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The article summarizes the existing reflection of the concept of gender in the Czechagrarian historiography. Despite a general consensus about the necessity of the genderhistory, the factual implementation of gender as an analytical tool is still uncommon. Thefirst studies dealing with rural women appeared in the 1990s. The amount of knowledgeabout rural women quickly surpassed that about rural men. The most progressive researcharea in the field of gender history is the history of the rural family, also dealing with theproblems of life cycle and land tenure.
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The article illustrates the importance of business diplomacy practised by free agents, who navigated and negotiated between northern European empires for widespread commercial, legal and administrative developments. Abraham Cabiljau’s career is an example from the early modern Swedish empire, which stands on the threshold of a new era. In the Swedish empire, Cabiljau was involved in several different sectors, from military recruitment to the development of state accounting and administration of international trade. He represents the Swedish empire’s vast economic relationships with international merchant networks operating in a broad spectrum of military and commercial arenas. The Swedish empire was economically dependent on the financial resources of the merchants in Amsterdam, and economic prosperity was not the sole contribution of these merchants. The education, knowledge and connections provided by Cabiljau greatly enhanced the administration and organisation of Sweden’s international trade by importing a new legal mindset and organisational culture. In return, northern mining resources and Baltic commerce were alluring for Dutch merchants. We argue that the modelling of international organisations was an essential part of Swedish economic development. However, the first Swedish trading companies remained an experimental attempt to transplant the Dutch East India Company (VOC) model to Sweden. Individuals like Cabiljau represent key actors who ignited, taught and promoted commercial law development in Sweden, on which international commerce was later built upon, with long-lasting impacts.
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The Scanian War fought between Sweden and Denmark (1675–1679) is an example of an armed conflict, which uncovers the clash between the commercial and political interests. This article analyses the dispute between the political allies, the Danish Crown and the Dutch States General considering the trade with Sweden. The Danish naval officials had captured and confiscated the cargoes of seven Dutch tar vessels, heading to Amsterdam from present-day Finland in 1677, which resulted in a major political dispute between Denmark and the Dutch Republic. By drawing upon the methodology of new diplomatic history, the article analyses the negotiations between the diplomatic actors involved in the disputes relating to the confiscation of the ships, all of whom represented the various powers involved in the Baltic export trade.
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This paper offers an Iberian perspective on Sweden’s ‘Age of Greatness’ by looking at the intersection of international politics and trade involving Portugal and Sweden after Portugal regained its independence from Spain at the end of 1640. Sweden’s exports of timber, naval stores, iron, copper, and weapons to Braganza Portugal are seen in the context of the Portuguese wars for overseas trade and colonial settlement against the Dutch Republic and the struggle for autonomy against Spain in its home turf. By revisiting the accounts of diplomatic actors, this contribution will discuss how Portugal turned to Sweden for diplomatic recognition and new consumption markets and carriers for its export sector. It will also be shown how Sweden stood to gain by adding a new customer to its military export sector and by tapping into Portugal’s colonial goods and salt, while at the same time it entertained the prospect of using the Portuguese offshoots in West Africa and the East Indies to further its ambitions in overseas trade.
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The study presents a comparative analysis of encomia included in noblemen’s orations and sermons delivered in the seventeenth century at the funerals of girls and maidens. The juxtaposition of texts belonging to two different genres places the issue of role models in a new light because the way of rhetorical amplification of the same laudatory topoi, which depends on the type of speech, turns out to have a fundamental influence on the model that emerges from the speech.
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The article contains an edition of a handwritten occasional piece about the abduction of a maiden. The text comes from a silva rerum by Alexander Minor (ref. no. 691), probably written between 1664 and 1705, and held in the collection of the Baworowski Library (fond 4, section 1) at the Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientific Library of Ukraine.
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La zone de viile Roman a été au long de temps un lieu propice pour l’existence des communautés umaines. L’auteur nous présente les résultats des recherches archéologiques de surface effectuées entre les années 1998-1999 sur la partie droit de la terrasse de rivière Moldovie, et aussi dans les localités Moldoveni et Bîra.
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Dans cette étude l'auteur se rapporte aux voyageurs étrangers qui se sont arrêté dans les villes de Bacău, de Tg. Trotuş et d'Adjud pendant XV-XVII siècles.
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The condition of Krasnystaw’s crafts and trade from the mid-sixteenth until the seventeenth century depended on local, regional, and national factors. Royal privileges, beneficial location on trade routes, and good state of the economy all determined the role of Krasnystaw as an artisan-commercial centre in the sixteenth century, although first harbingers of future crisis could already be noticed in the last decades of the century. In the seventeenth century, Krasnystaw’s status was undermined by an accumulation of natural disasters and wars, growth of jurydykas, competition from newly chartered towns, most importantly Zamość, and structural changes in the Commonwealth’s economy. The crisis saw its peak in the 1670s and the 1680s and went hand in hand with the depopulation of the centre. As a result, Krasnystaw was demoted to an agricultural settlement and its trade and crafts became largely marginalised. This negative trend changed towards the end of the Commonwealth’s “Silver Age.”
