CEEOL - Browse Subjects Result

We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

The Budget Support System in Eastern Partnership Countries

Author(s): Elżbieta Kaca / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Here we present the general aims and characteristics of budget support in the EaP region, the volume of support and a breakdown by country. Budget support is the predominant EU tool in the Eastern Partnership countries, as around 60% of bilateral financial resources are scheduled to be spent through such means. This comprises financial assistance supporting government reforms and paid directly to the state budget of a specified country. Therefore, it requires close cooperation between the national administration and the EU delegation, ensured by frequent communication as well as the participation of common monitoring committees. Two types of budget support have been in use in the EaP region: general budget support and sector budget support. Under the former, funding is provided for a broad range of reforms planned by the government for a given period of time, for instance, implementation of the association agenda or action plans. The latter, sector budget support, goes for reforms only in a given sector, e.g., energy or health. Sector budget support has been the dominant form of support in all of the EaP countries except Armenia, where general budget support was employed.

More...

Ukraine: Too Big for School

Author(s): Elżbieta Kaca / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This section presents how budget support has been used in Ukraine. Sector Budget Support (SBS) is the predominant EU assistance tool in Ukraine, with around 60% of all EU aid to the country planned to be spent in this way in the years 2007–2013. Six agreements were signed in the sectors of energy, energy efficiency, trade facilitation, environment, transport, and border management, and another is awaited in energy for an overall sum of €389 million. However, in total Ukraine received payments of no more than one third of this amount (€111.14 million) because since 2011 the EC has limited transfers for all operations. The main reason for this was non-fulfilment of a precondition on PFM, as since 2011 the country’s public procurement law and budgetary transparency have significantly deteriorated. This crucial condition ensures that funds are not fraudulently used. After two years of futile discussion on the implementation of this condition, the Ukrainian government finally adopted a PFM strategy in September 2013 (not made public) as this issue was made an EU condition to sign an AA.

More...

A Cross-Country Picture: Towards More Efficient EU Aid

Author(s): Elżbieta Kaca / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The EU approach in the Eastern Partnership countries is to financially support concrete reforms: sector budget support operations are most commonly in use. Theoretically, such a tool, given teeth by precise conditions and indicators, should allow the smooth completion of the sector integration planned in the scope of the EaP. In practice, an analysis of the first years of use (2007–2013) shows that this instrument has potential in countries willing to integrate with the EU, while in the others its use has limited impact on guiding comprehensive reforms. The pace of fulfilment of budget support conditions differed much among the partners. This resulted mainly from the various level of willingness of the EaP governments to conduct Euoriented reforms. For Moldova and Georgia, the political will to integrate with the EU is clear, as proved by their determination to sign an AA. On the contrary, Armenia and Ukraine withdrew from signing such deals, a step that confirmed they were not interested in or were hesitant about EUbacked reforms. In Armenia, the EU had to stop support for DCFTA implementation and reshape its assistance, whereas for Ukraine the new pro-European government has signed the political part of the AA after an internal crisis. Azerbaijan is a case apart, as budget support was aimed to develop sector cooperation, but in the meantime it has shown it is not interested in complying with aid conditions on PFM: in this case, the EU help is rather useful in terms of advice on the directions of some reforms. Therefore, one can distinguish two groups of countries, EU-oriented and non-EU-oriented, with the latter being interested only in some sector cooperation.

More...

Poland: A Problem Shared?

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Since the onset of the Eurozone debt-crisis, Poland’s approach to the EU has gone through at least three distinct shifts as it responds to the deepening of Eurozone integration and the changing locus of power within the bloc. The first of these saw Poland acting as the bloc’s equality supervisor, defending the principle of parity between governments, particularly as guaranteed by the supranational institutions. During its presidency of the Council in the second semester of 2011, it forged a successful partnership with the Commission and Parliament. Yet that effort ended with the British “veto” at the December summit and with the signature of the fiscal compact, a parallel legal architecture potentially excluding non-Euro members. For Poland, signing the compact meant still belonging, but to a different kind of EU.

More...

