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Given that Juraj Dragišić, born in Srebrenica around 1445, is widely regarded as a Croatian theologian, philosopher and humanist in literature, this text asserts that Dragišić's place is in the historical world of Bosnian thinkers where he belongs. As the son of a Bosnian bosom, a Bosnian, Bosniak and Bosnian Franciscan friar, Juraj Dragišić should be included in the history of Bosnian social, political, philosophical and theological thought. After presenting the important dimensions of his biography and interpreting his literary oeuvre, Dragišić's axiological views are pointed out, for which he should be remembered and respected as an integral component of that history.
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U drugoj polovici 15. i 16. st. turska moć na Balkanu nalazi se u svom najvišem usponu. Balkanske države, jedna za drugom, padaju pod vlast sultanovu i turska osvajanja, poput plime, šire se sve više prema zapadu i sjeverozapadu. Srbija postaje 1459. turskim pašalukom, četiri godine kasnije Bosna, a nepunih dvadeset godina poslije Bosne i Hercegovina. Na Krbavskom polju 1493. uništena je hrvatska plemićka vojska, ban Derenčin kao «zapovjednik zarobljen i odveden u Carigrad, i tada prestaje svaki ozbiljniji otpor protiv nadiranja Turaka. God. 1522. osvojiše Turci Knin i Skradin, a 1528. Liku i Krbavu, i time se prekida i veza između Hrvatske i Dalmacije
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The aim of the article is a comprehensive analysis of the formation, development and current state of research in Czech numismatics of the XIX - early XXI centuries in the context of coinage, penetration and use of Prague groschen as a means of payment in Central and Eastern Europe in the late Middle Ages and early modern times. The research methodology is outlined by the principles of scientificity, historicism, objectivity, and the main methods used in the study were historiographic analysis and historiographic synthesis, as well as general scientific methods of generalization and systematization. The scientific novelty is determined by the attempt to comprehensively analyze and generalize the historiographical achievements of Czech numismatics in the context of the problem of the participation of Prague money in the circulation of Central and Eastern Europe in the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. The process of formation, development and current state of Czech and Slovak numismatics in the study of chronology and geography of Grossi pragenses penetration into the coin markets of Central and Eastern Europe in the XIV-XV centuries are considered. The authors have singled out periodization of the historiographical process of numismatic research of the outlined problem is formulated and substantiated, the range of issues that need further study and scientific interpretation. Conclusions. The analysis of the historiographical work outlined in the topic of the article allows distinguishing three consecutive periods of numismatic research on the issue of minting and circulation of Prague groschen. The first period of Czech and Slovak historiography of the problem covers the 80's of the XIX - 30's of the XX century. Beginning with sporadic attempts to describe and register the known types of Prague groschen minted by Czech kings from Wenceslas II (1278-1305) to Ferdinand I (1526-1562). At the beginning of the twentieth century, these studies grew into purposeful scientific cataloguing, study, and systematization of metrological indicators of coins, details of their images, legends, and countermarks. Special studies of the preconditions for the preparation and conduct of the monetary reform of Wenceslas II, the rate of coins minted by him, and the peculiarities of the issuance policy of this monarch were begun. At the same time, a description of the stamp versions of Vladislav II's money (1471-1516) was initiated. However, the technical imperfection of the equipment for visual inspection and photo-fixation of numismatic material at that time often caused incomplete or inaccurate data. The second period of numismatic research on our topic covered the 1950s - early 1990s. At this time there is not only an expansion of the study of the history of minting and circulation of Prague groschen but also qualitative changes in the methodology of numismatic research. The stamp varieties and chronology of the issue of Prague groschen, including those minted during the reigns of John of Luxembourg, Wenceslas IV and Charles IV, Wladyslaw II, and Louis I, have been studied. Scholars described and analyzed countermarks (overprinting) on coins, drew attention to the historical and art analysis of the iconography of Prague groschen; the quality of coinage. The third, modern period of development of Czech and Slovak numismatic studies on the history of minting and circulation of Prague groschen began in the first half of the 1990s. This historiographical period differs from the previous ones primarily by the intensive replenishment of the database of numismatic sources on the topic. On the other hand, the study of coinage and circulation of Prague groschen from purely historical or numismatic grow into interdisciplinary, increasingly numismatists, to search or confirm data, use not only relevant methods of numismatics (methods of stamping and comparative analysis, topography of treasures and individual coins). allocation of periods of money circulation, methods of analysis of the composition of coin treasures), complex methods of special historical disciplines, but also modern non-destructive methods of natural sciences (Physico-chemical analysis of coin metal, spectral research, etc.). Technical perfection of modern devices used by scientists for visual inspection and macro photography of coins facilitates complete research. The current stage of research of Czech numismatists in the field of our problem is characterized by a combination of research efforts in the study of some theoretical and applied issues of minting and circulation of Prague groschen. In particular, data on recently discovered treasures of Prague groschen are published, the history of their minting in the archaic period (1300-1385) is studied, and little-known and previously unknown variants of stamps of these coins are studied. The new source base describes the technological and typological features of numerous coinage varieties of Prague groschen of Wenceslas IV (1378-1419) and Ferdinand I (1526-1562), coins are arranged in detail by type and catalogued. A separate area of numismatic research became the issue of counterfeiting Prague groschen.
