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The concept for more effective civic participation in support of four vulnerable groups aims to identify legislative changes, improvement of practices and policy development by decision makers and the civil society to facilitate vulnerable communities in their interaction with state institutions and establish effective support mechanisms. The publication proposes concrete solutions and a roadmap for their implementation for each of these groups - prisoners, victims of human trafficking, victims of domestic violence, asylum seekers and other vulnerable groups of foreigners.
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This report is the preliminary research work under the Punishment vs. Treatment: the Situation of Drug Users in Prison initiative which main output is a forthcoming comparative analysis of the treatment of drug users in Bulgarian and Norwegian prisons. The study was prepared by the University of Oslo and it overviews the general context on Norway – general information on the country and its criminal justice system, policy and legislation on drugs explaining what are the perimeters of drug restriction and what are the national policies towards drug use. This information is illustrated with statistics on crime rates and drug crime in particular. It also presents the alternative sanctions available for drug users. Furthermore, the reports looks at prison population using drugs and sentenced to drug-related crimes – what are the principles by which prison authorities are guided in their attitude towards this group of inmates and what programs are available for them in Norwegian prisons.
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The country background papers present information about the penitentiary system in Bulgaria, Belgium, Germany, Lithuania and Spain. The information includes: (1) legislation and other applicable regulations governing the penitentiary system; (2) structure of the system (types and number of facilities, location, management, etc.); (3) statistical data (prison population, capacity of penitentiary facilities, categories of inmates, budget, etc.); (4) studies and reports by domestic and international institutions and organizations dealing with prison-related issues; (5) additional information on the penitentiary system. The country background papers are based on the developed Methodology for data collection and analysis on the penitentiary system within the Re-socialization of offenders in the EU: enhancing the role of the civil society (RE-SOC) initiative.
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The country background papers present information about the penitentiary system in Bulgaria, Belgium, Germany, Lithuania and Spain. The information includes: (1) legislation and other applicable regulations governing the penitentiary system; (2) structure of the system (types and number of facilities, location, management, etc.); (3) statistical data (prison population, capacity of penitentiary facilities, categories of inmates, budget, etc.); (4) studies and reports by domestic and international institutions and organizations dealing with prison-related issues; (5) additional information on the penitentiary system. The country background papers are based on the developed Methodology for data collection and analysis on the penitentiary system within the Re-socialization of offenders in the EU: enhancing the role of the civil society (RE-SOC) initiative.
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The country background papers present information about the penitentiary system in Bulgaria, Belgium, Germany, Lithuania and Spain. The information includes: (1) legislation and other applicable regulations governing the penitentiary system; (2) structure of the system (types and number of facilities, location, management, etc.); (3) statistical data (prison population, capacity of penitentiary facilities, categories of inmates, budget, etc.); (4) studies and reports by domestic and international institutions and organizations dealing with prison-related issues; (5) additional information on the penitentiary system. The country background papers are based on the developed Methodology for data collection and analysis on the penitentiary system within the Re-socialization of offenders in the EU: enhancing the role of the civil society (RE-SOC) initiative.
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The country background papers present information about the penitentiary system in Bulgaria, Belgium, Germany, Lithuania and Spain. The information includes: (1) legislation and other applicable regulations governing the penitentiary system; (2) structure of the system (types and number of facilities, location, management, etc.); (3) statistical data (prison population, capacity of penitentiary facilities, categories of inmates, budget, etc.); (4) studies and reports by domestic and international institutions and organizations dealing with prison-related issues; (5) additional information on the penitentiary system. The country background papers are based on the developed Methodology for data collection and analysis on the penitentiary system within the Re-socialization of offenders in the EU: enhancing the role of the civil society (RE-SOC) initiative.