Conclusions

Author(s): Jarosław Ćwiek-Karpowicz,Dariusz Kałan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The forthcoming years should prove the strategic importance of gas. The gradual replacement of coal as part of the effort to meet the requirements of EU legislation, the growing number of plants producing subsided biogas, and the dramatic changes introduced by the dawning of unconventional gas in North America have created a window of opportunity for natural gas to become a fully-fledged energy resource. The role of gas in Europe will also increase when plans for re-industrialisation—seen by many as a crucial factor to prop up the EU economy—are implemented, since the main sector that consumes gas has been traditionally industry. These are the reasons for why one may predict that in Central Europe in the next 15 to 20 years, the share of natural gas in the overall energy mix will remain rather stable, and may even increase.

More...

Diferenciace předpokladů nabídky venkovského cestovního ruchu jako konkurenční výhoda při tvorbě regionálních produktů cestovního ruchu na příkladu vinařských podoblastí Znojemska a Slovácka

Author(s): Jiří Šíp / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Příspěvek si klade za cíl pokusit se o konstrukci teoretických základů vinařského cestovního ruchu v kontextu venkovského cestovního ruchu v prostředí teorie a praxe českého cestovního ruchu a na základě analytické komparace moravských vinařských podoblastí Znojemska a Slovácka deklarovat základy jejich konkurenčních výhod.

More...

Кръговата икономика и нейната роля за обезпечаване на енергийната сигурност на България

Author(s): Ivelina Dimitrova Dimitrova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In order to demonstrate how circular economy could contribute to the energy security in Bulgaria, it is important to analyse and explain the model of the circular economy itself. It is also of utmost importance to investigate how this model is planned to be applied in Bulgaria and what are and would be in future its benefits for the energy field. Considered that this is a new economic model, different from the linear economy, which is still diffused all over the world, a definition of circular economy will be offered in the present article. Also, the term energy security and its definition on global and national level will be analysed in details. Once the scientific terms are explained, the interdependency between these concepts will be outlined and analysed with the purpose of demonstrating the positive contribution that circular economy could have for ensuring the energy security in Bulgaria.

More...

CAPITALISM: WHERE TO?

Author(s): Ionel Stoica / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Mankind is at present at a crossroad, and this fact is valid from a political, economic and social viewpoint. Strong and opposed political and social forces, by the goals they seek, are engaged into a though competition, whose result will decide the way of life for several future generations. From the political point of view, the battle takes place between democracies, on the one hand, and the autocratic regimes, on the other hand. As for the economic and social aspects, the battle develops between the super-rich or the dominant class, and those who struggle to survive. Another facet of this last aspect is represented by the competition that is being carried out between the free market capitalism, combined with the liberal democracy, and the state capitalism, often associated with the illiberal or autocratic political regimes. This paper intends to present and explain the factors that underpin the success of the state capitalism, the way that free market capitalism and the state capitalism coexist at present, as well as the potential for conflict that can appear between the two models of capitalism, with its consequences for global stability. Understanding these aspects is important because the two models of capitalism support distinct models of development and security. We will be focusing more on the state capitalism because we consider that this represents an important force that will shape the global economy in a significant way during the following decades.

More...

The Application of Sovereign Bond Spreads and the Development of the Stock Market on GDP Prediction: The Case of Visegrad Group

Author(s): Jana Hvozdenská / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The yield curve – specifically the spread between the long term and the short term interest rates is a valuable forecasting tool. It is simple to use and significantly outperforms other financial and macroeconomic indicators in predicting recessions one to six quarters ahead. A rise in the short rate tends to flatten the yield curve as well as to slow down real growth the near term. The relationship between the spread and future GDP activity was proved already before. For better predictions it is good to use other overtaking indicators of economic activity as the development of the stock market. This paper aims to analyze the dependence between the slope of the yield curve, development of the stock market and an economic activity of selected countries between the years 2000 and 2016. The selected countries are the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. The natural and probably the most popular measure of economic growth is GDP growth, taken quarterly. We have found out that the bond spreads and stock market development might be used for predicting of the future economic activity, the best lags of bond spreads are 2, 4 or 5 quarters. These findings might be beneficial for investors and provide further evidence of the potential usefulness of the yield curve spreads as indicators of the future economic activity.

