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The current study reviews and traces historically the establishment of social work respectively social legislation in Bulgaria. The purpose is to present the historical background of the Bulgarian state on solving social economic problems concerning social protection from the Liberation to 1944, as well as some of the reasons for legislation initiation from social and legal perspectives.
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The paper deals with the problem of social adaptation of children’s homes leavers and its gender aspects. Empirical data in research were expert interviews with professionals working with these young people. The aim of the paper is to analyze models of social adaptation, existing socialization practices of Russian children’s homes, as well as to reveal problems that experts mark as typical. Sociological research of expert knowledge seems relevant and meaningful, firstly, in the context of actual reformation of institutional care about orphanages. Secondly, it is important to gain knowledge that is more embodied into practices in contrast to media representations and social stereotypes. The analysis of empirical data allows to state that social adaptation of orphanage leavers is still an important issue for different types of professionals. The author provides a list of typical problems. The list is an outcome of expert interviews in six Russian regions. Problems of socialization and adaptation are due to both the institutional design of Russian child welfare system and personal characteristics of orphans. These problems don’t have the regional dimension and specific gender aspects.
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The article presents a sociological analysis of the physical space of government services. On the basis of the study of municipal organizations in Kazan, the author shows the spatial dominance of the agent (civil servant) over the principal (population), which forms the idea about the latter playing the role of a vassal in the government system.
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Новите социјални политики насочени кон лицата со попреченост ја нагласуваат потребата за премин од институционална заштита кон грижа во заедницата, преку социјални услуги и служби кои се придржуваат кон моделот за човекови права во однос на попреченоста. Реформата во секторот на социјални услуги за лицата со попреченост опфаќа промена на парадигмата во однос на попреченоста – од медицински модел и модел заснован на милосрдието кон социјален модел и пристап заснован на човекови права. Еден од специфичните аспекти на секторот за сервисни служби за лица со попреченост е потребата од вистинска рамнотежа меѓу редовните и специјализираните сервисни служби што се обезбедуваат на ниво на заедницата (двоен пристап). Друг предизвик е процесот на деинституционализација преку кој институционалниот системот на грижа, кој првично се стремеше кон заштита на лицата со попреченост преку нивно исклучување од општеството, се трансформира во систем кој се стреми да овозможи учество преку услуги и служби што се обезбедуваат на ниво на заедницата, со почитување на принципите на избор и одлучување. Овој процес е суштински поврзан со развојот на нови видови социјални услуги и служби за лицата со попреченост, обезбедувајќи ланец од постојана поддршка во независното живеење, образованието, рехабилитацијата, вработувањето, мобилноста, слободното време итн. За развојот на овие нови социјални услуги за лицата со попреченост важно е воведувањето на плурализмот во давањето социјални услуги, каде голема улога имаат граѓанските организации. Децентрализацијата на одговорностите во полето на обезбедување социјални услуги е уште еден клучен елемент за реформата, кој опфаќа трансфер на одговорностите, капацитетите и ресурсите од државно ниво до локалните власти. Во Република Северна Македонија, промените кои се неопходни вклучуваат: развој на услуги во заедницата, воведување на нови стандарди за квалитет, следење и развој на услуги во заедницата, зајакнување на капацитетот на работната сила и обука, свесност и застапување, како и учество на корисниците во целиот процес на давање социјални услуги.
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Within the framework of the initiative Civic organizations: a Guarantee for Equal Rights of Vulnerable Groups before the State of the Center for the Study of Democracy the socio-demographic analysis of four selected vulnerable groups – prisoners, refugees and migrants, victims of trafficking and domestic violence – outlines the profile of each of those groups and its components, putting it in particular vulnerability in its relations with institutions. Special attention is given to children from each group as having their specifics, requiring special attention by state agencies. The analysis is based on information by institutions and NGOs and points to lack of unified criteria and low level of comparability of data.
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This article examines the main sociological and social psychological arguments when operationalizing empirically the concepts of "well-being" and "happiness". Using data for Bulgaria in ISSP 2018 we examine several hypotheses related to different sociological and social psychological effects taking place in the process of self-assessments, i.e. hedonic relativism and aspirational treadmill, the influence of education on the cognitive part of the subjective well-being and susceptibility to attitudinal changes in respondent’s traditional worldview.
