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The subject of this paper is to point to the activities of international organizations, especially the United Nations, and their impact and omissions in the conducted peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the "safe areas" of Srebrenica and Zepa.
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Sarajevski otvoreni centar je tokom 2015. godine ispred Inicijative za monitoring evropskih integracija BiH radio na izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o zabrani diskriminacije BiH. Početkom 2015. izradili smo analizu o usklađenosti Zakona sa evropskom pravnom stečevinom, a za radnu grupu za izradu izmjena i dopuna zakona spremili smo paket amandmana uz obrazloženja. Radna grupa je određeni dio amandmana preuzela, a u dijalogu sa Ministarstvom za ljudska prava i izgbjeglice BiH uspjeli smo da unaprijedimo i neke druge odredbe. U decembru 2015. Vijeće ministara BiH je utvrdilo prijedlog zakona o izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o zabrani diskriminacije BiH. Pored proceduralnih pitanja, izmjene i dopune predviđaju i jasno navođenje dobi, invaliditeta, seksualne orijentacije, rodnog identiteta i spolnih karakteristika kao osnova na kojima je zabranjena diskriminacije. Uvodi se zabrana diskriminacije na osnovu povezanosti sa ugroženom grupom, te su poboljšane definicije uznemiravanja i seksualnog uznemiravanja. Poticanje na diskriminaciju više nije ograničeno na pitanje vjerske, nacionalne i rasne mržnje, nego je od sada poticanje zabranjeno na svim osnovama. Poslanici u Predstavničkom domu Parlamentarne skupštine BiH, Borislav Bojić i Nikola Lovrinović, te delegat u Domu naroda Parlamentarne skupštine BiH, Halid Genjac, dostavili su amandmane na predložene izmjene i dopune Zakona o zabrani diskriminacije BiH. U kratkom roku izradili smo komentar na dostavljene amandmane sa ciljem da podržimo dobra rješenja ali i da reagujemo na uočene probleme po pitanju amandmana zastupnika Nikole Lovrinovića i delegata Halida Genjca. U izradi ovog komentara rukovodili smo se komparativnim rješenjima koja proizilaze iz pozitivnih zakonskih rješenja u BiH (npr. Zakon o zaštiti potrošača BiH, entitetski zakoni o parničnom postupku), odredbama Povelje o temeljnim pravima EU, te važećim antidisktiminacijskim direktivama koje definišu obaveze država članica kao i budućih država članica, te praksom Suda Evropske unije.
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Istraživanje o načinu finansiranja rada skloništa za žrtve nasilja u obitelji koje je provela Pravobraniteljica za ravnopravnost spolova Republike Hrvatske pokazuje da se većina organizacija civilnog društva koje vode autonomna skloništa i savjetovališta finansiraju na osnovu Ugovora o sufinansiranju rada savjetovališta i skloništa za žene i njihovu djecu žrtve nasilja u obitelji. Ugovor je potpisan 2008. godine, između Ministarstva obitelji, branitelja i međugeneracijske solidarnosti, županija, gradova i skloništa.
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Trafficking in human beings is a serious crime and abuse of an individual’s fundamental rights and dignity. It involves the exploitation of vulnerable persons who are traded by criminals as commodities for the sole purpose of economic gain. Usually characterised as transnational, this crime affects victims regardless of their gender and age and, due to its nature, is often hard to discover and investigate. The crime of trafficking in human beings shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or removal of organs.Human trafficking always targets vulnerable individuals. Such vulnerability might be of any kind, whether physical, psychological, emotional, family-related, social or economic. In short, the exploitation can be any state of hardship in which a human being is impelled to accept being exploited.Exploitative situations are hard to discover due to their clandestine nature and because of the difficulty of recognising the abuse, although a victim of trafficking might be aware of being involved in an exploitative situation.In the article, the author presents the prevalence of modern trafficking in human beings, its forms and ways in Lithuania as well as in the world. In addition, the author evaluates the efforts of law enforcement authorities to combat this negative social phenomenon and protect victims of this criminal offense.The author gives more attention to analysis of Lithuanian case law related to trafficking in human beings. It should be noted that the Supreme Court of Lithuania has already formed the standards of Article 147 of Criminal Code dealing with trafficking in human beings and consolidates them in judicial precedents.
