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Walka Luczan z Czechami w „Kronice Czechów” Kosmasa
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Twenty Roman Age home-made sherds from Central Italian San Potito locality were studied by petrographic microscopic method. The ceramics were divided into five petrographic groups on the basis of their composition and structural-textural features. Two groups of the ceramics were tempered with clasts of alkaline volcanic origin, which seem to originate from CentralItalian volcanic territory components. The ceramics belonging to the other three groups contained large amounts of limestone and carbonatic fossils, the origin of the raw material was a marine clayish sediment, perhaps flysch.
More...Obecność wpływów południowych na Górnym Śląsku i zachodnich krańcach Małopolski we wczesnym średniowieczu
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Subjects of research: social-political, economic, morality and spiritual activities of the period 9-12 centuries in Movoraunnakhr, principles of state administration, Khorezm mamun academy and heritage of fikh scientists of the academy, works and doctrines in Eastern Renaissance Epoch.
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This article is devoted to the coinage of Western Turkic Qaghanate (568–740) in the Chach (Tashkent) region and the influence of Byzantine monetary traditions on their formation. Bearing on the newly discovered numismatic material the authors tried to throw light on the stages of coinage of the Western Turkic Qaghanate and elucidate the brief history of their relations with the Byzantine Empire. The Western Turkic rulers minted their own coins (with the titles of żpγw ‘Yabghu’, cpγw x’γ’n ‘Yabghu-qaghan’, the ethnopolitical name of twrk x’γ’n ‘Türk-Qaghan’ and with the rulers’ names of trδw x’γ’n ‘Tardu qaghan’, twn cpγw x’γ’n ‘Tun Yabghu-qaghan’, all in the Sogdian script) in the Chach region and these coins were symbols of the independence of the Western Turkic Qaghanate. On the coins the following three variants of an original tamga can be seen: . The difference in the shape of the tamgas, in our opinion, is connected with the three stages of the formation of the Western Turkic Qaghanate. Stage 1: the Western Qaghanate is a wing or peripheral state within the Turkic Qaghanate under the rule of a Yabghu (the title Yabghu appears on the coins as ); stage 2: during the period when it was related nominally to the Turkic Qaghanate, in the period of the Yabghu-Qaghanate (the title Yabghu qaghan on the coins is ); stage 3: from 630 onward, after the defeat of the Eastern Turkic Qaghanate by Tang China, the Western Turkic Qaghanate existed for a certain time as an independent state (the title Qaghan on the coins is ).
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The article shows how mid-6th century Byzantine governments tried to exercise an indirect control over the steppe region stretching from the banks of the Danube to the north of the Black Sea by means of diplomacy. This area is a traditional living environment of horse-nomadic groups. The Byzantine government did not simply practise a “balance of powers” policy between the large nomadic groups in the area – like the Kutrigurs and Utigurs, both mentioned by Procopius of Caesarea and Agathias of Myrina – but held a network of contacts right across these larger entities. The specific political and economic conditions of the 6th century obviated the rise of another “nomadic empire”.
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The famous embassy of Zemarchus to the western ruler of the Turks is quite a well-known story. In this paper an attempt is made to clarify some details of the journey, with special focus on methods and manners of communication. Did Byzantine diplomacy make use of some of its old skills in dealing with the Altaic peoples, or, as many scholars have already supposed, was there a new process based mainly on experiences with Sasanian Iran and other Iranian peoples?
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The Bohai state existed in the modern southern part of the Russian Far East (Primor’e region), North Korea and Northeastern China from the late 7th to the early 10th century. Bohai influenced many states and tribes that existed close to this state and played an important role in international relations between Silla, Japan and the Tang Empire. At the same time, Bohai was subjected to important cultural influences from other countries and in some cases followed their rituals and diplomatic traditions. Many specialists from Japan, Russia, China and the two Korean states have done research on various aspects of Bohai history and culture. However, most of these scholars failed to pay attention to Bohai’s influence on the role of ritual and the status of states in its international relations. Western specialists have also neglected the investigation of this field. Bohai and Silla (another Korean state in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula) had hostile relations over two hundred years because they could not agree on their respective status vis-à-vis each other. For example, Silla did not want to recognise Bohai as a sovereign and independent state, although Bohai was recognised as such by China, while Silla was a vassal of the Tang Empire. This article critically analyses the relations between Bohai and Silla and elucidates the origin of the conflict between the two countries using Russian and Korean publications.
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Nicetas Choniates is the most significant and well-known Byzantine historian of the 12th century. This paper deals with this author’s passages about the Hungarians, in particular with the representation of the Hungarians. The analysis is based partially on sporadic data found in the orations of Choniates, and chiefly on the related pieces of his History. A close inspection of our sources leads to two basic conclusions: 1. The representation of the Hungarians by Nicetas Choniates is fundamentally influenced by the contemporary Byzantine stereotypes, although sometimes one can feel a more open-minded approach towards strangers, characteristic of his time 2. In the text of Choniates, the Hungarians also represent the mere ”crowd”, as the other non-Byzantine nations do, and their representation is often subordinated to the author’s conception of history.
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The Mynas codex, a composite manuscript from the mid-tenth century (Párizs, BnF, suppl. gr. 607) preserves a set of historical excerpts on the sieges of various towns from a range of Greek historians. My study explores the relationship of these excerpts with the „historical encyclopaedia” of Emperor Constantine VII (r. 945–959) which is known as the Excerpta Constantiniana (EC). The common view maintained by the scholars of Byzantium denies the close relationship between the two on the basis of the traditional means of textual transmissions. The presumptions on which the denial is based are refuted by the comparative analysis of the method of excerpting historical narratives in EC and in the Mynas codex, respectively, through examples from Prokopios and Arrian. The similarities between the two projects with regard to the methodology provide a more stable basis for assuming a strong relationship between them than the hypotheses do for denying it. The distinctive elements of the particular methodology include the observance of the continuous complete historical narratives in the sequence of the excerpts, the attempt to avoid summaries and major rephrasing as well as the omission of coherent sections that belong to the set of fifty-three imperial thematic subjects.
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A Bizánc és a Kijevi Rusz közötti fegyveres összeütközések 860-tól 1043-ig ívelő történetéből kiemelkedik Szvjatoszláv kijevi nagyfejedelem (964–972) 968-tól 971-ig tartó háborúja. Legfontosabb forrásaink, a kezdőszavai után Poveszty vremennih let (PVL) néven ismert óorosz évkönyv, Leo Diaconus Historiája és Scylitzes Synopsisa a háború előzményeiről keveset mondanak. 965 nyarán bolgár követek érkeztek Konstantinápolyba Niképhoros Phókas császárhoz (963–969), hogy a Péter bolgár cárnak (927–969) járó adót követeljék. A császár elutasítva őket megtámadta Bulgáriát, de néhány erőd elfoglalásán túl nem merészkedett (Leo 61.12–63.4).
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Mesterházy K. szerint a kora Árpád-kori bizánci és balkáni eredetű csüngőket eredetileg fülbevaló részeként, utóbb (talán rongálódás miatt) csüngőként használták. E tanulmány tárgyáról, a pilinyi csüngőről eddig csak bizánci eredetét állapították meg, párhuzamait nem ismertették. Előbb bemutatom feltételezett párhuzamait, funkcióját, és az azzal kapcsolatban felmerült kérdéseket igyekszem tisztázni.
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