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Поливная керамика Торговицкого археологического комплекса периода Золотой Орды

Author(s): Iryna A. Kozyr,Tetiana D. Borovyk / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Glazed ceramics from monument excavations near Torhovytsia village (Ukraine), which belongs to the Golden Horde urban culture, is introduced in this paper. The classification of ceramic materials has been carried out on the well-established basis; classification criteria are already developed in the literature and include the composition of clay, the transparency and color of the glaze, peculiarities of the decor. Torhovytsia glazed ceramics is divided into glazed red-clay ceramics and the Qashan ceramics.Torhovytsia red-clay ceramics quantitatively prevails (94.4%) in the composition of glazed ware. Green and yellow colors constitute the basis of the glaze color palette. Sgraffito technique predominates in the decor.The Qashan ceramics is very rare in Torhovytsia. All of it was brought mostly from the eastern regions of the Golden Horde.

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Тисненая керамика городища Большие Кучугуры

Author(s): Mikhail V. Elnikov,Irina R. Tihomolova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The authors discuss characteristic features of the embossed ceramics collected from the Bolshie Kuchugury hillfort in the Lower Dnieper region. The ratio of groups of this ceramics tells about existence of close ties between Bolshie Kuchugury and towns in the South-Eastern Crimea and the Golden Horde centers in the Volga region. The main features of vessels are typical for the developed Golden Horde pottery. The low quality of turquoise glaze on Crimean vessels seems to reflect the process of learning a new type of decoration. Two groups of ceramics belong to one or several undetermined ceramic workshops practicing mixed traditions from the above indicated regions. Analogies to these industrial techniques and the marked style of embossed decoration, the area of distribution of such finds suggest that they were possibly produced in one or several provincial centers in the western regions of the Golden Horde, which developed their industries based on a variety of traditions, though under doubtless impact of the Crimean pottery.

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Строительная кашинная керамика городища Конские Воды

Author(s): Mikhail V. Elnikov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the construction Qashan ceramics from the Konskie Vody hillfort in the North-Western Azov Sea Area. Functionally, ceramics is divided into bricks and decorative facing glazed tiles covered with monochrome glaze. The first category of products is spread on the sites of the Don Region, the Volga region and the North Caucasus in the middle — the second half of the 14th century. Ornamental motifs from the hillfort find analogies among Volga region centers. The use of two- and three composite glazes occurs among items found on Madzhar and New Saray, where where they appeared under the influence of Khwarezm. Local production of Qashan is not excluded, which is demonstrated by finds of ceramic cores on the site.

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Комплекс керамики из раскопок усадьбы золотоордынского периода на территории средневекового городища в Алуште (Крым)

Author(s): Iryna B. Teslenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Ruins of the medieval settlement, one of the names of which in the 14th centuries was known as Lusta, are located on the top of a coastal hill between two rivers in the central part of modern Alushta (Southern coast of Crimea). The excavations were carried out there in 1981 (V. Sidorenko), 1984—1994 (V. Myts) and 1998, 1999, 2001, 2009 (I. Teslenko). On the basis of the archaeological data and evidence of written sources V. Myts has determined the Golden Horde period in the history of the town dating it from the end of the 13th to the 80s of the 14th century. During this period a new urban design of the settlement started to form, and several lines of streets with many houses were constructed. But in less than a century the settlement was burned. Remains of some of the household with traces of the fire have been investigated during the excavations. The materials from one of them are particularly interesting. They include the collection of well-preserved ceramic wares of various functions and origin, among which there are about three dozen of glazed table wares from local and overseas workshops, dating back mainly to the second quarter — last third of the 14th century. Analysis of the ceramic assemblage allows to conclude that connections of “Golden Horde” Lusta with the urban centers of the Golden Horde were rather weak, but at the same time the interest of Genoese merchants to this area was rather significant even before the official transition of the coastal land under the jurisdiction of the municipality of Genoa.

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Поселение Посидима в Юго-Восточном Крыму и его керамический комплекс (рубеж XIII—XIV вв.)