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The successful implementation of the activities under the recently launched initiative Re-socialization of offenders in the EU: enhancing the role of the civil society (RE-SOC) depends on the expanded knowledge of the prison systems in the participating countries. Therefore, a separate set of activities is dedicated to the collection, analysis and systematization of the available information and tailoring it to the specificities of the other initiative activities. To facilitate this process a Methodology for data collection and analysis was developed, which includes the following components: (1) list of issues to be covered; (2) recommended sources to be consulted and relevant international standards; (3) methodological guidelines on how to collect, analyze and present information; (4) glossary of terms; and (5) language and style requirements. The developed methodology will be used for analyzing the information collected for several EU Member States. The analysis will aim to answer specific questions related to the prison system: structure and legal framework of the penitentiary system, prison capacity, number and structure of the prison population, etc. The results of the analysis will be summarized in country background papers.
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The report explores to what extent Bulgaria has introduced the European standards in the legal regulation of the prison system and the execution of the penal sanction of imprisonment, how are they implemented in practice, what is the State’s penal policy and strategy in this area in general and in respect to drug-addicted prisoners in particular, and what is the opinion of the people working in the penitentiary system and the non-governmental organizations monitoring the activities of penitentiary facilities.
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The Center for the Study of Democracy has undertaken a special inquiry into the topic of drug abuse - which was fueled by the drug epidemic of the late 1990s and has grown to become a real social threat - and the problem of drug dealing, which is a major mechanism for the generation of organized crime in Bulgaria. This report addresses drug supply and demand in Bulgaria with the ambition of mapping a vast information void and identifying the basic mechanisms and stakeholders of the drug market. However, the peculiarities of drug diffusion and consumption do not allow the use of the standard suite of economic research tools and vehicles throughout the study. This analysis has been divided into three sections. The first addresses the genesis of drug distribution, while the second describes its structure and functioning. The findings about supply presented in the first two parts are based on a series of in-depth interviews with dealers of different groups of drugs, long-term drug users, with police and security officers (experienced in combating drug traffic, drug production, and drug dealing), doctors, and civil organizations engaged in treatment services to drug addicts. Section 3 highlights drug demand, and brings into play the findings of the First National Population Survey on Drug Consumption in Bulgaria conducted by Vitosha Research. For the purpose of this study, CSD and Vitosha Research used the research tools of the European Monitoring Center on Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA).
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The present report summarizes researches and discussions conducted by members of the expert group within the framework of the Bulgarian anti-corruption initiative Coalition 2000 established in 1997. The report is dedicated to one of the most serious problems of the Bulgarian transition towards market economy, stable democratic institutions and legal state. The exploding growth of trans-border crime during the last 12 years has led to the emergence of criminal infrastructure, developed and maintained by criminal groups and semi-legal "power groups," which have appeared in the mentioned period. The trans-border crime in Bulgaria is a part of the new network of international organized crime, which was established after the end of the Cold War and which is closely connected to the regional channels of smuggling and trafficking. Smuggling (including drug smuggling) and trafficking are in particular the main sources of income for organized crime in the country. It is impossible to successfully fight the trans-border crime in the country without a determined effort to counter systemic corruption within the law-enforcing and law-protecting institutions. Enormous part of the criminal acts and irregularities concerning import and export of goods, drugs and weapons, as well as illegal trafficking of human beings, is conducted through unlawful cooperation with customs officers, employees of the National Border Police Service and other state institutions, responsible for border control. Corruption networks are part of the systemic smuggling or of the so-called smuggling channels, and the funds for bribing state employees represent "production costs" for organizers of smuggling. Without doubt, it is difficult to present an accurate assessment of the discussed problems, due to the lack of information about the exact parameters of smuggling, in particular of the drug smuggling, and about the real scale of corrupt practices. Hence the huge importance of indirect indicators like marketing researches in regard with the presence of particular goods on the market, and methods for comparison of such data with official customs statistics for import and exports of the same goods. Apart from these methods, of particular importance is the role of export analyses, reporting on informal "price-lists" of corrupt services, as well as of the scope and value of the realized smuggling deals and operations.
