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Review of: Al. Artimon, "Oraşul medieval Trotuş în secolele XIV-XVII. Genezii şi evoluţie", Bacău, Editura Corgal Press, 2003, 372 p.
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Within the medieval political framework, the Christian and roman elements are crucial for the recognition of the imperial status. This study aims to describe the Russian interpretation of two byzantine concepts related to these elements, namely translatio imperii and symphony. We argue that these concepts were integrated as an inherent part of the Russian culture, both by the political and ecclesiastical powers, and contributed to shaping the Russian understanding of the divine origin of the tsars’ power. In the attempt to place Russia in the sacred history of the world, a number of texts are developed in which Russia is portrayed as the ultimate destination for the imperial regalia, following the prophecy of the four empires from the biblical book of Daniel. By claiming the transfer and ownership of regalia, Russia becomes the final Christian empire and a new Rome. But as the power of the sovereign increases, the Church uses the concept of symphony between the two powers, in order to maintain its autonomy. The development of these concepts will be analyzed by comparing different written sources from the period.
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Various reforms were made in administrative and social areas in the Yuan Dynasty, or the Kublai Khanate, which ruled China for nearly a century. Thanks to the ethnic diversity that existed in China at the time, there was sufficient human capital to carry out scientific activities which enabled Kublai Khan to ensure the success of his reforms. Remarkable advances were thus made in the fields of education, culture, translation and science during the Kublai Khan period. Examples in this progressive period include the establishment of an observatory and two different astronomy offices run by Muslim and Chinese scientists in the capital, Khanbaliq. Kublai Khan's reforms and state-sponsored support for developments in the field of science and culture began to bear fruit in a short period of time. Therefore, this new innovative state structure of the Yuan Dynasty managed to be different from other Mongolian nations in different areas of Eurasia. From the perspective of Mongolian history, this study will throw light on the early innovations made and the scientific and cultural studies, which was done in the Yuan Dynasty during this period. In addition to this, the cultural interaction between the Iranian Mongols and the Chinese Mongols will be examined.
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The author of this article explains the arrival of various ethnic groups to Slovakia, but particularly focus on the arrival of Wallachian ethnic group between the 14th and the 17th century. In addition to a thorough gradual settlement and their lifeway, she highlights their reflection in the construction of the names of rivers as important landmarks in the field.
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Besides the presentation of the main language characteristics of the Slavonic manuscript Miscelaneul de la Praga (of XIV-XVth century, Hodoş-Bodrog Monastery) that could be established, with more or less approximation, the period and the origin of the writer or the linguistic area where the work was copied, this manuscript could be analyzed from its content point of view, as well. In this case, we would have an interdisciplinary approach of lecebnic, and the information about the folk medicine that we can find there could make a background for a presentation of the folk believes about illness and their remedies in the Medieval Age. That would be one of the common elements and the starting point for a comparative estimation of the folk medicine fragments of Miscelaneul de la Praga (The Slavonic Book of Prague) and Sbornicul medical de la Variaş (The Medical Book of Variaş, XVII-XIXth century ). Much more than that, in both of them we can find magic and symbolic formula and practices of driving away the illness that have a direct relation with the magic medicine. So far, all these facts could be relevant for the magic thought and vision of the south-east European folk culture and tradition.
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The article offers a summary of the Hungarian-Turkish relation from the battle of the Kosovo Plain in 1389 the death of King Sigismund. The author stresses the unique significance of the Ottoman conquest from the point of view of Hungarian foreign policy in the long run. It namely put an end to the Hungarian kingdom as a Great Power on the Balkans, a status enjoyed in the age of the Arpads and the Anjous. From then on, Hungary was reduced to self-defence and the inherent loss of prestige caused problems of orientation among the leading elite of the country. The article attempts to give a novel interpretation to the Balkan policy of the Hungarian kingdom in the 15th century. The author maintains that after the defeat at Nicopolis in 1396 King Sigismund tried to make the neighbouring principalities on the Balkans into a king of cordon sanitaire against the Ottoman threat. This is what explains his grants of estates for the Balkan princes in Hungary and his campaigns against Bosnia in 1405-1410 when the tried to make the country part of his defence system. When his cordon sanitaire broke up in the 1420’s, the king tried to make it up with a new type of defence policy. On the one hand he had a system of border castles built, and on the other he took Belgrade and built out a unified military administration in the Southern Province under the leadership of the brothers Talloci in the 1430’s.