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La folie est une idée qui a une occurrence historique. Elle témoigne de différentes reconfigurations selon la vision du monde dominante dans une époque historique. Elle fait sentir sa présence dans la littérature parénétique dès les XVIe et XVIIe siècles. Sous l'autorité de la pensée religieuse, la folie a une pluralité de significations, largement négatives: elle est à la fois péché et punition divine. Sous l'influence de la vision optimiste de l'humanisme, l'idée de la folie élargit son champ de référence et va devenir un problème de la morale du savoir. La folie reste dans la culture roumaine jusqu'à la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle sous l'autorité de l'Eglise. La lenteur du processus de sécularisation dans la culture roumaine est l'une des principales causes du retard dans le transfert de gestion de la folie de l'Eglise vers l’Etat. La sécularisation tardive de la folie a retardé l'apparition du discours scientifique psychiatrique.
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The paper deals with the reconstruction of climatic and hydrological aspects of the flash flood in Sobotište in 1678 in terms of historical geography. The weather conditions and consequences (especially damage) caused by this natural disaster were outlined by M. Bel in paragraph IX. CHVOYNITZE (slov. Chvojnica), § V. Natural History of the General Part of the Knowledge of the Nitra County (1742). More detailed information about the given flood is provided by transcripts of anabaptist codes by J. Beck (1883), family historiography by D. Krman jr. (1708) and monograph and paper written by Ľ. Pauliny (1888, 1891). We obtained further data and parallels to the issue from the literature, data from the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute and old maps.
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In the article, the Ottoman castles in the Aegean Islands, XVI. century to the end of the XVII. It focuses on the livelihood struggle of the soldiers who served at the beginning of the century. A reaya who chose to serve in the castle was detached from all other professional and income-generating civil pursuits. Therefore, these individuals, who are part of the workforce and human resources of the region they work in, and who work in the castle, were withdrawn from the direct taxpayer people living in the area whose defence was left to the existence of the castle. The economic problems faced by the soldiers serving in the castles are discussed in this context. There were two main reasons for the financial problems experienced by the soldiers. The first of these was the rupture between military salaries and inflation, and the second was the income inequality caused by breach irregularities. In addition, the relationship between the reasons of the economic problems affecting the soldiers in the castle and the solution developed by the decision-makers against the problems experienced are revealed. The perspective on the root of the problems is discussed through the steps taken for the solution. Ottoman fortresses in the Aegean Islands served comprehensive strategic objectives pursued on the Mediterranean. Therefore, the solution of the material problems experienced by the soldiers was not only of humanitarian but also of military and strategic importance.
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The article has as subject the impact of the plague on the collective mentality in the Romanian space during the 16th and 17th centuries. Of all the calamities that befell people during the Middle Ages, and especially during the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was undoubtedly one of the most frightening. The lack of logical explanations for the cause of its occurrence and its way of spreading, its devastating effect on those infected and the inability to apply effective treatment made this contagious disease have a profound impact on the collective mind. Thus, the sources that recounted the events related to this calamity, the periods in which it spread and deeply affected the population of Transylvania, Moldavia and Wallachia are highlighted. The way in which the people of those centuries tried to explain the causes of the plague, the measures of prophylaxis imposed, even sporadically, and the effort made by human communities, both in rural areas and especially in urban areas, to overcome this terrifying calamity are contained in the pages of this article. In the face of this threat, people were trying to take measures that mainly consisted in isolating the sick and fleeing the calamity. When they proved ineffective — that is, almost every time — the people tried to find the support of the divinity or resorted to ancient rituals, in which they placed their last hopes.
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Review of: Andrei Oișteanu, Moravuri și năravuri. Eseu de istorie a mentalităților, Iași: Editura Polirom, 2021, 406 p.
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The most beautiful examples of arts such as calligraphy, illumination and miniature, which have an exceptional place in Islamic arts, can be seen in manuscripts and murakkas. The first examples of murakkas, which were previously prepared in the form of a book, appear at the end of the 15th century. Well-designed examples of these works, which developed further in the 16th century, can be found since the 18th century. Murakkas were written with the most beautiful calligraphy in every period, decorated, and preserved for many years without being worn out. Today, there are well-preserved murakkas in museums, libraries and private collections, rich in writing and ornamentation. One of the mentioned libraries is the Manisa Manuscript Library. The study deals with Murakka with Inventory Number 2815, which is preserved in the Manisa Manuscript Library. The work is "nesih müfredat meşkî", and consists of three leaves. There is no information about the history, calligrapher, bookbinder and illuminator of the work. The study aims at determining its place in the period examining it in terms of pattern, motif, colour, technique and style.
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Rajko Grlić’s The Melody Haunts My Reverie and Dejan Šorak’s film The Officer with a Rose were made in the 1980s, at a time when postmodernist influences were felt in national cinema. In postmodernism, Croatian film has shown greater interest in film genres that have for a long time been underrated and considered inferior. This was particularly the case with melodrama genre. Grlić’s and Šorak’s melodramas, despite some significant differences, share a common dramaturgical structure - the tragic and inacceptable love between a partisan and a middle class „bourgeoisie“ woman in the Post-World War II period. Also, intertextual connections with American and European melodramas encompassing similar settings (depiction of the same time period, motifs, etc.) can be noticed. In case of Grlić these connections are more subtle, but in Šorak’s film there is a more direct homage to the author/genre. A comparative analysis of the two melodramas will point out the similarities and differences in treatment of genre, motifs, typology of characters, and references to film history, as well as Šorak’s possible references to Grlić’s melodrama.
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