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Smuggling in Southeast Europe analyzes and reviews the connection between the conflicts in the former Yugoslavia and the growth of the trans-border crime in the region, and also looks at the related issue of corruption. The paper highlights the decisive impact the Yugoslav wars had on the development of the regional criminal networks, which were often set up and maintained not only with the knowledge, but even with active participation of the highest state officials. The research also represents a contribution to the study of conflicts in the Western Balkans. The majority of existing interpretations of causes, course and consequences of the Yugoslav wars try to provide the answers through ethno-political explanations. They unjustly ignore the importance that interweaving of interests of political elites, the organized crime groups, which appeared in this period, and the "mediating class" of corrupt state officials had in this process. The paper is divided in three parts: • An analysis of the causes and course of emergence of Balkan smuggling channels in the context of Yugoslav wars and international sanctions; • A review of the recent developments in trans-border crime in Southeast Europe; • An overview of prevention efforts, undertaken both by the regional governments and the international community’ The first part analyzes the emergence of officially sanctioned "state-building" smuggling in those parts of the former Yugoslavia, which were involved in the war. The intermediary role of Albania, Bulgaria, Macedonia and Romania is also discussed. In these four countries, smuggling networks were not developed under open patronage of the governments, but the role of high-positioned politicians was nevertheless extremely important. The second part traces the evolution of the initial semi-official smuggling channels and their transformation into "classical" criminal networks. The so-called "suitcase trade," cigarette smuggling, smuggling of narcotics, and the trafficking in human beings are discussed in more detail.
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The study analyses the mechanisms for interaction between public institutions and NGOs in supporting four vulnerable groups: persons deprived of their liberty, victims of trafficking in human beings, domestic violence survivors, and persons seeking international protection and other vulnerable foreigner nationals. Furthermore, it identifies trends in the cooperation between institutions and NGOs in assisting these communities. The report sums up the profile of the bodies and organisations involved and identifies problems in their interaction. Instruments for cooperation between public institutions and NGOs in relation to each vulnerable group are reviewed in detail, both on legislative and practical level. Correlations between identified problems and aspects of the interaction between public institutions and NGOs that could help resolve these problems are highlighted. In conclusion, recommendations are made to involve civil society in providing comprehensive support, in particular legal, social and administrative assistance, to vulnerable persons. These recommendations rest on the shared experience and opinions by public authorities and civil society, as well as on applicable foreign models and good practices.
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On 22 March, Nadiya Savchenko, a Ukrainian servicewoman was sentenced to 22 years in prison by a court in the Russian city of Donetsk, after being convicted of directing artillery fire to kill two journalists in eastern Ukraine during the hostilities in June 2014, during the course of the “War in Donbass”. The defendant of the case had earlier been captured by separatist forces and taken over to Russian territory by force. Not surprisingly, the Ukrainian government has stated that they would never accept the verdict as legitimate, expressing strong criticism towards the procedure and Russia in general. Other countries have also expressed their disdain, though employing much less harsh wordings. For example the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs has also issued a statement on the situation, demanding the release of Nadiya Savchenko, but it has appealed to humanitarian reasons, and has only carefully mentioned Russia’s „international commitments”, mainly referring to the 2015 Minsk agreement, which had been concluded by the leaders of Ukraine, Russia, France and Germany, assisted by the OSCE to work out and uphold a ceasefire.
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This publication is the output of the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia’s activity over the first year of the project “Prevention of Torture: Support to the Rehabilitation of Victims of Torture” that is being implemented thanks to the assistance of the European Commission – European Initiative for Democracy and Human Rights. Apart from the Serbian Helsinki Committee, this three-year project involves Bulgarian, Hungarian, Macedonian, Polish and Russian Helsinki committees, as well as the International Helsinki Federation. At regional level, the project aims at preventing torture, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in detention facilities (police stations, prisons, psychiatric institutions, etc.), encouraging nongovernmental organizations to visit these institutions and exerting pressure on national governments to enable such monitoring by non-governmental organizations. [...]
