Kontakty Polski z Chinami od XIII do końca XVIII wieku – próba nowego spojrzenia

Author(s): Józef Włodarski,Zhao Gang / Language(s): Polish Issue: 05/2014

The article describes the history of Polish relations with China, starting from the end of the 13th century to the end of the 18th century. It focuses mainly on political and economic relations, but it refers to the civilizational and cultural relations as well. The Author omits, already quite well analyzed, issues concerning the Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries in China. The Author mentions the Battle of Legnica on Dobre Pole on 9th April 1241, which should be considered as the first contact between the Poles and the Mongols. The Author mentions diplomatic mission of the Franciscan Benedict the Pole who on 22th July 1246, as the first Pole, reached Karakorum in Mongolia. However, the most part of the article concerns the attempts to find a simpler way to China through the lands of Moscow, which has failed, and even in the 12th century, the Poles used the sea route or traveled through Persia. The article highlights the efforts of missionaries and diplomats in that matter. As the most interesting issue in Polish-Chinese relations in the period until the end of the 18th century, the Author indicates an attempt to establish direct relations between the king Jan III Sobieski and the Chinese emperor Kangxi. Jan III Sobieski after the victory over the Turks at Vienna has sent one of his portraits to the emperor’s court, who accepted the gift and has responded writing him a letter. Moreover, in the 18th century, not only the king Jan III Sobieski, but also merchants, middle-class bourgeois and landowners possessed Chinese products, especially Chinese porcelain.

Wyrazy pobożności eliańskiej karmelitów w dobie nowożytnej

Author(s): Szymon Sułecki / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2015

Der Prophet Elija gilt in der karmelitanischen Tradition für den geistlichen Stifter des Ordens. Seit Beginn, also der Behauptung des Karmelitenordens im 13. Jahrhundert, ist er der geistliche Führer der Karmeliten. Die Frömmigkeit des Ordens, die an Elija gerichtet wurde, intensivierte sich im 17. Jahrhundert auf der Grundlage der historiographischen Werke der Karmeliten sowie deren Kritik durch Bollandisten. Zu Ausdrücken elianischer Tradition gehörten die Elemente des Ordenskleides und des Ordenswappens, die Ikonografie, die Annahme von Ordensnamen, die Literatur und die Liturgie. /Prorok Eliasz w tradycji karmelitańskiej uchodzi za duchowego założyciela zakonu. Od początków sformalizowania zakonu karmelitów w XIII wieku jest on dla nich przewodnikiem duchowym. Pobożność zakonna skierowana ku Eliaszowi zintensyfikowała się w XVII wieku na skutek karmelitańskich prac historiograficznych, a także ich krytyki przez bollandystów. Wyrazem eliańskiej tradycji były elementy habitu i herbu zakonnego, ikonografia, przybieranie imion zakonnych, piśmiennictwo oraz liturgia.

O współczesnym rozkwicie średniowiecza – renesans minionej epoki oraz jego wyraz w XXI-wiecznej niemieckiej kulturze popularnej

Author(s): Katarzyna Socha / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2016

This article discusses an observable revival of the interest in the Middle Ages in Germany. This phenomenon—sometimes called medieval renaissance—manifests itself particularly in various areas of popular culture. To prove the thesis posed, the author analyses a handful of these areas, that is: exhibitions, historical reconstructions and imitations of medieval fortresses and settlements, social and computer games as well as reconstructed medieval fairs and chivalry contests. The article presents a survey of the past and present cultural events serving as evidence in favour of the main thesis. At the same time, the author asks about the reasons for this increased interest in the Middle Ages. Representative opinions of historians and other specialists, as well as fans of the Middle Ages seem to suggest one clear answer: the 21st-century man yearns for an alternative reality, dissimilar to the fast and noisy contemporaneity. The Middle Ages offer a shelter based on the strong foundations of the fixed medieval reality and the stable system of values.

РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ИЗВОДЫ КНИЖНОГО ЯЗЫКА И ВТОРОЕ ЮЖНОСЛАВЯНСКОЕ ВЛИЯНИЕ (ОБ ОРФОГРАФИИ ЗАХАРИИНСКОГО ПАРИМЕЙНИКА 1271 Г.)