More...

ROZVOJ VENKOVSKÝCH OBCÍ PODPOROVANÝ EVROPSKOU UNIÍ V OBDOBÍ 2007 - 2015

Author(s): Veronika Humlerová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The article deals with the evaluation of a link between prosperity of a municipality (based on the population or migration growth or population decline) and drawing subsidies from the European Union. The aim of this work is to determine whether the thriving municipalities are more successful in drawing of subsidies than the unprofitable municipalities. The overall increase of population in municipalities which consist of two components (natural increase and balance of migration) can be considered as a primary indicator of the municipality development. If community develops, the amount of inhabitants increase. The case study is focused on testing the prosperity of 100 randomly selected rural municipalities and their drawing of EU subsidies during the period 2007 – 2015. It is analysed the purpose of drawn subsidies and also the municipalities, with no subsidies at all. The analyses showed, that when we compare the median level of drawn subsidies per capita, prosperous municipalities are more successful than unprosperous.

More...

Ekonomik Büyüme, Ticari Açık, Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ve Nüfusun CO2 Emisyonu Üzerindeki Etkilerinin ARDL Yöntemiyle İncelenmesi: Türkiye Üzerine Kanıtlar

Author(s): Tahsin Avcı,Nedim Mercan / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Ekonomik büyüme özellikle İkinci Dünya Savaşından sonra Neo Liberal politikaların bir getirisi olarak neredeyse tüm ekonomilerin temel hedef politikası olmaktadır. 1980 sonrasında Neo Liberal politikalar ile birlikte büyümeye verilen önem iyice artmakta ve büyümenin pozitif getirilerinin yanında birçok negatif getirisi de olmaktadır. Büyümenin önemi herkes tarafından bilinmektedir. Nitekim büyüme hedeflerine doğru ilerlerken negatif getiriler zamanla önemli çevre sorunlarına neden olduğu görülmektedir. Büyümenin çevreye verdiği tahribat 1990’lara gelindiğinde küresel ısınma ve iklim değişikliği gibi global sorunlara yol açtığı görülmekte ve ülkelerin gündeminde ilk sırayı almaktadır. Bu süreçten sonra küresel ısınma ve çevre kirliliği gibi insanlığın geleceğini önemli ölçüde etkileyecek olaylara dikkat çekmek ve bunların tahribatını azaltmak için küresel ölçekte çeşitli konferanslar, protokoller ve düzenlemeler hazırlanmaya ve kabul edilmeye başlanmıştır. Fakat ekonomiler kendi büyüme politikalarından vazgeçmemiş ve büyümenin doğa üzerindeki tahribatı giderek artmaya devam etmiştir.

More...

The Impact of Innovation, Foreign Direct Investments, Trade Openness, Economic Growth on Carbon Emissions in Türkiye

Author(s): Ahmet Kadiroğlu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The main purpose of this study is to examine the current energy economics literature in Türkiye by considering the role of innovations, foreign direct investments, economic growth and trade openness in the function of carbon emissions. In the study using 1994–2020 data, vector error correction model (VECM) and ARDL bounds test methods were used to examine the effects of innovation, trade openness, foreign direct investment, per capita GDP on CO2 emissions. Accordingly, it was concluded that trade openness and GDP per capita are among the variables affecting CO2 emissions in Türkiye. GDP per capita and trade openness affect carbon emissions positively in Türkiye. On the other hand, the relationship between FDI, innovation coefficient and CO2 emission coefficient is not significant at the 5% level. The sign of the coefficient of the predicted foreign direct investment and innovation variable is positive. In line with the findings, it primarily targets the energy consumption model, since economic growth is the primary driving force of the country's economy. Policy makers should turn to practices that encourage the use of renewable energy sources rather than the use of fossil fuels. While transitioning to renewable energy sources, R&D units in the country can be used for the development of renewable energy solutions.

More...

Wojna w dobie „powrotu historii”

Author(s): Marek Ratajczak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The study contains an attempt to answer two questions. First: why does war, which seems to be completely contrary to the idea of humanism and the essence of humanity,remain an integral element of the world around us? The second question is: why the war, and not the cold one but the hot one, returned to Europe? An attempt to answer the above questions has been set in the current socio-political and economic contextand what the author defines – following Robert Kagan (2009) – as the period of the return of history.