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In this paper, attempts are being made to present the fashion and dressing of different social stratums in XIV-XV century and to classify the various typologies during this period. For the first time, has been taken into consideration the myth of mourning found in various parts of the traditional costume. Based on written sources, the engravings of foreing travelers, as well as the older generation of Albanian photographers, we argue that the male felt pant (tirqe) came into use in the second half of the XX century.
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This article presents the consequences of the establishment of the Crown of the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1348, which entailed the incorporation of Silesia with its rich and ambitious city of Wrocław. Initially, Wrocław posed many challenges for Prague, but over time, it became its competitor. The growing position of Wrocław in the Bohemian Crown stemmed from the legitimization of its rights to the Bohemian throne. Hence, Wrocław’s art and architecture of that time reveal many political undertones. In the winter of 1358/1359, the emperor chose Wrocław to ensure the succession of the Luxembourg secundogeniture. The birth of Wenceslaus IV in 1361 simplified the matter of succession. But when Charles IV’s younger son, Sigismund, was not accepted in Prague after his brother’s death in 1419, he took the Bohemian throne via Wrocław, calling it in 1420 “the second capital of his Rule and the source of law”.
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The paper addresses the long-term impact of mining towns and the villages under the authority of these towns on the waterscapes in the northern mining area of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary (present-day Slovakia). The paper focuses on the privileging practices of the settlers of villages founded by burghers of a medieval mining town, Kremnica. The paper argues that analysing Kremnica’s practice in settling the town’s surroundings may on the one hand shed light on the privileges of the settlers of the town itself, and on the other, be crucial to understanding a previously neglected environmental impact of mining in pre-modern times. The paper argues that while charters of privilege provided to mining towns seldom refer to the freedom to exploit water, the towns’ settlers did use the waterways to their benefit. In arguing for this the paper discusses the freedoms of the settlers’ villages of Kremnica in the fourteenth–fifteenth centuries. The freedom of settlers – or the leading of the settling process – led to an increased pressure on waterways in mining town areas that had lasting consequences on the landscapes of these regions.
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Guillaume Budé, «le père de la Renaissance», a eu des préoccupations multiples et ses résultats ont été remarquables dans tous les domaines qu’il avait abordés. A côté de ses ouvrages philologiques renommés, ceux qui témoignent de son intérêt pour l‘histoire ou pour le domaine du droit ont suscité eux aussi la curiosité des intellectuels de Transylvanie. 16 exemplaires d’un réel mérite sont conservés dans trois prestigieuses bibliothèques de Cluj-Napoca, Sibiu et Alba Iulia et leur mise en valeur constitue le but de notre présente démarche.
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This study aims to present the beginnings of Hungarian lexicography, with a special focus on certain works that are closely connected with Transylvania. The early glossaries, starting with the 13th century, are either marginal or interlinear. The only early source in which glossaries are intertextual, distinguished from the Latin text by underlining, is Sermones Dominicales, a compilation of sermons written in the first half of the 15th century. The vocabularies and nomenclatures under analysis were elaborated between the 14th century and the end of the 16th century, most of them being based on lists of Latin words grouped according to semantic fields. The only work that was elaborated based on the Hungarian lexis is the Nomenclature from Schlägl, a copy dating from around 1405 of a document written a few decades before. Among these vocabularies there are some that could be regarded as the first attempts to elaborate specialized dictionaries. Starting with the 16th century, several dictionaries in which the title-words are arranged alphabetically were identified. However, the early dictionaries are either unfinished or only partially preserved. The most representative dictionaries, mainly multilingual, were elaborated starting with the late 16th century. Our presentation ends with József Benkő’s botanical dictionaries, edited in 1783, which mark the beginnings of modern Hungarian lexicography.