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Often, poverty is identified as a relatively permanent social phenomenon and the characteristics of all epochs in the development of human society. Variability of poverty was reflected in his different characteristics depending on the time of context and traveled degrees of evolutionary development of society. Due to such a multi-dimensional approach to this social phenomenon and today present debate on: the definition of poverty, measurement methods, different theoretical perspectives, etc. Also, there is present a dilemma which has become the philosophical label, who is responsible for poverty, an individual or a society? In this paper we offer a selection of theoretical approaches to poverty contemporary author’s sociological and political molding. The aim of the paper is to perform a clear classification criterion for categorization of approaches to the poverty based on current theoretical perspectives on the phenomenon of poverty. Also, the paper asked a series of social, political, economic and even moral arguments due to which imposes the necessity of reviewing and categorizing existing and creation of new theoretical positions on poverty.
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The essence of the modern understanding of social cohesion as a factor in improving the quality of life is revealed, the obstacles to its formation in the context of the implementation of the results of the fourth industrial revolution are identified. The features of the state of social cohesion in Ukraine are identified, the directions of improving the socio-economic policy to create conditions for the growth of social cohesion of society are substantiated.
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The article is dedicated to examining an issue of the welfare conditionality of establishing the criminal liability for the unpromised concealment of an offence. The author has indicated socio-psychological, criminological, and normative factors of the welfare conditionality. This has enables to make a conclusion about the expediency of criminal liability for the unpromised concealment of an offence because its social danger manifests itself in counteracting the quick, full, and comprehensive pre-trial investigation, the timely detection and criminal prosecution of persons convicted of offences. The aforementioned factors foster the decrease of legal protection of citizens, the appearance of the sense of impunity, and impede the timely compensation of a property damage and moral injury inflicted by an offence.
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This paper analyzes the theoretical views of scientists that had influence on formation of the content and functionality of the social policy, defined methods and principles of the investigation in the context of historical transformation, discloses a methodology of social policy in the partnership between the state and civil society.
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In article the international experience of occurrence and introduction in social – pedagogical, pedagogical and psychological activity of a phenomenon of welfare animation is considered.
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This article focuses on whether sport can be an alternative to aggressive behaviour. The author views sport as a specific social phenomenon, as a “magic” that attracts the interest of millions of supporters around the world. The idea is to look for the preventive and corrective effect of sports activities on the behaviour, the psychics and the personality of children and adolescents. Based on a specialized analysis of sport is given the floor for viewing sport as “behavioural therapy” and thus to serve as an alternative to aggressive behaviour. Sports activity – as a strictly regulated and regulated activity, may have a developing, regulating, corrective and preventive effect. Shown are also a number of measures that make it possible to realize the social functions of sport and turn it into an alternative to aggressive behaviour - through purposeful professional management and stimulation of physical activity and sport in school and leisure.
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Current national practices on barrier-free and social inclusion in some foreign countries are discussed. A brief description of the relevant program documents is given, their general methodology, interrelation with European and international acts are outlined. An overview of some measures in the areas of social, economic, civic, physical and digital accessibility, as well as universal infrastructure design, which can be tested in Ukraine.
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Second grade pupils show a high level of language competence formation in line with the second grade curriculum. There is a statistically significant difference in the achievements of girls and boys. Pupils have mastered the syntax knowledge and skills to a very high level. They show lower morphology results: they have mastered spelling knowledge of voiced consonants in the end of the word, as well as spell-checking skills, but they find it difficult to check the spelling of an unstressed vowel, especially if the word is plural; they are able to distinguish the studied parts of speech, define their grammatical gender category and differentiate between singular and plural forms.
