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Гендерные аспекты развития SТЕМ-образования в России

Author(s): Olga Anatolevna Khasbulatova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2016

The article is devoted to the creation of equal opportunities for women and men to obtain engineering and technological disciplines (STEM-profession). On the basis of historical and documentary sources revealed a steady trend of concentration of Russian women in humanitarian professions, men - in engineering. It is concluded that the basis for the division of professions into "male" and "female-cal" is biodeterministsky approach. Among the technologies, capable to involve women in STEM education, designated for girls and girls involved in technical creativity, STEM-centers, vocational training in technological professions. It is proposed to create a STEM cluster that brings together institutions of all types, partner companies, business, scientific and public organizations.

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Материнство в современной западной социологической дискуссии

Author(s): Nadia Nartova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2016

Motherhood got into focus of social researchers in 1960—1970s. Since that time it is a rich and rapidly developing debate. This article provides an overview of contemporary Western sociological discussion about motherhood.The author identifies three key vectors of research of motherhood: a public/private motherhood, “bad”/“good” motherhood, oppression/possibilities of motherhood. In the first discussion researchers are focused on the production of motherhood in public discourses and institutions, they consider as well how public ideals of motherhood affect women’s experience and identification. The significant part of the discussion consists of the research devoted to the study of combining work and motherhood by women. The second area of research examines how women are labeled as good or bad mothers, how women are proving for themselves the correctness of their own motherhood, and how they redefine the stigmatizing label of “bad” mother at the level of narration and practices.And the last area discussion, deeply rooted in feminism, is built around the analysis of cultural oppression to motherhood and of the subjective and objective resources of motherhood in a woman’s life. The author understands the genre limitations of the review and does not claim to cover the whole rich and contradictory discussion. She offers the reader her own view of the contemporary debate about motherhood, highlighting important, from her point of view,conceptions, research categories, and interpretations.

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Женская мода как элемент локальной городской культуры (На примере г. Нальчик)

Author(s): Z. Kh. Soblirova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2016

The paper studies problems of local fashion phenomenon in the context of the Adyghe cultural system. This work analyzes certain aspects of the material culture dynamics (national dress), which led to the replacement of traditional values, worldview, the foundations of society and the formation of a new cultural paradigm. The study advances the idea of dialectical interdependence of traditional styles and modern fashion trends.Based on the materials of the urban youth survey we attempted to explicate female images presented in Nalchik (Kabardino-Balkarian Republic).The article presents a typology of different girlish images, makes theoretical conclusions aimed at a thorough disclosure of the stages of evolution of spiritual and material values in the city, village and illustrates issues related to the transformation of the whole material culture of the local people.Range of scientific questions and issues raised here did not often become the subject of research, especially in the context of historical-cultural interpretation of fashion as a manifestation of the local culture.

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Гендерный аспект программ консервативных и центристских политических партий современной России

Author(s): A. Bukin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2016

This article focuses on the gender dimension of conservative and centrist political parties in modern Russia. The author conducted an analysis of 29 parties programs in order to find out the importance of gender in them. The study showed that 76 % of the surveyed parties mention in their programs such words as “women”, “motherhood”, “family”. Only two right-wing parties in their programs speak about women's work. “The party of the spiritual transformation of Russia” considers that the work of women in the family should be counted as employment history. Another party “The national policy” makes a reservation,that this measure should be applied to women bringing up three children. Such parties as “The women’s dialogue” and “For the women of Russia” declare that women are bearers of a special’s mission to harmonize the social and political order in Russia. In general, right-wing and centrist political parties give gender issues little concern outside the reproductive discourse.Some parties say that the government must organize favorable conditions for increasing the birth rate, other parties talk about the need for stringent prohibitions(against abortions) and public propaganda of traditional values.The cited data show that none of these parties sees our society capable of self-regulation and problem solving (including demographic ones) through the institutions of civil society.

