"UNPACKING" THE EDUCATIONAL PACKAGES: ANTI-GENDER DISCOURSES IN SERBIA

Author(s): Slobodanka Dekić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The focus of the analysis are the negative discourses created in 2017 in the Serbian public sphere that referred to educational packages on sex education and prevention of sexual violence against children. The aim of the paper is to analyse the way in which these discourses relate to the “anti-gender” discourse led in Europe during the past two decades, and what are their specificities in the local context. The main argument of the paper is that the episode of “educational packages” can be understood as the first significant manifestation of “anti-gender” politics in Serbia.

(rec.) Michał Jakub Wagner, „Interpretacje rozwoju biologii ewolucyjnej na przełomie XIX i XX wieku”

Author(s): Adam Świeżyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

The author of this publication undertook the task of analyzing the interpretations of the “eclipse of Darwinism” proposed so far in order to determine to what extent they correspond to reality. Having made his findings in this regard, he concluded that none of them adequately accounted for the collapse that struck Darwin’s theory during that period. Therefore, he decided to propose his own interpretation of the “eclipse of Darwinism,” he refers mainly to philosophical determinants of the Darwinian theory of evolution.

150 de ani de la publicarea ,,Originei speciilor"

Author(s): Dumitru Murariu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2009

Continuing the ideas of evolutionists (Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon) and of heredity theory (Jean Baptiste Lamarck), Charles Darwin succeeded enriching the causality fenomenon. He observed and demonstrated that all plant and animal species evolved in time from common ancestors, under the pressure of the natural selection. His observations, made during his 57 months long journey around the world, allowed him not only to define the evolution theory but also to understand the movement of the Earth’s mantle, the formation of the coral reef barrier and of the vulcanic islands. Based on the paleontological data he established the evolution of the beings to be made gradually and not saltatory. After the discovery of the genetic laws and especially of the population genetics in 1920, it was demonstrated that the mutations do not transform species. They offer basic elements on which natural selection works. During 1930–1940, anatomists, geneticians, paleontologists, ecologists and ethologists created the modern synthetic evolutionary theory according to which the new species appear due to the action of the natural selection on the gradual accumulations of mutations in isolated populations. After 1950, molecular genetics appeared, studying the proteic sequencies and it points out the gene’s importance in evolution. In 1977 the phylogenetic tree is redefined based on the genetic similarities and not only on the morphological resemblances. Therefore, by DNA sequencing and establishing molecular philogenies the life tree includes three sections: Eubacteria, Archaea and Eucariota. By sequencing the human genome it was established that man and chimpanzee had a common ancestor. Synthesis led to the restriction of the numerous currents in the evolutive thinking and the concept of panselection appeared as an acceptable evolutive mechanism in which macroevolution is considered only the result of the extensive microevolution. By the approaching of the cybernetic systems to those of the structuralist evolutionism the importance of the self-organisation processes revealed as factors which directed the path of evolution. Today, in order to understand the mechanisms of the biological evolution history, Darwin’s inferences are no longer necessary; they have been read in the genetic code. DNA confirms the evolution’s reality and shows the level where mutations are developping.

1970–1984 metais Lietuvoje gimusios kohortos reprodukciniai sprendimai

Author(s): Ernesta Platūkytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 50 (01)/2022

Even though childbirth in developed societies is increasingly associated with compromises in pursuit of a professional career, education, or other important goals, parenthood has remained an important significant life stage in the process of family formation. Change of structural and contextual circumstances influences the decision of individuals on whether to have children or not, and this increasingly depends on the desire to fulfil personal wishes and satisfy personal needs. Using qualitative research, this paper analyzes the reproductive decisions of a cohort born in Lithuania during the period of 1970–1984. The research informants are often referred to as a generation of a “natural social experiment”; a generation that experienced an active stage of family life in the conditions of drastic societal change. An analysis of personal accounts displays that for this generation, marriage had been the most favourable form of family formation, and procreative decisions were greatly influenced by the prevailing contextual circumstances in society. Maintaining the sequence of normativity of the life course created favourable conditions for those born in Lithuania in 1970–1984 to have children, and procreative expectations were associated with the institutionalization of family relations.