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This publication is the output of the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia’s activity over the second year of the implementation of the project "Prevention of Torture: Support to the Rehabilitation of Victims of Torture" that is realized thanks to the assistance of the European Commission – European Initiative for Democracy and Human Rights. Apart from the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia, this three-year project includes Bulgarian, Hungarian, Macedonian, Polish and Russian Helsinki committees, as well as the International Helsinki Federation. At regional level, the project aims at preventing torture, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in detention facilities (police stations, prisons, psychiatric institutions, etc.), encouraging non-governmental organizations to regularly visit these institutions and exerting pressure on national governments to make it possible for the non-governmental sector to conduct such monitoring. [...]
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This publication is the output of the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia’s activity over the third year of the implementation of the project “Prevention of Torture: Support to the Rehabilitation of Victims of Torture” realized with the assistance of the European Commission – European Initiative for Democracy and Human Rights. Apart from the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia, this three-year project includes Bulgarian, Hungarian, Macedonian, Polish and Russian Helsinki committees, as well as the International Helsinki Federation. At regional level, the project aims at preventing torture, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in detention facilities (police stations, prisons, psychiatric institutions, etc.), encouraging non-governmental organizations to monitor overall conditions in these institutions and at exerting pressure on national governments to make it possible for the nongovernmental sector to conduct these fact-finding missions. [...]
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Russia is among the countries with the highest number of prisoners. Hundreds of thousands of inmates are supervised by an elaborate apparatus of the Federal Penitentiary Service (FSIN). This extended system is used as a tool for exercising control over society and solidifying the system of power. At the same time, it impacts the process of how shared norms and values are being formed in Russian society, in connection with society’s frequent contact with the so-called prison culture. Due to the absence of a major overhaul of the prison service, whose institutions and code of conduct date back to the time of the Soviet Gulag, the prison system is an excellent example of pathologies that are also present in other elements of the Russian state apparatus. These include the poor state of infrastructure, endemic corruption and the primacy of informal rules over the rule of law, consent to harsh exploitation of working prisoners and the omnipotence of the coercion apparatus.
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Rosja jest jednym z krajów z największą liczbą więźniów na świecie. Za pilnowanie setek tysięcy osadzonych odpowiada rozbudowany aparat Federalnej Służby Wykonywania Kar (FSIN). Ta potężna machina jest narzędziem kontroli społeczeństwa, które pomaga utrzymać system władzy, ale równocześnie wpływa na kształtowanie podzielanych w rosyjskim społeczeństwie norm i wartości poprzez powszechność kontaktu z tzw. kulturą więzienną. Brak gruntownej przebudowy służby więziennej, której reguły instytucjonalne wywodzą się z czasów sowieckiego Gułagu, sprawia, że w systemie penitencjarnym widoczne są jak w soczewce patologie charakterystyczne także dla innych elementów rosyjskiej machiny państwowej: od złego stanu infrastruktury, poprzez korupcję i prymat zasad nieformalnych nad przepisami prawa, po przyzwolenie na bezwzględną eksploatację pracujących więźniów i wszechwładność aparatu przymusu.