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This study aims to present the beginnings of Hungarian lexicography, with a special focus on certain works that are closely connected with Transylvania. The early glossaries, starting with the 13th century, are either marginal or interlinear. The only early source in which glossaries are intertextual, distinguished from the Latin text by underlining, is Sermones Dominicales, a compilation of sermons written in the first half of the 15th century. The vocabularies and nomenclatures under analysis were elaborated between the 14th century and the end of the 16th century, most of them being based on lists of Latin words grouped according to semantic fields. The only work that was elaborated based on the Hungarian lexis is the Nomenclature from Schlägl, a copy dating from around 1405 of a document written a few decades before. Among these vocabularies there are some that could be regarded as the first attempts to elaborate specialized dictionaries. Starting with the 16th century, several dictionaries in which the title-words are arranged alphabetically were identified. However, the early dictionaries are either unfinished or only partially preserved. The most representative dictionaries, mainly multilingual, were elaborated starting with the late 16th century. Our presentation ends with József Benkő’s botanical dictionaries, edited in 1783, which mark the beginnings of modern Hungarian lexicography.
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The subject of this paper are wall paintings in the fresco technique, discovered in 2007 in the sanctuary and in the lunette of the portal of the Church of the Nativity of the Most Holy Mother of God in Koprivna. This medieval church, originally dedicated to St. George, Lelja Dobronić associated with the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem and interpreted it as the only remnant of their architecture on their medieval estate called Dopsa. Tibor Rostás, on the other hand, does not mention Dobronić's thesis about the Hospitallers' origin of the church in Koprivna and he connects the origin of the church and paintings in it with the Ják family from the middle of the 13th century. The text analyzes the historical written sources, as well as iconography and style of paintings in the sanctuary and the lunette of the church with the aim of giving a well-founded proposal about the original builders of the church and the patrons (sponsors) of these paintings. Koprivna is not mentioned directly as part of the Hospitallers estate of Dopsa, but the analysis of written sources from the 13th to the 15th century, which touch upon the estates in the immediate vicinity of Koprivna, supports the assumption that Koprivna, according to L. Dobronić, was originally part of the Hospitallers estate Dopsa in the 13th century, so that in the middle of the 14th century Koprivna was owned by the noble Korogyi family. In the analysis of paintings in the sanctuary, the Byzantine painting tradition was detected, which influenced the iconography of the individually depicted figures - especially the depiction of the Virgin Mary of the Nykopoia type and St. George in a standing frontal position - as well as the iconography of the entire preserved composition. Stylistic analysis of the paintings affirmed similarities with the probably simultaneous Italo-Byzantine style of the Italian trecento. The similarities are visible in the design of the volume, folds, wings of the archangel and the throne of the Virgin. A comparative analysis of paintings from Koprivna with related European Romanesque murals showed that the choice of iconographic types and compositions, the choice of saints for painting within the sanctuary and, finally, the stylistic characteristics of the depicted characters can be interpreted in the context of knight crusaders' art. Based on the established similarities of wall paintings from Koprivna with examples of Templars' and Hospitallers' art from Italy, France, Greece and the former Holy Land, it is proposed that Knights of St. John were builders of the church in Koprivna and also patrons of paintings and prescribed iconography in the church sanctuary. The presented proposal is in accordance with the assumptions of earlier historians about the Hospitallers' origin of the church.
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This paper analyzes the data on medieval properties Gordova and Kontovec, highlighting their topography. The author attempts to reconstruct the area of these two properties, with its habitats, churches, and fortifications. The area around Grubišno Polje lost most of its medieval toponymy and so the portrayal of the status it used to have is only partially possible.
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The paper discusses the most interesting historical and legal monuments of the town of Omiš from the High Middle Ages. Then, after an elaboration of the 1444 agreement with the Venetian Republic, already on the brink of the early modern period, there follows a discussion of sources related to the legal and social life of Omiš and Venice on the one hand, as well as Poljica, Ottomans and other neighbouring areas on the other hand. After an interpretation of the Omiš Statute, there is an analysis of the oldest preserved criminal lawsuits from the age of Venetian rule in Omiš, immediately after the adoption of the Statute, which has formally been retained only in parts.
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The author brings a brief portrayal of the history of the town called Križevci from the first mention of its name to this day, based on recent literature. This paper suggests that today there are conditions, based on an abundance of material, periodicals and literary material on Križevci and its history, for the first contemporary historical monograph of the town of Križevci.
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The autors of the article presents information on the evolution of district Bacău in to Heraldics source. This material presents an image of some aspects which represent the society between the XVth - XXth century.
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La constitution de l'Etat independent Moldavie, â la moitie du XIVe siecle, a ete suivie, dans les decennies suivantes, par l'organisation des institutions fondamentales de l'Etat. Parmi celles-ci, l'organisation de l'institution ecclesiastique ont occupe un lieu â part dans l'action politique-diplomatique des autorites moldaves, qui ont opte pour l'organisation de l'Eglise locale comme metropolie ortodoxe sous la jurisdiction du Patriarcat Oecuemenique de Constantinople.