More...

Wzajemność wśród Polaków i rola polityki społecznej w jej kształtowaniu

Author(s): Piotr Michoń / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

If an individual believes that others will reciprocate their initial cooperative behaviour, it is rational for them to cooperate. Conversely, if they believe the opposite, cooperation would be seen as irrational and potentially dangerous. Low levels of trust in society have negative implications for quality of life, economic progress, and the functioning of public institutions. Surveys have revealed a prevailing lack of trust among the Polish population. Poles hold the belief that people are mainly driven by self-interest, implying that they anticipate others to engage in free-riding rather than altruism. The survey participants exhibit a low belief in reciprocation among those receiving benefits, suggesting a diminished desire to support others. Moreover, a significant portion of Poles still holds the view that receiving social benefits, excluding pensions, leads to changes in attitudes and behaviours, making beneficiaries less inclined to reciprocate to society.

More...

Sustainable healthy diets

Author(s): Inga Klimczak,Anna Gliszczyńska-Świgło / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The main challenge of our time is, on the one hand, malnutrition or the increasing number of overweight and obese people, and on the other hand, degradation of the environment and natural resources as a result of production. There is an urgent need to promote well-balanced and safe diets that have a low negative impact on the environment, while being culturally acceptable and economically accessible to all. This chapter discusses the concept of a “sustainable healthy diet” in the context of international and national dietary guidelines as well as the environmental impact of production and consumption of selected food groups and types of dietary patterns.

More...

Latinská Amerika v české zahraniční politice

Author(s): Martin Hrabálek / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Latinskoamerický region se dlouhodobě pohybuje na samém pomezí českého zahraničněpolitického zájmu a oblasti není věnováno příliš mnoho pozornosti. Po celé polistopadové období se v rámci české zahraniční politiky jednalo o oblast druhořadého zájmu a dlouhodobě scházela představa, jak se vůči tomuto poměrně vzdálenému regionu koncepčně vymezit. Důkazem toho může být např. postupné omezování přítomnosti zastupitelských úřadů ČR v některých latinskoamerických státech v předchozích letech, které bylo ze strany odborné veřejnosti kritizováno. Anabáze okolo málem zrušeného zastoupení v São Paulu či zrušeného a znovu vybudovaného zastoupení v Kolumbii svědčí o tom, že Česká republika postrádala propracovanější strategii jak region koncepčně uchopit a přistupovat k němu.

More...

Latinská Amerika v české zahraniční politice

Author(s): Martin Hrabálek / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Nová Koncepce zahraniční politiky ČR z července 2015 označuje Latinskou Ameriku za „oblast geograficky vzdálenou, nicméně dynamicky se rozvíjející a kulturně a geograficky blízkou“. Od geografické vzdálenosti se odvíjí i vzájemné vztahy mezi Českou republikou a regionem Latinské Ameriky, které lze z dlouhodobého hlediska charakterizovat jako nízkoprofilové. V politické rovině je pro zemi velikosti ČR tento odlehlý region bez (až na výjimky) užších historických vazeb poměrně málo zajímavý.

More...