A Case Study on Moral Disengagement and Rationalization in the Context of Portugese Bullfighting

Author(s): Luis Cordeiro-Rodrigues,Emanuele Achino / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

Bullfighting is increasingly seen as a contested practice in Portugal. The Portuguese public generally disapproves of the practice and the Portuguese animal rights movement has dedicated a significant number of their campaigns to protesting against it. Despite this opposition to the practice, however, there is still legal protection of the practice on grounds of preserving it as a national tradition. This contestation and legality has led bullfighting supporters to actively try to defend and rationalize the practice. This paper analyses this defence and rationalization by exploring a case study of the quasi-lobbyist Portuguese organization, Pr˘toiro. The aforementioned case study is analyzed through the use of critical discourse analysis and neutralization theory. The conclusion reached in this article is that the analysis of speech reveals that Pr˘toiro and its supporters try to morally disengage with the harm done to the bull by using justifications that bullfighting is an ethical activity

A Comparative Analysis of Different Species of Fungi Associated with Oil and Non-Oil Garri (Cassava Flour) Sold in Mudalawan Market, Bauchi State, Nigeria

Author(s): Rabiu Ibrahim,Iornenge Aondoaseer,Bashir Ismail Olawale,Hauwa Tahir,Bishir Musa,Umaru Ayuba Alfa / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2021

In this study, different species of fungi associated with oil and non-oil Garri were isolated at Mudalawal market, Bauchi State, Nigeria. A total of eight different samples were obtained inside a sterile container and transported to the microbiology laboratory at Abubakar Tatari Ali Polytechnic Bauchi state for analysis. Malt Extract Agar was used for the isolation and identification; about five fungal species were isolated and identified using the standard method of Microbiological techniques. Penicillium spp. (26.9 %) had the highest occurrence in oil and non-oil Garri, followed by Aspergillus spp. (23.1 %), and Rhizopus spp. (19.2 %) with Fusarium spp. and Mucor spp. having the minor frequency of 15.4 %. Higher fungal species were isolated from non-oil Garri compared to oil Garri samples. Moisture content recorded showed higher Oil Garri than in the Non-oil Garri. The fungi isolated were characterized and identified based on their morphological and colonial appearance. The results show that consumers are exposed to the risk of aflatoxin poisoning. Efforts should therefore be made to improve the quality of Cassava by addressing its handling and processing practices.

A GÂNDI, A ROSTI, A SĂVÂRȘI URA

Author(s): Andrei Vlădescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 22/2019

Hate speech communications, whether expressed through text, image or sound, convey a two-way message: one to the target and the social group to which it belongs, as a factor of their minimization and dehumanization, and the second to other supporters of extremist-aggressive ideologies, to reinforce the sense of belonging to the group and to a common vision.An aggressive discourse is all the more dangerous as it is stated by a charismatic speaker, who addresses a public marked by frustration, in a social or historical context favorable to violence and who benefits from an influential mean of dissemination which is unique or the main source of information for the target audience.Aggressive online speech is an eloquent example of how advanced technologies bring both opportunities and challenges regarding the need for a balance between fundamental rights and principles, as is the case between freedom of expression and the defense of human dignity. The connection of aggressive online discourse with the real world is difficult to demonstrate through systematic empirical evidence, being less preferred the study of the dynamics underlying the transfer of energy from words to overt discrimination, hostile behavior and violent.The purpose of this study is to identify the social groups most vulnerable to aggressive public discourse, as a primary stage in constructing an assessment tool which, based on the vocabulary or the symbolisms used, could determine the affinity of an individual or a group of persons for radical ideologies close to actionable hate.