Author(s): Anna Igorevna Kuzovenkova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2013

The article reveals certain language peculiarities of one of the unexplored manuscripts, Zakhariinskii Parimeinik of 1271. On the one hand, the manuscript reflects the Pskov-Novgorod dialect features: the mixing of affricates w and Ÿ as well as sibilant and hushing sounds, a particular type of the reflexivity of TъrT groups, the use of ;u along with ;l, etc. On the other hand, there are many spellings of South Slavic origin in the manuscript. All this makes it possible to state the appearance of obsolete orthography in Zakhariinskii Parimeinik and to specify information about the number and territorial belonging of the scribes, who worked on the text.

СОЛНЕЧНЫЕ И ЛУННЫЕ ГАЛО В САКРАЛЬНОЙ КАРТИНЕ МИРА ВОСТОЧНЫХ СЛАВЯН XI – XIII ВВ.

Author(s): Daniil Viktorovich Puzanov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2015

The paper reconstructs the place and role of solar and lunar optical phenomena in the sacral picture of the universe by the Eastern Slavic society during the pre-Mongol period. The written and folk interpretation of halo traditions, solar and lunar shine is analyzed. The views on atmospheric diffraction phenomena as weather signs and omens of political changes are also investigated. The people of Old Rus’ believed that simple halos defined weather changes. At the same time, complex halos predicted victory or political crises and signified holiness of the deceased person. The common mind connected the sacred solar and lunar halos with the figure of prince and (in the Christian era) saint pretenders. The folklore also associated the phenomenon of halo with the special solar and lunar sacred activities. The literary presentations of complex halos could reflect the biblical semantics of light and glow as heavenly fire and evidence of the glory of God.

Stredoveké jadrá meštianskych domov na Alžbetinej ulici č. 17  a Dominikánskom námestí č. 11 v Košiciach

Author(s): Michaela Haviarová,Jozef Tihányi / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2013

The houses on the Dominikanske Square 11 and Alzbetina Street 17 are situated in the northwest quarter of the medieval city. An important finding was reached during the research of the houses, what is the definition of the medieval ground alignment. The house at the Dominikanske square 11 had practically today's niveau and the plain of the square leaned towards the Dominican church. At Alzbetina Street 17, there is the 15th century entrance situated in the depth of approximately 3m below the surface. The primary single-room houses were apparently shifted behind today’s street front. The 14th century heart of the house on Alzbetina Street 17 was partly vaulted and partly covered by flat ceiling. The 15th century house on Dominikanske Square 11 apparently replaced older building. The single room with the barrel vault remained.

Vplyv prisťahovalectva na etnické pomery stredovekých miest na Slovensku

Author(s): Miloš Marek / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2013

Medieval towns were not an isolated island, but a living organism with intense interactions with its environment. From a demographic point of view they were dependent on the flow of people from beyond its walls. The town needed new people to its natural development and functioning. In the example of five Slovak towns (Bratislava, Trnava, Bardejov, Prešov, Košice), we have shown how immigration and immigrants contributed to their demographic picture. The main sources for exploring this question were the registers of new burghers and also the tax registers. These sources, however, do not register low-income inhabitants forming a significant part of the urban population. Therefore, on the basis of their analysis, we can not form a realistic picture of the immigration. German patriciate played a leading role in researched towns, what is reflected by the data coming from the registers of the burgher rights acceptance. They provide evidence that the burgher rights were granted mostly to the persons of German nationality (except Trnava). The regular trade contacts with foreign countries have led to the immigration of foreigners mostly of German origin. Location of the city and its surrounding neighborhood with different ethnicity played also its role.

The Monarch and the Town. Princes and Kings Versus Kraków at the turn of the 13th and 14th Centuries

Author(s): Andrzej Marzec / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

The paper researches the history of manifold political relations between the Kraków monarchs, the developing towns of Lesser Poland growing into an economically important position, the clergy, and in particular the powerful bishops, and the class of knights at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries. In the history of Poland this is an important period of many and varied pressures in the struggle for power and both political and economic prevalence. In particular the paper focuses on the relations of four consecutive princes, Boleslaus the Shy, Leszek the Black, Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, and Wladysław Łokietek with the town of Kraków, located by the first of them, and then developing under the royal privileges, until the rebellion of Albert and loss of the political and economic position under the last prince.

Opavian Suburbia from 14th to 16th Century. A Dynamically Developing Territory or a Changeless State?