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Subject of research – pension systems of foreign countries.Aim of research is to determine regularities in the process changing of modern foreign pension models.Methods of research. Author applied set of scientific methods of research, inter alia analysis and comparison – while studying foreign experience of pension provision; theoretical synthesis, systemic and structural methods - while determining contemporary tendencies in the process of reforming pension systems.Results of research. Grounding on the analysis of the pension models used by western countries at the contemporary stage of civilization development, general tendencies in the processes of reforming of pension systems caused by demographic, economic and political factors are defined. For instance they are:, carrying out of the indexation of pensions in correlation with possibilities of country's budget; planned increase of retirement age taking into account parameters of health of pensioners, according to the results of relevant studies, and taking into account increasing figures of lifetime in the country, flexible definition of the period of living out;funding of state-guaranteed pensions in expense of general taxes; increasing of role and participation of the employee in composition of his/her future of pensions, stipulation of ownership rights on the generated savingsfor the employee; creation of a culture of pension savings as prerequisite for the development of voluntary forms of accumulation; correlation of record of service with the size of state-guaranteed payments. Experience of countries that occupy leading place in the rank of index of sustainability of pension systems is investigated. It is established that pension models combining state pension (which provides minimum essential standard of living)and strong accumulation part are the most resistant to the risk factors in the sphere of pension provision.Application of results. Results of this study can be applied in the practice of reform of national pension systems.Conclusions. Analysis of pension systems in foreign countries and trends of their development confirms the necessity of reforming national models of pension provision, taking into account the degree of development of the economy, pension system and the state of its institutions, but general patterns of these reforms are:restructuring of state pension provision in the direction of reducing state expenditures on the pension system (in particular, payment of minimum pensions by the state from the budget in account of tax revenues); development of cumulative pension system and private pension funds; if necessary privatization of separate parts of pension programs, provision of possibility of diversified investment for available trust or create new ones; changing of the base of pensions calculation, taking into account downward trend in employment in automated production.
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The author examines the thesis that the modern teacher must learn from the changed children living world and make the learning environment more familiar and comfortable. For example - to allow students to use their mobile phones as calculators or to make presentation on a computer. Thus the traditional classroom will become comfortable not only for teachers but for their students also.
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The professional activities of the clinical nurse are an important risk factor for the rise of infections due to medical service (IDMS), since a great part of them are due to direct contact with the patients.The basic hygienic care is part of the risky activities for the rise of infections, if it does not correspond to the standards of quality and safety.This study has shown a negative tendency to refuse to perform hygiene care, which poses a serious challenge to their optimization.The introduced alternative methods of hygiene for the severely ill in European hospitals, waterless bathing or dry bathing, significantly reduce the risk of infections, saves time, make the activity more attractive and increase the patients’ safety, comfort and satisfaction.
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This article traces the development of the European social policy from its minimalist role provided for in the Treaties of Rome, through the neoliberal orientation, especially in the financial crisis of 2008, to the trend towards a socio-investment perspective in response to the crisis caused by the Kovid19 pandemic. Current EU social policy applies a new approach that emphasizes the need to invest in education and training and the provision of quality social services throughout the life course of people - from early childhood to old age. It relies on the mutual enrichment of national and supranational forms of social protection.
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The article deals with the development of theoretical and methodological foundations for sociological studies of welfare system management. Based on the analysis of scientific concepts of social management as well as taking into account Russian and foreign practices, this work substantiates the author’s understanding of the terms welfare system and welfare system management and describes the main system and structural elements of welfare system management, its areas, functions and principles. This lays the ground for further development of this topic in sociology.
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The article is devoted to the learning of the specificity of content and social--psychological work with parents who find themselves in difficult circumstances, in the rehabilitation process of children at the institutions of social protection, shelters for children's, the socio-psychological rehabilitation centers. In the article have been discovered the content and process components of rehabilitation for working with the children and their exposed in the situation, when the child's stay in the unfavorable conditions of socialization. It was determined that the most important terms of the effectiveness of the child and its closest social environment in a situation is planning and forecasting work, when the child stays in the social security institution. Authors have been developed conceptual approaches to individual planning of work with children and families who find themselves in difficult circumstances, in the process of social and psychological rehabilitation. Proposed the individual components of planning with the child and his or her parents or persons substituting them, based on an assessment of the needs of the child and his immediate social environment. It is proved that the primary stage of the work with the child is the primary and comprehensive assessment of the needs of the child, and his or her social environment. Concentrated attention of social workers, working psychologists on aim to correct formulation of rehabilitation of this category of children, that ensuring the effective and efficient approach to determine required types provide of the comprehensive social and psychological assistance to families.
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