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Personality disorders are represented by a behavioural pattern associated with recurrent violation of moral principles and social rules. Personality disorders – especially antisocial and borderline, but also the others, usually in unpredictable ways – are frequent diagnostics among the individuals psychiatrically analyzed at the request of authorities for committing violent infractions. Through their features are centred on maladjustment and on the desire to alter the environment according to their own structure, personality disorders lead to violent acts, sometimes extremely serious. Maladjustment pattern is part of a real vicious circle, which leads almost invariably to a socio-familial integrative deficit and to professional adjustment issues. In their turn, they entail increased frustrations, aggravated impulsive tendencies, as well as higher interpretability (when it is already present). Consequently, all these aspects favour the commission of violent, criminal acts, which end up compromising irremediably the social integration of individuals who suffer from a personality disorder. It is necessary to pinpoint the certain predictors of criminal behaviour, by the characteristics of each personality disorder, in order to assess their aggravating or intensifying factors and to prevent it effectively, for both the protection of potential victims and a better social integration of individuals diagnosed with various psychopathies.
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Murderous ideologies drive and fabricate innumerable forms of social falsehood. One of the objects of the perfidious falsification of reality generated in the totalitarian system is the human face. Drawing on classics of Polish and world cinema, and also on the memory of culture, Marek Hendrykowskis study contains a semiotic analysis of the deep structures of images, which present the executioner-victim based on violence executioner as a variant of inter-human relations in totalitarian systems.
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Reading the Bible has never been exclusively a spiritual exercise in learning the allegedly divinely inspired precepts of Judaeo- Christianity; on the contrary, biblical passages have often been marshalled to endorse often divergent, sometimes infamous social practices. This essay investigates nineteenth-century American proand anti-slavery texts which document the traditional Christian strategy of argumentum ad verecundiam through appeal specifically to biblical authority, used to buttress arguments in the abolitionist controversy. American ministers tailored their selection of biblical passages so as to persuade the black converts that submissive docility complied with divine imperatives and emulated Christ’s; slave owners extolled their paternalistic care for slaves and vindicated bondage as a/the biblically sanctioned human condition. Not only did educated freed slaves, some turned ministers, expose the Christian slaveholder society’s iniquity, but they would sometimes read blacks (back) into biblical stories which mention civilising heroes.My aim here is not to provide a definitive answer, if any should ever be possible, to the (for me) haunting question whether Christianity could and/or aimed to empower the converted slaves – and generally the subaltern. However, with the benefit of European hindsight as offered by the Holocaust, I would suggest that historically the practice of reading the Bible to vindicate one’s position may have had disempowering effects on “the other” of white Christianity rather than providing the catalyst for long-term socio-political self-empowerment of the oppressed.
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Ne ulazeći u mnoge unutrašnje probleme mobilizacije, prihvatanja poziva u rat od strane višenacionalnog i multireligioznog populusa Crne Gore, period učešća u ratu i zajedničkog ropstva brojnih crnogorskih građana ravnopravno je bio mukotrpan i uopšte destruktivan za pojedinca, za njegovu porodicu, koliko i za cijelo crnogorsko društvo. Tokom cijelog jednog vijeka koji će proteći nakon ovog rata – te teške teme rijetko je ko uspijevao prenijeti i prezentirati bez ijedne predrasude. Tome su razlog bile različite istorijske rane iz već prošlih vremena ratnih, iz vremenski bliskih Balkanskih ratova, crnogorskog Veljeg rata kao i Hercegovačkog ustanka.