Author(s): Sergei Gennadievich Bocharov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

This article focuses on the complete publication of available to the author pottery materials obtained in the archaeological research on a medieval settlement Posidima in South-Eastern Crimea. Based on written, archaeological and cartographic evidences, the authors offers anattribution of this settlement. Ceramic materials date the studied cultural layers to the last quarter of the 13th — the first quarter of the 14th centuries. The important role of the pottery complex of Possidima is determined by the fact that it clearly illustrates how the Byzantine ceramic complex was replaced by another one, the Golden Horde pottery assemblage, on the turn of the 13th — 14th centuries.

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Поливные чаши с изображениями кошачьих хищников из раскопок на территории золотоордынского Азака

Author(s): Marina V. Dmitrienko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author examines finds of glazed bowls with images of lion and leopards from the digs on the Golden Horde City of Azak. Similar bowls, usually small and ornamented in reserved and sgraffito technique, are widely spread mainly in the Balkans and the Crimea and are dated by the second half of the fourteenth century. The article contains detailed description of the finds from Azak and determines its production centers: Byzantium in four cases (Constantinople or its environs) and South-Eastern Crimea (possibly Caffa, which produced imitations of Byzantine items) for the other two.

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Восточнокрымский поливной импорт в золотоордынском Азаке. Вопросы хронологии

Author(s): Andrei Nikolaevich Maslovskiy / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author discusses glazed ceramics manufactured in cities of the South-East Crimea (Caffa, Sudak, Solkhat) in late 13th — 14th centuries. During those centuries, it got spread over the territory of Eastern Europe and therefore can be a good dating factor, much more accurate than many other types of finds and comparable only to coins. Presently, many vessels can be dated precisely within fifty years to one decade. This is possible because of a big number of closed assemblages studied during the digs on Azak and dated by copper coins. For this purpose, the glazed ceramics is classified by series, which group vessels similar by forms and use (for instance, bowls and dishes) with a steady identical design of decorative compositions.

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Поливная керамика с золотоордынских селищ округи Укека

Author(s): Leonard Fedorovich Nedashkovsky,Marat Bayazitovich Shigapov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The purpose of the article is to characterise the finds of glazed pottery, found on the settlements of the region of the Golden Horde city Ukek, situated in the Saratov area of the Saratov region. All described glazed ceramic wares are published for the first time; they come from L. F. Nedashkovsky’s excavations or from the casual finds. Chronologically, the settlements, and, accordingly, all published materials are dated by the second half of the 13th —14th century. Finds are represented by kashi, red-clay glazed ceramics, and fragments of luster, stamped glazed, celadon vessels, kashi buttons and tiles.

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Поливная керамика Красноярского городища

Author(s): Evgeniy M. Pigarev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article discusses findings of the research conducted on Krasny Yar hillfort (Astrakhan Oblast) and defines the ceramic assemblage uncovered during the archaeological excavations. If offers an analysis and typology of Qashan glazed ware and provides data on debris of a pottery workshop, which used to manufacture glazed ceramics. It is the first such workshop uncovered in a non-capital Golden Horde city in the Lower Volga region.

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Производство псевдоселадона в столице Золотой Орды — Сарае

Author(s): Evgeniy M. Pigarev,Vadim L. Egorov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article offers findings of a study on a large aristocratic estate from Saray, a Golden Horde capital (Selitrennoe hillfort) excavated by the Volga Archaeological Expedition of the Archaeology Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, in 1978—1982. It is the first publication of a potter’s workshop found within the estate: it produced various ceremonial red-clay and Qashan ware. The authors characterize thermotechnical devices (kilns) excavated on the territory of the workshop. The analysis of the uncovered ceramic materials (spoilage, furnace stores, and various devices for baking glazed vessels) distinguishes kilns for manufacturing of pseudo-celadon — a local imitation of the Chinese celadon technology.

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Кашин Хорезма

Author(s): Mukhammed-Sharip Kdirniazob / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author publishes some new finds of the 13th — 14th century Qashan ceramics from medieval towns of Khwarezm. The author offers his own ideas about the typology of the Qashan ceramics produced in the Central Asia, referring primarily to the authority of previous researchers. An attempt is made to define which vessels refer to the local production and which were imported here from Iran. The author concludes about the same place of origin for the Qashan ceramics produced in Khwarezm urban centers and main Golden Horde cities in the Lower Volga region.