Abstracts for the 20th Gatherings

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2020

Abusive Workplace Behavior: Behavioral and Legal Insights

Author(s): Aharon Tziner,Hadara Bar-Mor,Lilach Geva,Haim Levi,Or Shkoler / Language(s): English Issue: 62/2023

Workplace abuse is a widespread, worldwide social phenomenon and the topic is highly germane, given the established link between employment quality and mental and physical health and the changes developing in the labor market, including globalization processes, economic recession influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, rapid technological innovation, and demographic variations that potentially cause fluctuations in the labor market. The primary objectives of this paper were to explore definitions and theoretical frameworks of workplace abuse and also to examine the international legal aspects of such abuse. We employed Tepper’s Abusive Supervision Survey Questionnaire to detect manifestations of abusive behavior toward employees in two large organizations, one public and one private, and one smaller national organization in Israel, while expanding its scope beyond its current use in extant legislation and legal literature. Finally, we aimed to offer practical measures to cultivate an organizational culture that encourages employees to overcome the “trust gap” and speak up without fear of retribution. As this is an exploratory study, no hypotheses are propounded. Analysis of the data indicated that the incidence of abusive workplace behavior in the respondents’ organizations was not high. Women managers exhibited fewer abusive behaviors than men, although the mean differences between men and women were very modest. This might be explained on the basis of the theory of “ethics of care”, where women, in contrast to men, tend to support cooperation and shared decision-making rather than overly strict supervision. We further found that abusive behavior was more prevalent in the private concern than the public organizations. It is possible that regulation in public organizations contributes to the reduction of abuse in the workplace. In addition, we found that workers reported more cases of abuse than managers but that the mean differences between employees and managers were minor. Men reported more cases of abusive behavior than women, but the differences we found were insignificant. Indeed, the differences found in all the comparisons were insignificant and cannot serve to form conclusions indicating a trend. Nevertheless, we advocate that governments raise awareness of the issue and the desired outcomes while enhancing workers’ protection and dignity. To that end, the relevant authorities should employ uniform terminology and promote applicable legislation.

Aging in Online Communities: A Systematic Literature Review of Design Recommendations

Author(s): Ana Isabel Veloso,Sónia Ferreira,Liliana Vale Costa,Óscar Mealha,Carlos Santos / Language(s): English Issue: 26 (2)/2020

The increase of computer-mediated communication use and the aging population has led to a renewed interest in online communities and social networks for active aging and social support in daily living. However, a systematic understanding of the design recommendations in Senior Online Communities is still lacking in scientific documentation. The aim of this paper is to identify the design recommendations used in online communities that support active aging. In addition, this paper highlights some of the benefits of using online communities by older adults. Twenty-three papers published between January 2015 and May 2020 in English-language, peer-reviewed publications, met inclusion criteria. The review presents a set of recommendations for designing online communities to enhance older adults’ social interactions. A process that aims for “engagement” is suggested to strategically guide the design of Senior Online Communities: Interacting – Sense of Belonging (Role-playing, Storytelling, and Legacy) – Engaging.

Aging in Serbia in the Twentieth Century: A Gender Perspective

Author(s): Vera Gudac-Dodić / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

The text sheds light on some research questions regarding the gender aspects of the past. It gives basic notes on accelerated demographic aging, as well as a historical review of the processes of aging in Serbia and gender inequality among the older generations, i.e. the feminization of the past. This work also includes presentations and perceptions of old age, thus older women, as well as how they are presented in domestic films.

Agoniści receptorów aktywowanych proliferatorami peroksysomów w farmakoterapii. Obecne znaczenie i perspektywy zastosowania

Author(s): Łukasz Dobrek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2017

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), present in three major isoforms (α, β / δ and γ), are nuclear transcription factors involved in lipid and glucose metabolism.Those receptors are targeted by fibrates (PPAR-α agonists) used in the hypertriglyceridemia and by thiazolidinediones (glitazones, affecting PPAR-γ), used as hypoglycemicagents in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, there is ongoing work on the new double receptor PPAR-α/γ agonists (glitazars) or compounds affecting both PPAR-γand free fatty acids receptors 1 (FFAR1). The ability to stimulate PPAR, resulted in anti inflammatory, anti-atherogenic and anti-proliferative properties, is also demonstrated by other compounds, such as statins, sartans or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The revealed feature broadens their pharmaco dynamic description. To sum up, the agonistic effect on PPAR is an important element of the mechanism of action of many pharmacological agents, both drugs already applied in pharmaco therapy, and novel compounds that are currently in experimental studies and clinical trials.

