges. As a doctor of laws and letters, Father Józef masterfully conducted his affairs to prevail finally over the landowner of the village and the patroness of the parish. The conflict was primarily caused by the private rivalry between the cleric and Wilkońska concerning her entitlements, estate, and her role within the village and parish community. This article examines the tension between the manor and the parsonage in Stryszów as an example of competition for prestige, pointing to three stages of the rivalry. The actions of both the estranged parties discussed in the article illustrate the perception of the manor in Stryszów from the 1750s to the 1770s through the lens of the patron of a country church.

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Działalność kodyfikacyjna Romualda Hubego

Author(s): Józef Koredczuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 336/2023

Romuald Hube was one of the most prominent Polish legal historians of the 19th century. He was also a very active jurist who was a member of several governing authorities in the Kingdom of Poland. As a very distinguished lawyer, characterized by a loyalistic attitude towards the govern- ment of the Kingdom of Poland, he was appointed to a Commission whose goal was to codify Russian law and unify with it the law in force in the Kingdom of Poland. The most significant of these codifications the result of Romuald Hube’s work was the Code of Principal and Corrective Penal- ties issued for Russia in 1845, and in 1847 for Poland. The introduction of this Code, which was very critically received by the Polish society, brought down a wave of criticism on Romuald Hube, related not only to the legal solutions adopted in this Code itself, but above all to the role he played in the repressive policies of the Russian authorities against the Polish population. Romuald Hube’s participation in the creation of the Code still raises many controversies in Polish academic circles.

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Kodikologická analýza rukopisů popisujících pruské obležení Olomouce v roce 1758

Author(s): Radek Petřík / Language(s): Czech Issue: 53/1-2/2023

The article presents a set of eight narrative historiographical sources from the time of the Prussian siege of the Olomouc fortress during the Seven Years‘ War in 1758, which has been little used by historians so far. The authors of these sources, preserved in the State District Archive in Olomouc, were mostly religious, but also municipal officials or townspeople, whose motivation was to capture the events experienced and thus preserve the testimony for future generations. The newly classified diary of the fortress commander Ernst Dietrich Marschall is an exception in this collection. The study presents a codicological analysis of the sources and attempts to anchor them terminologically.

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More Than Mere Spectacle: Coronations and Inaugurations in the Habsburg Monarchy during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

Author(s): Benedek M.Varga / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

More Than Mere Spectacle: Coronations and Inaugurations in the Habsburg Monarchy during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Edited by Klaas Van Gelder. New York–Oxford: Austrian and Habsburg Studies, Berghahn, 2021. 326 pp.

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