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Монеты Латинской и Византийской империй из находок на территории Пруто-Днестровья

Author(s): Andrei V. Crivenco,Mikhail N. Butyrsky / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

It is the publication of coins of the Latin Empire and Byzantium (during the rule of the Palaeologus) found in the territory between the Prut and the Dniester. There are 30 billon and copper coins, most of which date back to the reign of the Byzantine emperors Andronicus II (1282—1328) and Andronicus III (1328—1341). This period coincides with the active stage in existence of the Golden Horde settlement in Costești. The geography of the coin finds gives the basis to assume that these coins entered the region through Dobruja and further north through the Danube River in the direction of Costești. Coins of the Latin and Byzantine Empires confirm the hypothesis that there were long-term economic contacts between the Golden Horde settlements of the Prut-Dniester and the Balkan-Black Sea region in the period preceding the formation of the Moldavian state.

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Остатки погребений, металлические, стеклянные и каменные изделия с Увекского городища по архивным данным

Author(s): Leonard Fedorovich Nedashkovsky / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Archaeological materials (remains of burials, metal, glass and stone wares) of the Uvek site of the Golden Horde time by preserved archival materials are published and briefly characterized in this article. The Uvek hillfort is the largest settlement of the northern part of the Lower Volga region, it is identified as the large Golden Horde city of Ukek and situated in the southern outskirts of modern Saratov. The described archaeological finds have been registered and collected by the Saratov Research Archival Commission and Research Society of regional ethnography ‘Istarkhet’, and then decommissioned and lost for researchers. However, small, and often just minimal information on the found burials and separate objects has been preserved in the Inventory Register of the Museum of the Saratov Research Archival Commission, and in Commission’s archives (their main part is now kept in the State Archive of the Saratov region) and some publications. We have tried to generalize and systematize this information, accompanying the description of archaeological materials (by archival records) with references to the place and time of finds, the person from whom these objects were received, and documents in which they were described. The items listed in the annexed archival materials were obviously found on the Uvek hillfort in 1870s, 1893, 1895, 1897—1898, 1902, 1904—1915 and 1918.

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«Искусный и очень опытный стратег»: военная деятельность Ивана Русина на службе царей Тырновской Болгарии (20—30-е гг. XIV в.)

Author(s): Andrey Vasilyevich Fedoruk / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article elucidates one of the unexplored historical pages of the relations between Rus and Bulgaria, which is connected with the military activities of Ivan, who was called Rusin, in 20—30s years of the 14th century. Based on the reports of Greek historical essays, the author investigates some selected episodes of the stay of the warlord of Ruthenian origin in the service of the Bulgarian tsars of Terter and Shishman’s dynasties. The author also reveals his prominent role in the defense of Philippopol (1323), the march to Constantinople (1328) and the battle of Rusokastro (1332). Unresolved is the question of Ivan’s participation in the major battle of Velbazhd on July 28, 1330, the controversy of which is connected with the lack of the necessary specific data in narrative sources.

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Усадьба Алестуй монгольского времени в Забайкалье

Author(s): Nikolay Nikolaevich Kradin,Svetlana E. Baksheeva,Evgeny V. Kovychev,Artur V. Kharinsky / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The Alestuy homestead site is located nine kilometers north-east from the Khirkhira Mongolian medieval town in East Baikal region. It consisted of a 1.5 m high filled-up platform with dimensions 17×28—32 m extended along the north-south line. The platform was surrounded by a low rectangular bank (0.3 m) with dimensions 71×71 m. The bank was oriented almost by the cardinal points. We have conventionally marked it as the main yard. Another 64×33 m rectangular banked area was annexed to the northern bank. We studied the northern and western parts of the homestead and the neighboring territory of the yard up to the bank. The total excavation area was 400 sq. m. Among the finds there were a large number of iron nails of various sizes, fragments of different iron and bronze goods, a flat arrowhead, a stone smoother, a fragment of a plowshare, bits of slag, fragments of a crucible, an iron lock, wheel hub liners, the rim and pieces of the walls of iron cauldrons, birch bark fragments with holes, dice made from tiles and some items made from rectangular tiles with holes. We also found 16 whole bricks. The most commonly spread material was the roof tiles. Typologically the tiles from the Alestuy homestead were compatible to the tiles from the Khirkhira town, Konduisky town, and had many features in common with the Narsatuy homestead from Buryatia and Den-Terek town from Tuva and Avarga from Mongolia.