Aktuelni problemi abortusa, prenatalnog genetskog testiranja i upravljanja trudnoćom

Author(s): Vesna Klajn Tatić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2011

Current ethical and legal issues with regard to abortion, prenatal genetic testing and managing pregnancy are discussed in this paper. These problems are considered from the legal theory point of view as well as from the standpoint of the Serbian Law, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, European Court of Human Rights, legal regulations of several EU countries, the USA, Japan, and their judicial practice. First, the pregnancy termination standards that exist in Serbia are introduced. Then the following issues are explained separately: the pro life and pro choice approaches to abortion; abortion according to the legal approach as a way of survival; the moral and legal status of the fetus; prenatal genetic testing, and finally matters regarding managing pregnancy today.Moral and legal principals of autonomy, namely freedom of choice of the individual, privacy and self-determination give women the right to terminate unwanted pregnancies. In addition, the basic question is whether the right of the woman to abortion clashes with the rights of others. Firstly, with the right of the "fetus to life". Secondly, with the right of the state to intervene in the interest of protecting "the life of the fetus". Third, with the rights of the woman’s partner. The fetus has the moral right to life, but less in relation to the same right of the woman as well as in relation to her right to control her life and her physical and moral integrity. On the other hand, the value of the life of the fetus increases morally and legally with the maturity of gestation; from the third trimester, the interest of the state prevails in the protection of the "life of the fetus" except when the life or health of the pregnant woman are at risk. As regards the rights of the woman’s partner, namely the husband’s opinion, there is no legal significance. The law does not request his participation in the decision on abortion because the decision is exclusively brought by the pregnant woman.Critics of prenatal genetic testing claim that the woman’s autonomous choice is seriously prejudiced, as the women are pressured first with genetic testing and then with abortion, if the test is positive. However, there are views that many parents are left to bring their decisions in a vacuum because the physicians do not discuss all possible available options with them out of fear that they will be perceived as orders. Genetic counseling has an aim to facilitate informed reproductive decisions. Rigid application of policies on non-directive genetic counseling make pregnant women and families unaware of the nature and consequences of the genetic state which could affect the future child. If the real goal is an informed choice then it is the obligation of the physician-specialist to inform the parents with the facts and familiarize them with the true state. Managing pregnancies today medicalizes and pathologizes all pregnancies, and not only the risky ones. Since these techniques are becoming a routine part of medicalized pregnancy managing, pregnant women find it difficult to resist undertaking such technologies or to refuse them. Thus the question on how much these technologies offer sensible choices is imposed. Generally speaking, it is stated that women are becoming observers rather than active participants in giving birth to a new life. Attempts of legal control over a pregnant woman for the protection of "the life of the fetus" violate the woman’s human rights in democratic societies.

Algal and cyanobacterial diversity in saline rivers of the Elton Lake Basin (Russia) studied via light microscopy and next-generation sequencing