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Znaĉaj nauke za ĉovjeka i ljudsko društvo vrlo je velik. Nauka je naĉin spoznaje svijeta. A svijet u kojem mi ţivimo je veoma ovisan o nauci i tehnologiji. Da bismo bolje navigirali ovim svijetom, potrebno je da znamo ponešto o osnovnim nauĉnim fenomenima – kako stvari rade, kako se nešto dešava i kako funkcionira naš organizam. Zato ulaganje u nauku i obrazovanje, a samim tim i u ljudske resurse, donosi veliku korist za pojedince i društvo u cjelini. Pojedinci i društvene grupe zauzimaju odreĊeno mjesto u društvu na osnovu znanja kojim raspolaţu. Ono unapreĊuje sve oblasti ĉovjekovog ţivota i djelovanja. Društvo i nauka su ĉvrsto vezani i nalaze se u meĊusobnom odnosu. Društvo je stvaralo uslove i davalo društveni ambijent u kome se nauka mogla razvijati. S druge strane, nauka je omogućavala brţi razvoj pojedinih društvenih oblasti i cijelog društva. Povoljni društveni uslovi uticali su na nastanak brojnih izuma, patenata, tehniĉkih rješenja i modernizacija. Razvoj informatike dodatno je ubrzao razvoj i povezivanje preduzeća, multinacionalnih kompanija, drţava regija i svijeta. Povećana je razmjena ljudi, dobara, proizvoda i usluga. Ĉetvrta industrijska revolucija otvorila je neslućene mogućnosti razvoja i dalje promjene društva, društvenih odnosa. Sve ove promjene utiĉu pozitivno i na razvoj cjelokupnog društva, ali i demokratije i ljudskih prava. Sve ovo govori o jednoj simbiozi koja je rezultirala da nauka i društvo postanu jedna savremena forma ljudskog ţivora i razvoja civilizacije u XXI vijeku. Zbornik radova pod naslovom „SAVREMENA SIMBIOZA - NAUKA I DRUŠTVO“ je publikacija nauĉnih radova u okviru nauĉnog skupa „Nauka i društvo“. Ova publikacija predstavlja nauĉne i struĉne radove već dokazanih nauĉnih radnika i istraţivaĉa, ali i onih koji su na poĉetku svog nauĉnog rada. U Zborniku su objavljeni radovi nauĉnih radnika iz Bosne i Hercegovine i Republike Srbije, koji su u skladu sa njihovim nauĉnim iskustvom, uz dobronamjerne recenzije, usklaĊeni i adekvatno kategorisani. S obzirom na multidisciplinarnost teme zbornik obuhvata radove iz raznih nauĉnih disciplina kao što su: ekonomija, pravo, bezbjednost, defektologija, politiĉke nauke, sociologija i pedagogija. Radovi su aktuelni i obraĊuju savremena društvena pitanja i probleme, ali i teorijska i praktiĉna dostignuća pojedinih nauĉnih disciplina. Na takav naĉin dajemo podsticaja svim mladim ljudima da kroz svoj nauĉni rad daju doprinos u rješavanju brojnih društvenih problema. Upravo i prilikom izbora tekstova ureĊivaĉki odbor je ţelio da takvi radovi budu prioritetni u ovom zborniku, te je i sam naziv istog proistekao iz te ideje i potrebe. Nauĉni radnici, posebno oni koji su na poĉetku svoje akademske karijere, trebaju podršku kako bi istrajali u svom usavršavanju i nauĉnom dokazivanju. Ovaj Zbornik, kao i sam nauĉni skup, nastao je iz entuzijazma nekolicine profesora okupljenih oko Centra modernih znanja, da kroz ovakav vid nauĉnog rada otvore vrata nauke svim mladim nauĉnim radnicima i istraţivaĉima kako bi i njihova empirijska istraţivanja i dobijeni rezultati bili prezentovani široj javnosti. TakoĊe, dosadašnja saradnja sa kolegama iz Beograda i Nikšića rezultirala je da izdavaĉi ovog zbornika budu tri udruţenja iz regiona koja već duţi vremenski period saraĊuju organizujući razne edukacije. Brojni radovi otvaraju razne dileme i ostavljaju mjesta diskusiji kako i na koji naĉin nastaviti i razvijati razne nauĉne discipline. S tim u vezi ostavljamo vam prostora, da i vi svojim sugestijama i razmišljanjima, zajedno sa autorima traţite efikasnija rješenja i mogućnosti. Ovaj Zbornik nije konaĉan, jer nauka svaki dan traga za neĉim novim pa tako i autori i ureĊivaĉki tim ove publikacije.
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