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Fond za humanitarno pravo (FHP) je 30. oktobra 2006. godine Osnovnom sudu u Podgorici podneo dve tužbe za naknadu štete protiv Republike Crne Gore u ime Osmana Durguta i Šabana i Arife Rizvanović, stanovnika Bukovice koji su u periodu nakon otpočinjanja oružanih sukoba u BiH u aprilu 1992. godine do kraja 1993. godine bili žrtve diskriminacije i torture.
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Devetstotina trinaesta godina je godina prisilnog pokrštavanja preko dvanaest hiljada plavsko-gusinjskih Bošnjaka – nikom suđeno a vođe tog zločinačkog pira slavljene i ugrađene u đačke čitanke. Devetstotina dvadeset i četvrta godina, na sam dan Kurban-bajrama u Šahovićima kod Bijelog Polja, za dan i jednu noć, ubijeno je potpuno nevino preko dvije hiljade bošnjačkih civila a čitav taj kraj očišćen od Bošnjaka, – opet nikom suđeno. Drugi svjetski rat, četrdeset traća godina. U pljevaljskoj Bukovici ubijeno preko hiljadu i petstotina, a zajedno sa žrtvama Donjeg Bihora, preko 8000 Bošnjaka – ni za taj genocid nikom nije suđeno. Herceg Novi godina 1992. Po nalogu vlasti Crne Gore, deportovano i predato Karadžiću 83 Bošnjaka – niko od njih nije ostao živ, krivcima se još ne sudi a nalogodavci su ostali po strani. Štrpci 1993. godina, iz voza oteto i samo zbog imena i svoje vjere, ubijeno 18 Bošnjaka – još uvijek nema im groba ni ukopa a suđeno samo jednom – nalogodavci i vinovnici zločina, još su na slobodi.
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The article deals with the problems of destructive principles of man. It is the evil that is the secret of life. This category is a fundamental problem of ethics, and therefore in the television sphere contemporary discourse about the destructive possibilities of screen culture is standing separately. The sociological concept of evil in its foundation laid the understanding of the harmony of society and the availability of the source of evil in his part. The aims of this research are to understand the impact of anthropological screen culture in society, the risk associated with it, to understand the bias of the process and focus on its laws.This sad conclusion leads to the prospect of violent models not only in society but also in relation to the imposition of stereotypes in culture and art. Appearance of the violence in the socio-cultural context has to find ways of ability to resist them. It is also important to achieve changes in social relationships and settings of people-valuable life. Determinants examined here can be regarded as the person who controlled their internal assessment, aggressive displays or sensitivity to them. Self-sufficiency should be held by the person to influence diminished manifestation and existence of the genre violence. Freud singled life instinct Eros, whose energy plays in life and it is in a difficult destructive relationship with destructive instinct Thanatos.Ethological concept of K. Lorenz gave the conception of violence in the animal kingdom: conflict situations defined dominance in order to balance variety of types of the animal world’s social organization, to understand the modification of moral norms and aggressiveness. If Freud promotes violence ravages of death, K. Lorenz has aggression defense. This protection turns into a permanent intention, facilitates the search of "lull" in the situation or his flash. Erich Fromm pointed out the differences between the concept of K. Lorenz true causes of human aggression. They are psychological, social and biological. In general, the research of human personhood, business studies Ch. Darwin "Origin of Species" (1859), B. Porshnev "Social Psychology and History" (1966), "The beginning of human history" (1971), A. Nazaretian "Problems anthropology" (1983), B. Dodsworth "The sum of Anthropology" (1990). These authors were looking for value of reason and violence in a man.Referring to the letters of Seneca to Lutsyliy, М. Montaigne argues "that the person is not excited either anger or fear, killed another, just to admire it", what is the worst example of aesthetic pleasure. Social and cultural reasons have formulated the laws of society-screen violence in art. Postmodern current views are based on the circumstances. A person in a violent society gets a reference to the mental courage and mental promises to get rid of fear. The ambiguity of contemporary art displays estimates regarding violence isolates dehumanization that positivism is able to equate to negativity or violent subjects to objects that are identified with the subject of violence. The degree of satisfaction on the occasion of the object increases no real-optic vision aggressor: active consumerism here is subject.Sociologists and psychologists stimulate research on violent behavior in real society. Of