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Развитие человеческого капитала и гендерное равенство: умная гендерная политика

Author(s): Nadezhda Aleksandrovna Shvedova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3-4/2015

Awareness of the logical chain “human capital — human rights — gender equality — sustainable development — the progress and quality of life” dictates the importance of avoiding gender inequalities in the process of development. Gender equality is both the development objective and reasonable approach to economic politics, because development is seen as a process of expanding freedoms equally for every individual — for all women and men. The topicality of the question is primarily due to the fact that gender equality is important in itself, and also due to understanding that the emancipation of women's human development has a strong impact on work performance. That in its turn leads to increased economic efficiency, which is a condition for achieving other key development goals.

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«я не хочу быть такой девочкой, чтобы посуду всегда мыть»: институциональный анализ гендерной чувствительности подростков поколения «z»

Author(s): Zarjethan Hadzhi-Murzaevna Saralieva,A. V. Shchekoturov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3-4/2015

The analysis of main institutes of socialization in terms of adolescents’ gender sensitivity is presented in the article. Values of modern teen’s generation are determined by transformation of social institutes, growth of IT technologies and virtual reality. These features of “Z” generation are only slightly touched upon by domestic scholars; so this lack of knowledge helps to formulate main research questions. Three key aspects of gender sensitivity are in the focus of the investigation: how adolescents estimate the significance of each institution in their lives, whether they realize the level of gender marking of these social institutions, and how adolescents refer to the character of transmitted gender norms, traditions and values. In-depth interviews method is the research method used. The study shows that such institutions as the Internet, a family and a school have greater impact on teenagers’ gender sensitivity. Analysis of friends and peers has revealed that gender attributes have significance only for girls; most boys are in “masculine vacuum” — they don’t raise questions about masculinity neither at home nor at school, or anywhere else. However, boys may emphasize their masculinity due to sexual experience. The question of the gender self-expression freedom among peer group associates with gender stratification and depends on the social, gender and sexual sensitivity to social and structural norms.

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Материнский капитал в условиях Дальнего Востока

Author(s): O.A. Vasilchenko. / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3-4/2015

In the article the author mentions a problem of decrease in the population of the country and the role of the Federal law “About additional measures of the state support of the families having children” from December, 29th, 2006 no. 256-ФЗ. Dynamics of the size change of the parent capital for the period 2007—2015 is analyzed. The author analyzes opportunities of the parent capital use on the example of the Far East Federal district, reveals peculiar features of this process. The author describes attempts to improve and broaden this law’s application sphere as well as attempts undertaken by some ministries to solve their problems using maternal capital. The author analyzes in detail statistics of the regional maternal capital on the example of subjects of the Far East and comes to the conclusion about the specificity of maternal capital payment dependent on the region. The author investigates maternal capital problems from the position of its influence on the region’s demographic condition. In conclusion measures of increase of maternal capital efficiency use in order to better the position of large families as well as improve demographic policy are offered.

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Отцовство как социальный феномен в полных семьях и неполных (вследствие развода) (на примере г. Иваново)

Author(s): Natalja Borisovna Gafizova,D.I. Smirnova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3-4/2015

The article discusses fatherhood as a social phenomenon. The authors use the functional approach to research father’s role. The realization of this role is a sum of educational, domestic, economic, communicative, leisure and social control functions in the family. Fatherhood is characterized as a complex phenomenon formed as a result of interaction between normative societal regulations and individual attitudes emerging from father and child relationship. The experiential base of the article is the data of in-depth interviews of complete and incomplete (due to divorce) families. The authors identify fatherhood’s main characteristics, the effects of the distancing between a child and a father after the divorce, the gender differentiation and lack of generations differentiation. In conclusion the authors summarize the main results of the study and conclude that the transformation of father’s role is slow and the “involved and caring father” is so far just the image present in the social consciousness.

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«Родина-мать» в символической политике постсоветской России

Author(s): Oleg Vjacheslavovich Riabov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3-4/2015

The article deals with the using of the symbol of the Motherland in the symbolic politics in the post-Soviet Russia. The author demonstrates that the maternal symbol of Russia is employed in the politics of the national identity, in the practices of political mobilization, in legitimation and delegitimation of power, in the rhetoric on the international relations, in politics on demography and education. This symbol serves as an important cultural and semiotic resource of power relations; political actors compete for their own interpretation of social reality with help of the “Motherland”, concurring for the right to represent her. The author points out that researching the using the maternal symbol of Russia is heuristic for studying the nature of symbolic politics in general.