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The overview refers to the publication Kulturelle Vernetzung in Europa. Das Magdeburger Recht und seine Städte (eds. G. Köster, Ch. Link, H. Lück, Dresden: Sandstein Verlag, 2018). It contains 23 articles devoted to the shaping of urban centres in Central-Eastern Europe, based on an interdisciplinary approach. These centres developed from the 13th through the 18th centuries, following the Magdeburg legal model, under the influence of its legal culture. A similar economic and social context shaped comparable circumstances and transformation trends in these centres, regardless of ethnic diversity. Cities established under Magdeburg law shared a network of cultural links, both material and spiritual. The starting point of most of the texts is the history of urban law, and its transfer and adaptation to new areas. However, they also refer to the legal language, the development of written culture in law, the history of the cities’ inhabitants and ethnic groups, and the history of urban development, archeology, and art.
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The second half of the 14th century marked events that intertwined the interests and actions of the Bulgarian and Constantinople Patriarchates in the field of interchurch relations in the East. Two of these events disrupted the good relationship between the two ecclesiastical institutes. The first was the recognition of the patriarchal title of the Serbian church head by the Bulgarian patriarch, the second was the intervention of the Bulgarian church in the Russian-Lithuanian church dispute in the middle of the 14th century. It is in the light of these events that the question of the date of Patriarch Kallist‘s letter to two unnamed Old Bulgarian monks is raised. When tracing the Russian-Lithuanian dispute over the dominant in the election of the metropolitan of Kyiv and all Russia and the location of his throne, the events related to the election of monk Theoctistus come to the fore. Constantinople refused to place Theoctistus on this throne. However, when he sought assistance from Tarnovo, he was elected Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Russia, and this happened before the summer of 1354. The event provoked the reaction of Patriarch Philoteus (1253-1355), who rejected it as illegal. The reason was that his ordination, carried out by the Tarnovo patriarch Theodosius, was in violation of the order established by the Eastern churches. This had a negative impact on Bulgarian-Byzantine church relations for a short period. In this case, Constantinople qualified as illegal the actions of the Patriarchate of Tarnovo. In the light of this incident, the article examines the reaction of Patriarch Callistus (1350–1353, 1355–1363) to the letter of two Bulgarian monks, from which it is clear that the Constantinople Patriarch questioned the complete independence of the Turnovo Patriarchate. In order to make the explanation of his reaction more thorough, evidence is used, which illustrates the personal, disapproving attitude of Callistus towards Theodosius of Turnovo. In the context of the events of the 1340s – 1350s, concerning the politics of the Church of Tarnovo and the reaction of Constantinople, expressed through the attitude of two of its church leaders, the article expresses the opinion that the letter of Callistus is from 1355, and not from 1361, a date deduced by codicological means.
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The article examines the information on the Bulgarian Tsar Kaloyan in the Russian Chronograph, one of the few Slavic sources which contains evidence about this ruler. There are four mentions of Kaloyan in the Chronograph and so far only one of them has attracted the attention of scholars. In the present text the other three mentions of tsar Kaloyan are considered, their original sources are analyzed and an explanation for the discrepancies is sought. Unpublished editions and transcripts of the Russian witnesses are involved in the study. The chronograph clearly defines the place of Tsar Kaloyan - he is a ruler who successfully competed with the Byzantine Empire.
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Review of : Ivana Drmić - Dane Pavlica, U vatrama – Počitelj (1263. — 1993.), Požega: Povijesno društvo Požega i Biro-tisak d.o.o. Brestovac, 2021., 310 str.
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Review of: Fra Anđelko Barun, Franjevci među svojim pukom, Kratka povijest Bosne Srebrene, Sarajevo: Svjetlo riječi, 2021, 179 str.
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This study presents an overview of the historical sources printed in Bulgaria in the years between 2010 and 2020, related to the history of the old Italian states or to the Bulgarian-Italian contacts from the late Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. Emphasis is placed on sources in Italian, therefore documents and studies on the Dubrovnik Republic are also included. Important trends in the publication of sources such as bilingual editions, translations and commentaries, as well as indexes are outlined. Among the published sources and relevant studies, those related to economic history are the most numerous, followed by travelogues, chronicles, and other narratives. The tendency of the previous decades continues, to print on average one monograph per year by a Bulgarian author, related to the issues under consideration; one collection of sources and six studies or articles. The number of dissertations for attaining a PhD degree is increasing. A list of publications and dissertations is included.