Author(s): M.E. Ignatenko,E. A. Selivanova,Y.A. Khlopko,T.N. Yatsenko-Stepanova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Naturally saline rivers are known in various regions of the world. Saline rivers with a salinity gradient from the source to the mouth are particularly interesting, because the range of salinity is the structure-forming factor of the hydrobiont assemblage. Such rivers are represented by saline rivers of the Elton Lake Basin in Volgograd region of Russia (the Bolshaya Samoroda River and the Malaya Samoroda River). Herein, we analyzed taxonomic structure and species diversity of microalgae and Cyanobacteria of the saline rivers flowing into the Elton Lake by light microscopy and next-generation sequencing. The differences and possible causes of inconsistencies in the results obtained by these methods are discussed. In total, 91 taxa of microorganisms were identified by integrated approach in the assemblages of microalgae and Cyanobacteria in the middle course of the Bolshaya Samoroda River, and 60 taxa – in the river mouth. The species diversity of those assemblages in the hypersaline Malaya Samoroda River was lower: 27 taxa from the middle course and 23 taxa from the mouth. Next-generation sequencing allowed us to refine and expand the list of microalgae taxa in the studied saline rivers due to detection of species which were hard to identify, low-abundance taxa, as well as extremely small-cell forms. Some discrepancies between the data obtained by light microscopy and next-generation sequencing indicate the advantage of simultaneous use of both methods for study of the algae communities. Such a comprehensive approach provides the most accurate and correct list of taxa added with the morphological descriptions and 18S rRNA and 16S rRNA partial sequences. Generally, 18 taxa have been recorded for the first time in the Bolshaya Samoroda River, belonging to the phyla Chlorophyta (Borodinellopsis sp., Chlorochytrium lemnae Cohn, Caespitella sp., Halochlorococcum sp., Tetraselmis cordiformis (H. J. Carter) F. Stein), Ochrophyta (Pseudocharaciopsis ovalis (Chodat) D. J. Hibberd, Characiopsis sp., Poterioochromonas stipitata Scherffel, Chrysolepidomonas sp.), Euglenozoa (Euglena bucharica I. Kisselev, Lepocinclis tripteris (Dujardin) B. Marin & Melkonian, Phacus orbicularis K. Hübner, P. parvulus G. A. Klebs), Cryptophyta (Hemiselmis cryptochromatica C. E. Lane & J. M. Archibald, Rhodomonas sp., Hanusia phi J. A. Deane), Haptophyta (Pavlova sp.), Cyanobacteria (Johanseninema constrictum (Szafer) Hasler, Dvorák & Poulícková). Seven taxa have been detected for the first time in the algal and cyanobacterial assemblages of the Malaya Samoroda River from the phyla Chlorophyta (Tetraselmis cordiformis, T. arnoldii (Proschkina-Lavrenko) R. E. Norris, Hori & Chihara, T. tetrathele (West) Butcher, Pyrobotrys elongatus Korshikov), Cryptophyta (Hanusia phi), and Cyanobacteria (Synechococcus elongatus (Nägeli) Nägeli, Oscillatoria simplicissima Gomont).

Allocation of the diet of the Argentine Islands’ inshore ichthyofauna

Author(s): A. V. Zinkovskyi,I. V. Dykyy,V. N. Trokhymets / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Fish diets are important indicators of ecosystem change. This aspect of the ichthyofauna of the coast of the Argentine Islands has been insufficiently studied in comparison with other regions. This article presents the results of comparison of dietary and somatic parameters of the dominant species Notothenia coriiceps depending on the point, depth and season of catch. The sample was collected between February 2006 and February 2007. In the year of study, N. coriiceps, Trematomus bernacchii, Chaenocephalus aceratus (common species), Harpagifer antarcticus and Pagothenia borchgrevinki (rare species in this region) were caught. The average fish size in this region does not differ from other places in the Southern Ocean. In Cornice Channel and Stella Creek, N. coriiceps was smaller than at other points due to the narrowness and shallow depth of these places. In winter, large individuals apparently migrated from the coast. The diet of N. coriiceps consisted mainly of crustaceans and seaweeds, with a small number of mollusks (especially limpets), which are common. The number of fish in the diet of N. coriiceps is relatively low for this region. Access to food was relatively the same at different points and depths of the catch. The lowest amount of food was in the fall, the highest amount of food was in the spring and summer. The condition and hepatosomatic index also did not change depending on the point and depth of the catch, but they were low in spring and high in summer. Perhaps this is due to the low energy value of food, which is not compensated by the amount. It is necessary to conduct studies of the diet of N. coriiceps in other years to clarify the specificity of fish in the diet and phenological changes in somatic parameters. Similar studies are needed for other species in the region if catches are sufficient to collect a representative sample.

An Empirical Study of Latvian Consumers’ Attitudes and Perceptions Towards Genetically Modified Organisms