Author(s): Viktor Pohanka / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

In 1965 František Matějek pointed to the mutual rivalry between what we can call municipal and manorial economy in the 16th through the 17th century. However, the question to what extent did the residues of the duchy land tenure made it hard for the municipal council to gain control of all the suburban domains whose legal status was different seems to remain unexplored – the conjecture here is that it was just the foregoing landlord domain that tried to prevent the municipality from making attempts at the use of the considerable economic potential and benefits that the overall area of the Opavian suburbia definitely rendered. The purpose of the following contribution therefore lies in showing whether or not did the municipal council succeed in exploiting at least some parts of the suburbia and, if they did, whether the latter underwent some changes that suited the interests of the community.

НОВЫЕ СВЕДЕНИЯ О ХРИСТИАНСТВЕ В ДЕЛЬТЕ ВОЛГИ В ПРЕДМОНГОЛЬСКОЕ ВРЕМЯ

Author(s): Dimitrii Viktorovich Vasilyev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2016

The study was performed in order to introduce into scientific circulation the part of an Orthodox “encolpion” from the ancient settlement site of Samosdelka in the Volga delta (layers of the 12th century). The objectives of the study are cultural and historical interpretation of the artifact and its dating. This cross gives an indication of the extent of Christianity in the city of Saqsin during the pre-Mongolian period. Furthermore, it allows to identify another way of contacts between the worlds of Islam and Christianity, i.e., through the area of Saqsin and Russia. The paper provides a number of examples to prove that crosses of this type were most popular in the 11th–13th centuries. Such artifacts were well known in Medieval Russia, but they originate from the vicinity of Kiev. The cross from Samosdelka settlement refers to the period from the middle to late 12th century. It is likely to have been brought to the Volga delta by one of the Russian merchants. The small quantity of objects of Christian worship, as well as the lack of any information about the Christians in the Lower Volga region during the 12th–13th centuries in written sources make us to conclude about the weakness of direct contacts between the Christian regions and the area of Saqsin, which was generally Islamized at that time. The obtained results are important to describe the cultural situation in the Lower Volga region on the eve of the Mongol invasion.

Městské kanceláře a jejich význam pro studium středověkých a raně novověkých urbánních dějin (na příkladu Čech a Moravy)

Author(s): Jana Vojtíšková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2016

The study presented sets its aim as setting out the key themes and significance of the complex research of the municipal offices, using the example of Bohemia and Moravia, so the knowledge gained could become an indispensable base for further study of urban history. Despite the undoubted difficulty, which is placed on the researcher of research focused in this way, the reconstruction of the Hradec (Králové) municipal office activities to 1620 for instance proved that even with the greatly fragmentary nature of the material, it is possible to reach quite fundamental knowledge on the development of the Bohemian urban milieu, especially thanks to overcoming the formal diplomatics analysis and studies of the isolated sources and thanks to the use of knowledge from a number of historical disciplines. Another indisputable advantage is monitoring a longer time period of the development of the relevant office, which can easily reveal the progress or regress of the individual towns, that had not yet formed a homogeneous whole in Bohemia and Moravia even in the period of the Early Modern Period, namely not even in the case of royal towns. This certain individual nature is typical also for the area of municipal offices, the organizational structure of which and the method of keeping the documents reflect the importance and emancipation of the relevant urban milieu and generally also the number of its denizens. It was only the reform interventions of Maria Theresia and especially then Joseph II that created the new conditions for the development of municipal office practices and for their unification, which arose from the new classification of Bohemian and Moravian towns.