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Cet etude s'occupe des aspects historiques sur l'institution et I'evolution du Diocese catholique de Bacău (1391-1818). On clarifie une serie des problemes controverses de I'histoire du Diocese catholique de Bacău, l'institution ecclesiastique qui a eu la plus longue periode d'existence.
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In the enthusiastic atmosphere of the initialling, at Ferrara-Florence (1438-1439), of the union between the Western and the Eastern Church, in Banat and in southwest Transylvania appeared the papal inquisitor John of Capistrano, emblematic personality of the Roman missionary in the middle of the XVth century. The purpose of his arrival was that of consolidating the union between the two Churches and through this, of strengthening the common anti-Ottoman front, in the eve of the great battle of Belgrade (1456), battle in which, as a matter of fact, he gave his life, together with his main collaborator, the Romanian voivode John Hunyadi.
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The paper for the first time publishes monuments of the Old Permian language written with Abur, or the script of St. Stephen of Perm; these sources are previously unknown or have not been introduced into academic circulation. They are published here as facsimiles, with transliteration, transcription, and Russian translation. Perhaps the oldest of these inscriptions (from the 1460s - the early 1470s?) is the postscript written in a mixture of Old Permian and Russian at the end of the Church Slavonic Homilae by St. Gregory the Great: it was copied in the Ferapontov Monastery, in the White Lake area, perhaps by the hand of St. Martinianus of White Lake (Belozersky). The next earliest of the Old Permian documents — and the earliest to be dated precisely - is scribal marginalia on a manuscript book with the spiritual homilies of St. Isaac the Syrian in a Church Slavonic translation; it was copied in Ust-Vym (the Komi area) in 1486 by Gabriel (Gavrila) the Deacon (Kįldaš). Other Old Permian postscripts were made at the court of the archbishop of Novgorod the Great in the early 1490s in two volumes with the new Church Slavonic translations from the Vulgate; they were prepared in the circle of Archbishop Gennady of Novgorod and Pskov. Finally, the last word of the late 15th - early 16th century inscription in the Church Slavonic Corpus Areopagiticum has been re-attributed as Old Permian rather than Slavic cryptography in Abur; this book was donated to the Annunciation Church of Ust-Vym by St. Pitirim, bishop of Perm. The total number of new texts is 37 word-forms, including lexemes that were not previously recorded for this period - this is significant for the Old Permian corpus of the 15th - early 16th centuries. Although from the graphic, phonetic, grammatical, and lexical points of view, these texts basically represent the same linguistic system found in previously known Old Permian monuments, they demonstrate, on the one hand, the inclusion of Old Permian scribes into the activities of professional Old Russian scriptoria and, on the other, they testify to the emergence of interest on the part of East Slavic bookmen in “indigenous” languages. Knowing these languages could be a sign of belonging to a special intellectual stratum that included both the creators of the first Church Slavonic complete biblical collection (the Gennady Bible) and members of the so-called heresy of the Judaizers.
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This article, based on written sources and archival materials, analyzes the role of Mongolian components in the formation of tribal names and ethnotoponyms of the Zerafshan Valley from the 15th to the 19th centuries. The research revealed the dynamics of penetration and distribution of Mongolian ethnonyms at different levels of the tribal organization of Turkic-speaking tribes of the region. Numerous migrations of Turkic-Mongolian clans to the Zerafshan valley covered a long period, starting from the campaigns of Genghis Khan until the middle of the 18th century. In the region, at different times, the perception of the boundaries of the Mongol community changed. If in the 13th - early 14th centuries under the name Mongol an ethnopolitical community was understood, as well as the inhabitants of the Mogholistan region, then later it designated the tribe and clan as part of individual tribes. If in the first waves of migration of Mongolian tribes to the oases of Central Asia their composition could include the main Mongolian clans, then in the following centuries their Turkification took place in the steppe regions and already Turkified tribes or alliances of tribes containing Turkic clans invaded and settled into the valleys. As a result of the migrations of the nomadic population groups from the steppe regions to the Zerafshan valley, the tribal composition of the population became enriched and the number of Mongolian names, which were perceived by the local population as Turkic, Uzbek, Kazakh and Karakalpak ethnonyms, increased. Many Mongolian elements were included in the toponymy not by the Mongols themselves, but by Turkic or Turkified tribes. The total number of Mongolian elements in the ethnotoponymy of the Zerafshan Valley rose due to the settlement of semi-nomadic clans in the 18th - early 19th centuries. They became more widespread in the Samarkand and Navoi provinces and less common in the Bukhara oasis
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