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Жены президентов: африканский вариант

Author(s): Lyubov Yaroslavovna Prokopenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3-4/2015

The development of the institution of the First Ladies in Africa in the 65 years’ period of independence is considered. Among the wives of African heads of State there are many bright individuals, some of them have left a noticeable mark in the history of the continent, not only as the First Ladies but also as prominent political figures. The scope of their social and political activism covers a wide range: from a passive position in the husband’s shadow up to becoming the co-ruler of her State. The evolution of the First Ladies institution in Africa continued with the beginning of the second wave of democratization in the 1990s. In the context of political liberalization, their role has increased significantly. Within the framework of regional organizations the First Ladies have influenced the settlement of some important issues of the continent, for example, the fight against hunger and AIDS, the development of gender equality in society. Their work is largely determined by the scope of the traditional society in which there is a stable system of kinship, of ethnic and clan ties. In some countries, the First Ladies’ institution is gradually becoming part of the local political culture. The First Lady function belongs to the informal institutions of the countries of the African continent. Over the years there have been disputes in African society about the formalization of the First Lady’s status, primarily because of its inevitable costs for state budgets.

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«Родина-мать» в практиках политической мобилизации современной России

Author(s): Tatjana Borisovna Riabova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3-4/2015

The article dwells upon the role of the symbol of the Motherland in the practices of political mobilization in the post-Soviet Russia. In the first section of the article the author demonstrates how political scientists study the phenomenon of political mobilization, its subjects, resources, types, and mechanisms. The next section focuses on the role which a symbol in general and the maternal symbol in particular plays in the practices of political mobilization. The final section deals with the problem of using the symbol of Motherland by the agents of mobilization in contemporary Russia. The author takes as an example the maternal image of the country from Iraklii Toidze’s famous poster “The Motherland calls!” which serves as one of the most prominent case of visualization of mobilization appeal. The representatives of various political forces exploit the image in multiple forms appealing to voting, to participate in anti-government actions, to support a certain candidate, to defend the Motherland against external and internal enemies. The author makes the conclusion that various political actors will employ the maternal symbol of the country on the parliament (2016) and presidential (2018) campaigns in Russia

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Дамский комитет Барнаульского отдела Российского общества Красного Креста в период войн начала XX в

Author(s): Olesja Mihajlovna Dolidovich / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3-4/2015

The article describes the history of creation and the main directions of the ladies’ committee of Barnaul division of the Russian Red Cross Society during the Russian Japanese War and World War I. The subject of the analysis is the question of the interaction between division management and a ladies’ charity committee within the division; their mutual expectations and claims to each other and the reasons for this attitude. In the Siberian provinces the first women’s charities in the pre revolutionary period in most cases were created within Russian Red Cross Society’s local committees and departments. These ladies’ committees during early XX c. wars gained experience of independent work in the women’s voluntary associations, which became the basis for the further development of their civic consciousness. The study is based on the materials of the State Archives of Altai Krai, reports and minutes of meetings of the Division and the ladies’ committee as well as on the Siberian periodicals of the pre revolutionary period. It is shown that the relationship between the board of Barnaul Department of the Russian Red Cross Society and ladies’ charity committee in its structure were not that of partnership. Management and ladies committee differed in understanding the goals and objectives of charitable activities, as well as in the degree of freedom of actions. General Directorate of Russian Red Cross Society centrally managed all the donated funds, it implemented austerity policy. Local branches calmly and with understanding reacted to the total control from the center. In turn, they created the Ladies’ Committees and considered them only as a temporary structure with support functions (collection of material and monetary donations, delivering linen and gifts to the theatre of operations, care for the wounded).

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Конгресс в конгрессе: о работе секции «Женское vs мужское в культурах мира» на XI конгрессе антропологов и этнологов России (г. Екатеринбург, 7—10 июля 2015 г.)