Poszukiwania „optymalnego” tekstu Biblii w XIII wieku

Author(s): Janusz Królikowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

Chociaż chrześcijaństwo nie jest „religią księgi” w potocznym rozumieniu tego określenia, to jednak księga Pisma Świętego stanowi jej oparcie, program i kryterium weryfikujące. Dlatego też w ciągu wieków zawsze starannie dbano o to, by tekst biblijny był odpowiednio przechowywany i przekazywany. W tym artykule zwracamy uwagę na to, w jaki sposób poszukiwano optymalnego tekstu Biblii na uniwersytecie w Paryżu w XIII wieku. Powstanie uniwersytetów i nadanie naukowego charakteru teologii sprawiło, że powstał problem przygotowania odpowiedniego tekstu biblijnego, jednakowego dla wszystkich i łatwo dostępnego. Potrzeba akademicka szybko wpłynęła więc na popularyzację tekstu biblijnego oraz na potrzebę jego skorygowania. Proces opracowania nie był łatwy, ale mimo powstających trudności dość szybko z nim się uporano. Wypracowano tekst, który w końcu zarówno zadowalał uczonych, jak i spełniał kryteria tradycji eklezjalnej. Przy okazji pojawiło się wiele ważnych refleksji teoretycznych, które wpłynęły na pogłębione rozumienie natury tekstu biblijnego oraz na sposoby jego interpretacji. Z tych doświadczeń korzystano w kolejnych wiekach, a wiele wniosków, które wyprowadzono w XIII wieku, zachowuje swoją aktualność do dnia dzisiejszego. Although Christianity is not “a religion of the book” in the common understanding of this expression, however the Bible constitutes its support, programme and verifying criterion. That is why over the centuries the text of the Bible was always scrupulously enshrined and transferred. This article focuses on the subject of how the optimal text of the Bible was searched for at the University of Paris in 13th century. The advent of universities and a new character of theology as a scientific study created a need for a proper text of the Bible, the same for everyone and easily available. Thus the academic necessity rapidly increased the popularity of the biblical text but also prompted the need of its correction. The study was a difficult task, but the problems were soon overcome. The final version of the text satisfied the scholars and met the criteria of the ecclesiastical tradition. Concurrently a lot of significant theoretical reflections emerged which affected the profound understanding of the nature of the biblical text and the ways of its interpretation. These achievements appeared to be valuable in centuries to come and the numerous conclusions drawn in 13th century remain relevant even today.

Преобразуване на византийския Адрианопол в османския Одрин (ХІV‒ХVІ в.)

Author(s): Stefan Dimitrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2016

Based on unpublished Ottoman tax registers (tapu tahrir defteri) kept at the Ottoman archives in Istanbul, the article examines the process of transformation of the Byzantine town of Adrianople into the Ottoman Edirne; the change in the architectural and ethnical and confessional layout of the city; the location of a part of the Muslim and Christian population and of the urban quarters inhabited by them; the Jewish communities and the dynamics in the quantitative indicators of the registered households; the condition, designation and functions of the ancient and medieval fortress of Adrianople and the way in which it fitted into the new Ottoman urban setting. Having surrendered voluntarily the fortress of Adrianople to the Ottoman, the Christian population was granted the right to continue to reside in its quarters in its interior. In the 16th century massive communities of Christian citizens inhabited the space among the fortress walls of the Byzantine fortress and the majority of their neighborhoods were situated around churches and bore the name of the respective church, while others were named after their current or former priests. Upon the conquest of the city by the Ottoman troops some of the churches in the fortress were turned into mosques for the purpose of demonstrating the dominant position of Islam and meeting the spiritual needs of the Muslim population. After the takeover of Edirne the Muslim population settled outside the walls of the ancient and medieval fortress, where it set up its neighborhoods. Besides Muslims and Christians many Jews continued to live in the city as well. They included romaniotes as well as Jews from the sepharadim and ashkenazim groups.

Адаптация православия в языческом мире Прикамья

Author(s): Leonid D. Makarov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2009

Old Russian settlers brought new ideology on the territory of the Kama River Region – Slavic and Finnish paganism and Greek Christianity, as it is usually said about the finds of religious pendants, signs of temples, peculiarities of burials. Inculcation of Christianity had taken place during 3 main periods.First period (10th – 13th centuries) is acquaintance (passive). In many respects it is characterized by accidental and elementary emergence of Christian attributes in the Kama Region. A part of these things were found in composition of necklaces in Finn-Perm burial places, possibly playing role of pendants, which were endowed with some sacred functions. Other things were worn with other pendants, but were considered Christian. They were found with their bearers.Second period (13th – 16th centuries) is an active stage. It coincides with Old Russian population of Kama basin and bringing real Christianity among the local population, but with preservation of religious syncretism. It is characterized by decoration of Christian advents on territory of Volga’s Bulgaria, Vyatka territory and the Great Perm. It is connected to a marked degree with missionary activity of first priests of this land including Stephan of Perm and Trifon Vyatskiy. This period is documented by findings of numerous Christian worship items. Christian funeral ceremony, which preserved separate pagan relicts, was confirmed.Third period (17th – 19th centuries) is state one (massive). It is conditioned by processes of inner colonization of the Kama Region. This period was accompanied by different forms of Christianization of indigenous pagan inhabitants assisted by the state. It is characterized by active construction of churches and cloisters, inculcation of Christian morale, spirituality and culture in non-Russian society. Ritualism of Christian advents finally fixed and unified in this period. It was reflected also in archeological sources. Archaic elements remained in old-ceremony society. These elements also had influence on foreign material and spiritual culture.