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Приенисейская Сибирь — северная периферия Монгольской империи

Author(s): Polina O. Senotrusova,Pavel V. Mandryka / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In the early 13th century, the territory of Yenisei Siberia was gradually conquered and subjugated by the Mongol Empire, the process starting from the southern regions. The archaeological evidence of the process is fragmentary. In the territory of Tuva, Mongolian cities, settlements, burials and Buddhist monuments are known, which indicate its direct settling by the Mongols. In the Minusinsk-Khakassia depression and the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe, individual Mongolian items are known by separate burials and by casual collecting. The population of the southern taiga of the Yenisei Siberia region had also been incorporated in the structure of the Mongol Empire, which is demonstrated by the finds of ceremonial hunting belt sets, Chinese beads and other imported items.

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Могильник Окошки I в юго-восточном Забайкалье и некоторые аспекты идентичности монголов в XIII—XIV вв.

Author(s): Artur V. Kharinsky,Evgeny V. Kovychev,Nikolay Nikolaevich Kradin / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The funerary ritual of 14 graves from the Okoshki 1 burial mound site in South-Eastern Transbaikalia is analyzed. The data from the Okoshki 1 burial mound and other funerary sites of the Baykal region are used in order to define elements of the Mongols’ funerary ritual in the 13th—14th centuries. Basic elements of the funerary ritual are: a) vertical grave pit; b) stone grave mound; c) a single skeleton in a grave; d) dead body lying on the back (supine skeleton). Additional elements of the funerary ritual include: a) wooden chamber; b) north or north-east orientation of the dead; c) presence of sheep bones in the grave (tibia, scapula, and lumbar vertebrae).

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Западный Казахстан в XIII—XIV вв.

Author(s): Arman A. Bissembayev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In the Golden Horde period, the vast territory of Western Kazakhstan was one of the ulus centers. The dynamics of political processes in the modern history period related to aspects of ethnic formation was directly inherited from the medieval Mongol states period. A considerable variety and variability in funerary sites of the mid-13th to the early 14th centuries is observed, which is a consequence of migration flows and resettlements initiated by the Mongols. By the mid-14th century, Islamization of population had started, which was reflected in the accretion of pagan and Muslim ritual features and a lengthy existence of this type of syncretic ceremony.

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Болгарский улус во второй половине XIII — середине XIV вв.: историко-археологический анализ

Author(s): Iskander Lerunovich Izmailov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article addresses the flourishing period of the city of Bolgar after the Mongol conquest, as one of the leading economic and political centers of the Jochi Ulus. Numerous written records by Arabic and European authors and Russian chroniclers allow highlighting the general history of Bolgar in the Golden Horde period. Advantageous geographical position contributed to the rapid restoration of the city and the attainment of its capital status, as well as the further development of handicrafts and trade. Bolgar became one of the first centers of minting Golden Horde coins. According to archaeological data, the features of urban development were recovered. In the 14th century, the Cathedral mosque, administrative buildings, and mausoleums for distinguished persons were built in Bolgar. The decline of Bolgar in the second half of the 14th century was connected with the onset of the general political instability in the Jochi Ulus, the plague and the reduction of trade along the Great Silk road.

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Мордва Нижнего Поволжья в золотоордынское время

Author(s): Aleksej Yu. Zeleneev,Yuriy A. Zeleneev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article examines settlement of the Mordvinians in the Lower Volga region in the Golden Horde period (second half of the 13th and 14th cc.). Mordvinian settlements and burial grounds are encountered mainly in the forest-steppe zone on the Volga right bank, but sites in the steppe zone and on the Volga left bank are also known. The materials of the burial grounds reveal both Mokshan and Erzyan ethno-cultural characteristic features. At present, there is no reliable data yet on whether it was a forced relocation or independent movement of Mordvinian population.

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