Author(s): Natalia Lvovna Pushkareva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3-4/2015

2—6 июля 2015 г. в Екатеринбурге состоялся традиционный, уже одиннадцатый, конгресс антропологов и этнологов России. Самой многочисленной секцией конгресса оказалась секция «Женское vs мужское в культурах мира. Русская культура и женская история сквозь призму мужского и женского», доклады которой охватили более чем три века российской и мировой истории. Работа секции была нацелена на обсуждение проблем, связанных с влиянием фактора пола на конкретно исторические формы коллективных и инди- видуальных изменений, на разговор о влиянии гендерного порядка на факты событийной истории, на дискуссии о связи проявлений гендерных асимметрий с принадлежностью к социальному слою, конфессией, политической и конъюнктурной составляющими.

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ДЕПУТАТСКИЙ КОРПУС ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОГО ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ОКРУГА: ГЕНДЕРНОЕ ИЗМЕРЕНИЕ

Author(s): Natalija Nikolaevna Kozlova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2016

The article examines the gender profile of the Legislative Assembly of the Central Federal District. The author analyzes age, education, occupation, party affiliation of women deputies of the regional parliaments. The author has indicated the low level of women’s representation in the regional legislative bodies, the political role of women in regional parliaments is negligible and the phenomenon of gender asymmetry is stable, institutional.

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ПРОБЛЕМЫ РЕПРОДУКТИВНОГО ЗДОРОВЬЯ ЖЕНЩИН И АБОРТОВ В ПРОГРАММАХ РОССИЙСКИХ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИХ ПАРТИЙ

Author(s): O.V. Popova,A.E. Maslova,M.I. Agapitova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2016

The article provides the analysis of political parties’ programs registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation in terms of their using the theme of demographic policy, which is seen through the lens of women’s reproductive health and abortion. There are several groups of political parties according to their interest in this issue. In order to attract new supporters political parties emphasize the speculative nature of the positioning topics of abortion and relations to the birth of children in their political programs.

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СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ АДАПТАЦИЯ ВЫПУСКНИКОВ ДЕТСКИХ ДОМОВ. ГЕНДЕРНЫЙ АСПЕКТ (ПО ОЦЕНКАМ ЕКСПЕРТОВ)

Author(s): Zh.V. Chernova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2016

The paper deals with the problem of social adaptation of children’s homes leavers and its gender aspects. Empirical data in research were expert interviews with professionals working with these young people. The aim of the paper is to analyze models of social adaptation, existing socialization practices of Russian children’s homes, as well as to reveal problems that experts mark as typical. Sociological research of expert knowledge seems relevant and meaningful, firstly, in the context of actual reformation of institutional care about orphanages. Secondly, it is important to gain knowledge that is more embodied into practices in contrast to media representations and social stereotypes. The analysis of empirical data allows to state that social adaptation of orphanage leavers is still an important issue for different types of professionals. The author provides a list of typical problems. The list is an outcome of expert interviews in six Russian regions. Problems of socialization and adaptation are due to both the institutional design of Russian child welfare system and personal characteristics of orphans. These problems don’t have the regional dimension and specific gender aspects.

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СОЖИТЕЛЬСТВО В БРАЧНЫХ СТРАТЕГИЯХ МОЛОДЫХ: ВОСПРИЯТИЕ И ПРАКТИКИ

Author(s): N. J. Egorova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

Trends in family/marital relations affect family formation in today’s society, including Russia. Couples living together without registration, also known as cohabitation, form an increasingly significant stage in building a marriage/ family strategy. The paper deals with the emergence and spread of this phenomenon which was named “nubile cohabitation”. Quantitative data (obtained from population census data and nationwide opinion polls) confirm that such unions are common enough, at least as a trial marriage. Analysis of interviews given by young people who live unregistered (held in Nizhny Novgorod in 2013 and 2015 as part of the research “Cohabitation: the practice of the young”) also underpins the importance of such relations being a new element in formation and development of family. The qualitative studies help to identify common aspects in how these informal relations are perceived: in general, we observe a serious attitude to the partner, although, different from that in a typical marriage, which is perceived as something imposing more responsibility and creating a new status; loyalty of the nearest social environment to the couple; characteristics of interpersonal/gender relations. At the same time, these unions are far from being homogeneous. The expectations behind the young people relationships can be different. Cohabitation may be seen as “a step before a proper marriage”, “a stage in the development of relations”, “a result of coincidence”. As a result, the union can perform different functions, be perceived differently by partners, be oriented on family creation and registration of relations.