Отражение этапов развития Тихвинского Большого Успенского монастыря в материалах археологических исследований 2010 г.

Author(s): Svetlana E. Shungina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2013

The article presents archaeological research of trench VII on the area of 122.5 square meters within the boundaries of the Bolshoy Uspensky Monastery in Tikhvin. Disclosed were undisturbed cultural layers, the earliest of which date back to existence of Pretchistensky churchyard. The researchers examined graves of the monastic cemetery (65 graves dated by 18th—19th cc.) in the western part of the trench and defined its eastern border. In the central part of the trench, a fragment of the foundation of the western wall of the Zhitennye cells (barn cells) (this part of the building was disassembled) and foundation trench for the eastern wall of the cells were examined.As a result, we have identified main stages in development of the site, which are confirmed by written sources. First stage (12th—14th centuries) — primary population of this territory; second stage (15th — middle of 16th century) — the settlement prior to construction of the monastery; third stage (second half of 16th — 17th century) — reclaiming of territory by the monastery, construction of the wooden Zhitennye (“barn”) monastic cells; fourth stage (turn of 17th/18th — early 19th century) — stone construction, functioning of the monastic cemetery; fifth stage (middle — second half of the 20th century) — “civil” use of the monastery’s territory. Collection of ceramic material and individual findings can quite accurately date the stratigraphy.

Хроника на една медиевистична есен

Author(s): Veneta Savova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 02/2017

Полусамостоятелни владения в северозападните български земи от края на XII до началото на XIV в.

Author(s): Hristin Lalev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2018

The article focuses on the semi-autonomous possessions in the north-western Bulgarian lands between the end of the XII and the beginning of the XIV century. The main accent is placed on Vidin region. The political model formed there at the end of the XIII and the beginning of the XIV century was mentioned as the basic prerequisite for the future development of the area in the middle and the second half of the XIV century.

Ръкопис № 121 от библиотеката на Зографската света обител

Author(s): Lyubka Nenova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 16/2018

The main goal of this paper is to describe in detail a manuscript № 121 from the library of Zograf monastery. It is composed of two major parts – 1) Miracles of Virgin Mary and 2) Visions of Grigorij. The text is written by Father Ieromonah Joseph. Preliminary description of the manuscript № 121 is given in the „Catalog of Slavonic Manuscripts in the Library of the Zograf Monastery in Mount Athos“ by B. Raykov, St. Kozhuharov, H, Miklas and Hr. Kodov. The present description of the manuscript follows the methodology described in Project „Zograf Digital Archive in Sofia University „St. Kliment Ohridski“, whose member the author has the honor to be.

Войникът в средновековната и съвременната българска картина на света

Author(s): Kiril Parvanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 16/2018

The article is dedicated on the concept soldier. The topic shall be ana¬lyzed according to the main ethnolinguistic principle, examining the word as a mental sign. The collected linguistic material is taken from the Dic¬tionary of the Old Bulgarian language (http://histdict.uni-sofia.bg/oldb-gdict/oldbg_search/) and Archive for Bulgarian Dialect Dictionary. The object is the words represented the concept soldier in the Old Bulgarian and Contemporary Bulgarian Language. The subject is the semantic and the lexicosemantic fields of the words represented the concept soldier. The article reveals the difference between two types of armed persons. The first one (войник) is obliged to serve into the army, the second one (войн) accepts the military duty as a destiny and way of life.

Ще бъде ли разкрита „Българската Троя“

Author(s): Ivan Nenov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 16/2018

The ancient village Dospey, near Samokov, has a legend that before Bulgaria fell under the Ottoman rule, the local people “collected every¬thing from the other nearby churches and covered it completely with earth.” Another legend claims that manuscripts handwritten by Patriarch Euthymius, which were sent from Tarnovo to the Rila Monastery but never arrived at their final destination, are inside some of the buried sacred church vessels. The mound, which allegedly contains the hidden sacred vessels, exists to this very day. The author of this book strongly believes that it should be explored and urges the archeologists to conduct the needed research.