course, the most of them qualify this phenomenon as negative one. The impact of violence on aggressive behavior of spectator is obvious. This socio-cultural problem, for example, has long been "unwound" by the Russian Foundation for Documentary Studies. Researchers distinguish this line of screen performance as a way of forming consciousness that has addictive effect on feelings had seen. For example, "Action" as a factor in the socialization of adolescents giving them the opportunity to play adulthood with devastating implications. Correlation situation of families (parents) and forced addiction manifested in terms of audience identification with the hero.Sociocultural analysis of the phenomenon of screen violence means stereotypical impact represents its expressional figurative means, allowing to understand the phenomenon of signified power, because there is widely applied concept that is inserted into the society life that distinguishes actions of violent person and the society and how to combat them. Globalization processes of modernity negate the need to use the genre depiction of violence as methods of reproduction are elaborated and used. This screen rubbish should disappear as the weakness of human nature before evil: conflicting theoretical foundations, individual instincts. The doctrine of violence is not defined with the definition of origin: whether acquired or innate? Aggressive behavior violence plays a destructive role in society that does not promote new cultural models. Nowadays in interpersonal relationships evil takes the form of conflict solution which ignores the interests of one party. Lack of spirituality creates social approval and use of evil. Prestige consumption becomes a source of advertising product. This mechanism acts cruelly and futile, activating selfishness. Social status is determined by quantitative representations of material consumption. The socio-cultural identity disabilities mean that most conflicts will be solved with violence as a natural way.
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Artykuł prezentuje sposób, w jaki normy kulturowe wpływają na postrzeganie społeczne zachowań parafilicznych. Dotychczas w literaturze opisano szczegółowo jedynie kilka parafilii. Podejście społeczeństwa do mniejszościowych zachowań seksualnych jest przedmiotem zainteresowania badaczy od wielu lat. Możliwe, że społeczeństwo wykazuje negatywny stosunek zarówno do parafilii patologicznych, jak i niepatologicznych. Niezbędne jest prowadzenie dalszych badań w kierunku postrzegania społecznego zachowań parafilicznych i charakterystyk danych parafilii.
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Review of: Dvořáková Zora "Popravení, kam jste se poděli? Příběh jednoho výzkumu" Publishing House Eva - Milan Nevole, Prague 2013, 176 pages by: Petr Mallota
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Harmful activities by means of modern technology also include detrimental contacts when abchild is targeted and chosen as a victim by another child or adult person. The paper deals with presentation of preliminary research results concerning the group of harmful contacts that pertain to the involvement in activities related to the Internet child pornography. The research analyzed the probation service documentation of 76 cases of convicted perpetrators of child exploitation for purposes of the Internet pornography. The presentation of the results includes information on the perpetrators and type of offenses, in addition to other data which will contribute to better understanding of criminal offenses that harm children and juveniles through child pornography and electronic violence. The presentation of the results aims at objectives analysis but also contributes to the sparse field of research.
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The increase in youth violence is among the most serious problems facing modern society. Many experts adhere to the opinion that responsibility for this phenomenon is borne by families, schools, and the media. The so-called digital generation spends much of its free time on the Internet and accepts the values imposed by the media. The modern criterion of success is to reach glory by any means necessary. As such, it is understandable that young people, eager for publicity, look for creative ways to attract attention. One of the most expedient ways to achieve fame and prove their ‘originality’ is by posting videos of violent behavior on websites like YouTube. The Internet has brought limitless freedom in the exposure of inappropriate content and has thus contributed to an increase in violence among the young, primarily through the video games industry. Based on all the above, we argue that the Internet has spurred and intensified the development of cyberbullying.