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The study deals with the development of Brušperk, which lies in northeastern Moravia. The town was founded in 1267—1268 by the Bishop of Olomouc, Bruno of Schauenburg. Brušperk was located in the territory that belonged to the Olomouc bishopric and since the 14th century was a part of the Hukvaldy manor. The first written mention of Brušperk comes from the founding charter of the town, which is, however, the medieval forgery. On the basis of other documents, we came to the conclusion that the dating of the founding document, namely 6 December 1269, is incorrect. The town was probably founded in prior to this date. Brušperk was founded as a town on the green land. Brušperk was the centre of jurisprudence for the surrounding villages: Fryčovice, Stařič, Paskov, and Stara Ves nad Ondřejnici. This area is delimited by the so-called Brušperk vikbild to which these villages belonged. The town of Brušperk was endowed with important privileges, such as the privilege called in Czech odumrť, the granting of which was very valuable to Brušperk. However, Brušperk was no exception; this privilege was granted by Bishop Mikulaš to most episcopal towns. The office of township reeve in Brušperk was most of the time hereditary and he was vassal of Bishop of Olomouc. The possibilities for where to conduct research in the future are still wide. In Brušperk itself, there is still a lack of detailed archaeological research in the city centre and its immediate surroundings, namely, the square, the cellars of old houses in the square, and the area around the church and the historic town centre. This archaeological research could bring new knowledge to the question of the fortifications of the town in the Middle Ages. Although the shape of the square has remained virtually unchanged since the Middle Ages, there is still the opportunity to learn, as no view or plan has been preserved from earlier times that the original appearance of the town would suggest (the oldest veduta Brušperka dates back to 1727).
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At first, monks brought manuscripts and theological writings especially in Latin, but their interest had very quicly widened to books in the field of social sciences (history, literature) and natural sciences (mathematics, chemistry, physics). The broadening of the Franciscan’s area of study and interest in the 18th century is partially a consequence of the encyclopedism that was present in that period of time. In the Arad county there have been two large libraries: in Radna and in Arad. Because of the vow of poverty, these libraries were actually “moving”, active libraries, meaning that copies or even some of the volumes were passed on (to the convent in Deva, to the monastery of Lăzarea, etc.). However, for more than two centuries, these books had been studied here and the monks who were prepared enough passed their knowledge to the local population.At first, monks brought manuscripts and theological writings especially in Latin, but their interest had very quicly widened to books in the field of social sciences (history, literature) and natural sciences (mathematics, chemistry, physics). The broadening of the Franciscan’s area of study and interest in the 18th century is partially a consequence of the encyclopedism that was present in that period of time. In the Arad county there have been two large libraries: in Radna and in Arad. Because of the vow of poverty, these libraries were actually “moving”, active libraries, meaning that copies or even some of the volumes were passed on (to the convent in Deva, to the monastery of Lăzarea, etc.).However, for more than two centuries, these books had been studied here and the monks who were prepared enough passed their knowledge to the local population.
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The article is devoted to the results of the research of the fortress Tyagin, built by the Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas on the territory of the island Bolshoye Gorodishche in the late 14th to early 15th century. The archaeological materials provided valuable information about the syncretism of the complex of monuments on the island, the typology, layout and size of the fortress. It was one of the earliest stone castle-type fortresses on the northern Black Sea coast, a part of the defensive line of the southern borders of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The fortress’ defensive system included a synthesis of defensive architectural elements, ranging from timber-engineered structures known from Old Russian times to stone walls and buttresses of a new level of fortification in Europe. The fortress was armed with artillery and edged weapons, the main type being crossbows, which were widespread in Lithuania. The fortress of Tyagin was situated at the crossroads of trade routes between the East and the West, at the crossroads of the custom. The artifacts testify to the presence of Lithuanian cultural objects, Genoese influence, contact with Crimea, and trade and economic relations with Poland. The monument is an integral part of the cultural heritage of Lithuania and Ukraine.
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Of all the Slavic sources for Bulgarian history, the Russian Chronograph has the largest chronological scope, providing information on events from the settlement of the Bulgarians in the Balkans to the fall of the state under Ottoman rule. The present study focuses on several unclear and unanalyzed reports about the Bulgarians, the information in which differs from the data in other sources. The reasons for these differences should be clarified, as in this way the remaining information can be supplemented. Khan Krum is called “Homer”. It is stated that one of the wives of the Russian Prince Vladimir I Sviatoslavych is Bulgarian. Information related to the reign of Tsar Ivan Asen II is given, which is not borrowed from the sources used in the compilation of the Chronograph. A Bulgarian-Serbian conflict at the end of the reign of Tsar Todor Svetoslav is mentioned, but there is no evidence of such a conflict elsewhere. Some of the reports do not correspond to the facts and are the result of errors of the copyist or compiler. Others deserve special attention because they testify to the spread of Bulgarian writings in Russia, provide additional arguments for some theses, suggest the existence of unpreserved chronicle texts and show how the place of the Bulgarians in world history was understood.
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The work proposes the presentation of the casuistry of some fragments of fresco coming from the chapel of the fortress of Suceava. First mentioned in 1388, during the reign of Peter I Mușat, the fortress suffered numerous restorations, both during the reign of Stephen the Great and of the rulers who followed it. Over time, the fortress undergone numerous damages as a result of sieges and natural disasters. Archaeological excavations have revealed various vestiges, including fragments of the original decoration of the fortress chapel. Currently, the fresco fragments are in the custody of the Zonal Restoration Laboratory within the National Museum of Bucovina, where they benefit from specific conservation processes.
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