Polityka rachunkowości w zakresie ujawnień dotyczących zrównoważonego rozwoju

Author(s): Ewa Różańska,Łukasz Matuszak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The purpose of this chapter is to examine the issue of accounting policy relating to non-financial statements and sustainability reports in the theoretical and practical context, and in particular to redefine it, compare its formulation by EU directives (NRFD and CSRD), evaluate its current implementation on the basis of the NFRD and identifying the challenges of updating it in the light of CSRD among Polish companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The following research methods were used to achieve the purpose formulated in this way: terminological analysis, comparative analysis of regulations and analysis of the content of source documents. The research sample covered 258 reports (statements) on non-financial information for 2020 and 2021 published by 129 companies. It was found that both directives allow for some freedom of choice regarding the extent and place of disclosures, although the requirements of the NFRD in these areas are much more flexible. Companies willingly use the solutions allowed by the NFRD relating to the use of various standards, including own standards and two options for placing information (in the management report or in a separate report). In addition, the vast majority of companies applied selected standards on a continuous basis and consistently made disclosures in the same place. 10% of companies did not comply with the obligation to disclose information on the applied standards. The companies, along with the replacement of the current regulations by the CSRD, will be obliged to apply the ESRS and thus will face the challenge of developing, applying and disclosing the policy and its changes adopted in the preparation and presentation of the sustainability report. It will be a great difficulty to implement the adopted principles in a relatively short time, especially for companies without experience in using a comprehensive reporting methodology. The study was limited by the short time horizon and the narrowing of the sample to Polish companies. The chapter contributes to filling a significant gap in the accounting literature in three ways: by redefining the concept of accounting policy, providing empirical evidence on the current state of translating the macro-policy created by the NFRD into micro-policies of companies and identifying challenges for these companies related to shaping (selecting, applying and disclosing) of their internal policies in the context of the upcoming changes introduced by CSRD. The study therefore has theoretical implications that contribute to the emerging debate on accounting policies in the area of non-financial disclosures regarding sustainability. The results of the study also have practical implications for preparers of reporting policy in this area, as well as implications for future research on the determinants and potential impacts of the adopted policy.

More...

The Impact of AI Penetration on the Labor Market

Author(s): Ivan Dimitrov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Following the popularization and rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) since the previous year via its most well-known manifestation via ChatGPT, a growing number of companies in Europe and around the world have started to heavily utilize AI in their daily operations. The impact of its penetration and deployment has led to changes in the job market. Now the public opinion has changed and many workers have started to worry about their jobs. In this article, we briefly examine the impact of artificial intelligence on the labor market, considering the current state and future trends. This study is a literature review and explores the impact of AI in the European Union, but also on a global scale. The limitations are related to the fact that it is not a comprehensive research and only takes into account a few of the main factors related to the rise of AI. From the available information, general conclusions will be drawn about the impact of AI on the labor market and the world economy as a whole. We will also try to answer the questions of whether AI has reached levels of replacing human labor entirely, and whether there is also a positive side to this - for example by creating opportunities for new jobs that are related to operating and maintaining AI. This is achieved through analysis and synthesis of empirical information, analysis of various publications, graphs and statistical data from reputable sources. The results suggest that the usage of AI has triggered changes not only in the labor market, but also in the economy as a whole that will shape economic processes not only in the upcoming few years, but for decades to come.

More...

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on migration in Europe

Author(s): Judyta Cabańska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented restrictions to travel and mobility at global level. Limitations of migration flows resulted in problems in countries with a large share of immigrants on the labor market. The aim of the chapter is to examine the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on migration flow in Europe. In addition, the impact of changes in migration flows during the COVID-19 pandemic on the labor market in Europe is also presented. Design/methodology/approach: The following research methods were used in the work: cause and effect analysis, statistical analysis of quantitative data, descriptive statistics methods. The analysis used statistical data from Eurostat, Frontex, OECD and the International Organization for Migration (IOM). Findings: From the analysis, it can be concluded that restrictions on migration to Europe contributed to reducing the influx of migrants to EU countries, which was reflected in the situation on the labor market. Increasing labor shortages in critical sectors leads to a slowdown in the post-pandemic recovery of economies. The lifting of pandemic restrictions in 2021 made it possible to partially resume travel. Labor markets have recovered surprisingly rapidly, as vaccination levels have risen markedly and mobility has normalised. Research limitations: The possibilities to determine the impact of restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic on migration flows are limited, as the timeliness and frequency of data collection are not sufficient to provide adequate information on this subject. Practical implications: The European Union should support the opening of legal migration channels. Making legal migration more difficult for people in developing countries will encourage more people to attempt irregular migration. It is necessary to pursue an effective immigration policy tailored to the needs of the labor market of EU Member States in conjunction with development policy. During the pandemic, it was possible to observe how much some sectors of the economy are dependent on workers from other countries. Originality and value: This chapter attempts to contribute to the literature on international migration delivering results of analysis of impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the migration flows in Europe.

More...