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The paper deals with the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field (1864). In the introduction, the author refers to the origins of humanitarian rules in antiquity and the Middle Ages until the nineteenth century. Also, with regard to the wars in the 19th century which, due to increased numbers of combatants and new, much more lethal means of warfare produced enormous number of killed and wounded, he shows that during this period there appeared clear necessity at the universal level, for regulation of protection of the sick and wounded in the war. The second part of the paper deals with the Geneva Convention of 1964. The author refers to the historical background of this agreement, turns attention to the content of its the most important solutions and then briefly show further development of international humanitarian law. The third part is dedicated to the importance of the Convention of 1864. Here the author shows the impact of this agreement on the internal regulations of the countries, the impact on the development of international humanitarian law and, in particular, the impact on practice. In the latter case, he analyzes immediate impact on practice, indirect influence and impact on the development of a culture of human rights. Particularly interesting are the places where the author points to the impact of the Convention on the development of the then Principality of Serbia relevant national law, as well as, in many ways, on an amazing example of applying the principles of the Convention by Serbia in the war against Bulgaria (1885). The general conclusion of the author is that one should not assume that there have been no violations Geneva Conventions and that such violation will not take place in the future. However, he believes that the overall picture is positive. In this regard he suggests that one has to imagine how the world would look like without the Geneva Convention. There would still be wars, but to the sufferings of victims would be much worse.
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School violence is a widely spread phenomenon. All researchers of school violence agree that this is a socio-cultural phenomenon which is affected by numerous factors, including the presence of political violence in a society. The paper discusses the influence of political violence, still present in different regions of the world nowadays, on exhibiting violent behaviour in school children. Browsing through relevant literature on the subject one comes to the conclusion that this is a problem that has not been sufficiently explored. The available empirical data can generally be classified into two groups: the findings that confirm the hypothesis that political violence influences an increase in school violence and the findings that not only call into question this hypothesis but point out quite the contrary – under certain conditions (e.g. if the school takes over a protective role, i.e. the role of the mediator of external influences), political violence can contribute to the decrease in school violence. The explanation of the inconsistencies in the obtained findings can be found in the complexity of the studied phenomena and the differences in their conceptualisation (and hence both operationalisation and measuring), then in the absence of research studies conducted properly in terms of methodology, and especially in limitations during the process of merging the findings obtained in individual studies. The issue of the extent to which school violence is conditioned by out-of-school influences, such as political violence, has indisputable social significance and deserves to be the subject of future research and an extensive scientific analysis.
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Alcohol abuse causes many negative effects. These often include the loosening of social and professional ties. Alcohol abuse is considered to be one of the risk factors which contributes to criminal actions. By influencing behavioural problems, it potentiates aggression, undermines self-control and contributes to organic changes which result in personality disorders. The study advances a hypothesis that the pathologies which occur in a particular family, especially alcohol abuse, can significantly influence the formation of the personality of a future murderer. These studies have been based on the psychological and psychiatric opinions which are among the records of the District Court in Krosno in cases involving offences under Article 148 and Article 13 § 1 in relation to Article 148 of the Polish Criminal Code (1999–2014). As a result of the study carried out, the hypothesis that most of the murderers belonged to the families which were affected by alcohol abuse has been confirmed. Furthermore, it has been also found that those who abuse alcohol are more prone to become murderers, or victims of murders.
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Corrective rapes are extremely big problem with which is facing South African society. It is caused by increasing intolerance towards members of LGBT society and that increase is followed by the increase of corrective rapes. The aim of this article is to represent the problem of corrective rapes from criminology point of view. Related to that, authors will define corrective rapes, represent their legal nature and its’ specific elements by which they are different from other rapes. We will explain the causes and consequences of corrective rapes and possibility of prevention of this form of sexual violence.
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