Author(s): Inese Aleksejeva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

Genetic modification and genetically modified organisms (GMO) remains a controversial issue. Latvian consumers’ attitude towards genetic modification and GMO have been characterized as negative using Eurobarometer data, but so far no specific investigation of Latvian consumers has been done in this field. The aim of this study was to analyse Latvian consumers’ attitude towards genetic modification and GMO, the subjective and objective knowledge about this questions and acceptability of use of GMO in different application areas. Main task in frame of this research is to summarize different literature and data available to outline some of factors that influence attitudes towards GMO: mainly public subjective and objective knowledge, perception on risk and benefits, and ethical concerns. The survey method was chosen as a tool to collect data and elicit Latvian consumers’ attitude towards use of GMO in different industries. The survey was composed of 18 questions; seven of them have been structured on one to ten–point scale.The survey data of Latvia’s inhabitants (N = 1184) were collected by the telemarketing company from September 2014 until June 2015. To select the units to be included in the sample systematic sampling was applied – every twentieth inhabitant was approached by phone call and invited to answer on survey questions. The results of Latvian consumers’ survey showed that Latvians’ acceptability of genetic modification varies by application area; genetically modified (GM) non–food products are more accepted than GM food and feed products. Ethical and moral aspects play essential role among Latvian consumers. Respondents’ subjective and objective knowledge of genetic modification and GMO differs. The findings would be essential to policy makers when designing risk–communication strategies targeting different consumer segments to ensure proper discussion and addressing potential concerns about genetic modification.

ANALIZA UČESTALOSTI DEFEKTNOG VIĐENJA BOJA U ROMSKIM POPULACIJAMA TUZLANSKE REGIJE

Author(s): Elbisa Hasukić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 8/2016

Promjenjivost (varijacija, varijabilnost) jedna je od univerzalnih i najuočljivijih pojava u živom svijetu i osnovna karakteristika svih vrsta živih bića sa biparentalnim (spolnim) razmnožavanjem. Osnovno zapažanje o pojedinačnim osobinama jeste da se neke od njih kod svih pripadnika proučavane grupe javljaju u jednoj formi (varijanti) druge u dvije, a ostale u tri ili više međusobno različitih varijanti (fenotipova, modaliteta, oblika).

Analysis of differences of growth and phenology of provenances of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in provenance experiment at Žepče

Author(s): Senada Šito,Dalibor Ballian / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

This paper analyses the growth and phenology of fourteen European provenances of Scots pine at the international experimental plot at Zepce. The experiment with the provenances was developed during the spring of 2012 with two (2+0) year old plants. In total 1400 Scots pine saplings were planted in an experimental random block layout, fourteen provenances in four repetitions (4 x 25 plants). The experiment is composed of provenances from ten European countries: Austria (Traisen, Rein, Sistrans), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bugojno), Scotland (Shieldaig), Ukraine (IvanoFrankivsk), Slovakia (Hanusovce), Romania (Sacueini), Norway (Narvik), Germany (Trippstadt), Poland (Raciane – Nida) and Italy (Ca del Lupo, Fenestrelle, Piani – Valda). The morphological results relate to the differences in survival, height, diameter on the root neck and the ratio of these measurements to the height of the saplings of different provenances of Scots pine. Phenological details relate to the phenology of the buds and complete formation of pine needles. All of the details researched have yielded notably different findings. The results of the research can play a significant role in reforestation as well as the preservation of the genetic wealth of Scots pine.

ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT AND EFFECTIVENESS OF SUPPORT MEASURES AND INTERVENTIONS ON PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES

Author(s): Oana Banu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Social inclusion of people with disabilities is an essential prerequisite of human rights. In the current context, according to data, the social welfare system faces an increasing number of people with disabilities. The social services for these beneficiaries cover a relatively small fraction of their needs. The main type of support for this vulnerable group is in-cash social benefits, while other social inclusion measures are occupying a marginal place in practice. The accent on granting in-cash social benefits to the detriment of social reintegration programs leads to an increased dependency of disabled persons to the welfare system. Although it is considered that the situation of people with disabilities has improved since 2000, several problems occur as a lack of financial and human resources, as well as to the difficulty of setting up a coherent support system for people with disabilities. Disability is not a simple attribute of an individual, but rather a cumulative addition of various conditions created by the social environment. The management of disability requires social action and it must become the common responsibility of the whole community/ society in the sense of producing necessary environmental/ attitudinal changes to facilitate participation of persons with disabilities in all the spheres of social life.

Animal Languages in the Middle Ages. Representations of Interspecies Communication, ed. Alison Langdon

Author(s): Konrad Bielecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

Review of: Konrad Bielecki - Animal Languages in the Middle Ages. Representations of Interspecies Communication, ed. Alison Langdon, New York 2018, Palgrave Macmillan (The New Middle Ages), ss. 276