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ОТЦОВСТВО В ГЕНДЕРНЫХ РЕЖИМАХ РАЗВИТЫХ СТРАН

Author(s): A.N. Lipasova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

The article is devoted to the analysis of gender regimes in welfare states from the angle of alarmist fatherhood discourse, which appeared in the 80s. Gender regime is a set of rules and norms which create stable expectations regarding gender relations and assign specific rights and responsibilities to men and women. The theoretic frame of the comparative analysis consists of the classification of social welfare regimes by G. Esping-Andersen and the model of gender policy regimes by J. Sainsbury. In the welfare states, that can be classified as belonging to liberal, social-democratic and conservative regimes, there were different reasons of the fatherhood crisis. In the liberal regime states (the UK and the USA) “fatherless society” was the source of public social alarm, along with the weakening moral authority of fathers. In the social democratic regime of Scandinavian countries the strengthening of egalitarian family relations was in the focus of family social policy. In the conservative regime countries like Germany the traditional male-breadwinner model became socially and economically out-of-date. The author comes to the conclusion that in all the countries which were being analyzed real fathering practices lag behind the public discourse and conducted social policy.

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НАДЕЖДА ДУРОВА: ФЕНОМЕН ГЕНДЕРНОГО БЕСПОКОЙСТВА В РОССИИ В ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ XIX в.

Author(s): P.A. Boyarinova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

This article covers the myth which was formed in the first half of the XIX c. around Nadezhda Durova, the first Russian amazon. To analyse Durova’s biography and Russian society’s attitude towards sex-gender mismatch. J. Butler’s construct of gender trouble is being used. This methodology examines Durova’s and Alexandrov’s social identity splitted into two binary oppositions. The author distinguishes three stages in myth formation about Nadezhda Durova. The first period includes Durova’s military service including the Patriotic War of 1812. This phase involves a conscious creation of male identity instead of a female one. The second period is “exposure” and it is connected with publication of “The Cavalry Maiden notes” in 1836. During this period Nadezhda Durova’s image is being formed in St. Petersburg high society. The third period describes Nadezhda’s secluded life in Yelabuga. It can be considered as response to provincial people reaction towards this case of sex gender mismatch; Durova continued performing the male identity and refused to adopt a female behavior model.

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«МУЖСКОЙ ВОПРОС» В XXI в.: РАЗВИТИЕ КОМПЛЕКСНОГО ПОДХОДА К ИЗУЧЕНИЮ МАСКУЛИННОСТИ

Author(s): Ekaterina Borisovna Khitruk / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

Круглый стол «“Мужской вопрос” в XXI веке: развитие комплексного подхода к изучению маскулинности» состоялся 23 октября 2015 г. на базе философского факультета Национального исследовательского Томского государственного университета. Круглый стол стал уникальной междисциплинарной площадкой для постановки и обсуждения специфических мужских проблем в со- временном обществе. Представители таких различных научных дисциплин, как медицина и филология, философия и социальная работа, психология и педагогика, предложили свое видение мужского аспекта острых социальных вопросов современности. Целью данного меро- приятия было обозначено выведение мужских проблем из сферы невидимого и малозначимого, формирование научного базиса для создания условий социально-психологической коррекции указанных проблем. Были подняты такие вопросы, как специфика депрессивных состояний у мужчин, психологические основания алкоголизации мужского населения, проблемы и перспективы социальной работы с мужчинами, отцовство в традиционном и современном обществах, проблема феминизации образования, проблема осмысления мужского с позиций классической и неклассической философии. Выявлено, что специфические мужские проблемы нуждаются в повышенном внимании и со стороны научного сообщества, и со стороны социума в целом. От их всестороннего исследования и дея- тельного разрешения зависит здоровье и социальное благополучие мужчин, а следовательно, и всей общественной системы.

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