«Совершенно новое средство агитации»: немецкая «национальная открытка» в Австро-Венгрии рубежа XIX–XX веков

Author(s): Alexander Sergeevich Medyakov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2018

The article explores the role and functions of postcards in Austria-Hungary at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The content of visual messages of «German-national» postcards, their socio-cultural existence and associated practices, and the reaction of users to them are studied. The German national symbols used in postcards (Germany, German Michel, Archangel Michael, Bismarck, German Oak, etc.), as well as their instrumentalization in the national struggle, in particular against the language laws of Badeni, 1897, are analyzed. The role of nationalist organizations in the publication, distribution and propaganda use of postcards is revealed. The problem of cooperation between the Völkisch organizations of Austria-Hungary and Germany is posed, in which postcards used as a means of propaganda took a prominent place. There are conclusions about the socio-cultural environment of consumers of such postcards. They were, first of all, educated Germans, mainly Protestant faith. A significant proportion were students, as well as members of various non-political associations ― gymnasts, singers, shooters, etc. The pronounced national and propaganda nature of postcards caused a clearer and more frequent reaction to them in the texts of written messages compared to postcards of other genres. At the same time, the aggressiveness and categoricity of such visual messages made the circle of their addressees narrow enough, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, encouraged the sides affected by criticism, especially Catholics and Czechs, to respond.

»Balkan« kao element u ideološkim mehanizmima

Author(s): Rastko Močnik / Language(s): Serbian / Publication Year: 0

U ovom tekstu raspravljaću o »balkanističkom stereotipu« i nekim ideološkim mehanizmima koji se oslanjaju na njega, a na osnovu jednog izbora iskaza, uglavnom uzetih iz mas-medija na slovenačkom i hrvatskom jeziku. Analizirani materijal je izabran intuitivno, zbog njegove paradigmatske, to jest, strukturne vrednosti.

»HALFWAY TRADITION«: TRANSITION, NATION, SEX, AND DEATH IN THE WORK OF MARINA ABRAMOVIĆ AND MLADEN MILJANOVIĆ

Author(s): Uroš Čvoro / Language(s): English / Issue: 85/2017

This article examines how the artists Marina Abramović and Mladen Miljanović apprehend the terms Balkan and Europe as frameworks for understanding the post-communist transition in the countries of the former Yugoslavia. Abramović’s representations of pagan sex rituals in Balkan Erotic Epic (2005) and tombstone engravings in Miljanović’s The Garden of Earthly Delights (2013) capture what I describe as “halfway traditions”: cultural practices that simultaneously problematize the normative teleology of the Balkans moving away from primitivism and toward the civilization of Europe, and act as parodies of the nationalist reinvention of tradition. By highlighting “halfway tradition” as the symbol of the post-communist transitional state and a disruptive by-product of transition, Abramović and Miljanović critique ethno-nationalist politics of death and sex, and articulate an “in-between” temporality that disrupts the teleology of transition

»LOCKED UP« IN NATION STATES: PERCEPTIONS OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE STATE AND NATIONAL COMMUNITY WITHIN POLITICAL AND SOCIAL DISCOURSE IN LITHUANIA

Author(s): Eglė Kesylytė-Alliks / Language(s): English / Issue: 85/2017

This article examines how the idea of the nation-state is articulated in political and social discourse. In particular, it explores how the national community and the state are positioned vis-a`-vis each other in discourse surrounding national flags. I locate my analysisin Lithuania after the dissolution of the USSR. I explore how the interaction between thestate and the nation is discursively represented among politicians and ordinary citizenswhen they discuss Lithuanian national flag(s). Intriguingly, where as semi-public discourse could generally be described as “locked up” in thinking in terms of the nation and state as interdependent entities, for political actors the intertwining of the nation and state was a less doxastic state of affairs.

»SRPSKA RIJEČ« I POLOŽAJ SRPSKOG NARODA U HRVATSKOJ 1944-1950.

Author(s): Momčilo Mitrović / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 2/1995

In the first post-war years, the Serbs in Croatia appeared to enjoy the national rights for which they had fought during the war. Gradually, however, all the activities of Serbs which were publicly demonstrative of their national emancipation were reduced and then stopped. The Croatian political establishment marginalized and eradicated all institutions bearing the name »Serbian«. These institutions were removed from the centers of power but none the less their closing meant the eventual abolition of the civil and national rights of Serbs in Croatia. At the same time, rifts occurred among the Serbs which were reflected by political activities which created the illusion of equality between the Serbs and Croatians in the name of brotherhood and unity. All this clearly indicated the ultimate purpose - the expulsion of Serbs from Croatia.

Čemu Tragovi?

Author(s): Dejan Jović / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1/2018

U prvom broju svakog novog časopisa – pa tako i ovog – treba nešto reći o motivima njegova pokretanja i o očekivanjima onih koji su ga inicirali. Čemu Tragovi? Kakve Tragove želimo? Na koje teme bismo htjeli da se fokusiraju autori koji u njemu pišu? Što očekujemo od Tragova – i u smislu užeg akademskog, kao i šireg društvenog utjecaja? Zašto smo časopis koji će se baviti srpskim i hrvatskim temama nazvali Tragovi?

Češi jako „předvoj lidstva“. Představy o českém národě a jeho sousedech v ideálních světech meziválečné české utopické beletrie

Author(s): Jakub Machek / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 2/2012

This article deals with stereotypes of Czech nation and its neighbours as they were utilised by interwar Czech utopists. As they tried to persuade theirs readers they have to follow the commonsensical beliefs and values of their potential readers. Czech nation was their primary concern as well as its relationship with other nations – the future of the nation was more important than the proposed social organisation. Presented ethnic stereotypes were remarkably consistent with the authors offering socialist, capitalist or alternative future development. In the interwar Czech utopian production can be observed a complex of a small nation uncertain its future existence, as well as other collective patterns, that the attitude to other nations was based on them.

Česko-německé vztahy po volbách: Jak zabránit vzájemnému odcizení

Author(s): Jakub Eberle,Kai-Olaf Lang,Vladimír Handl / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 2017

Česko-německé vztahy procházejí rozporuplným obdobím. Zatímco praktická spolupráce posiluje, v klíčových otázkách evropské politiky se pohledy Berlína a Prahy již delší dobu míjejí. Vznikající vlády v obou zemích proto stojí před zásadním úkolem: zabránit vzájemnému odcizení a nalézt společnou pozici v debatě o budoucnosti EU. Evropské politiky Prahy a Berlína působí často protikladně. Mezi strategickými prioritami obou partnerů je však významný překryv: oba mají zájem na dobře fungující EU při zapojení všech členských států. Řešení je třeba hledat v nejvyšší politické rovině. Praha a Berlín by tedy neměly pokračovat pouze v dalším prohlubování praktické spolupráce, ale především usilovat o její zasazení do širšího kontextu skutečně strategických úvah o budoucnosti EU. Národní pozice vůči EU budou formovat právě nejvyšší političtí představitelé, je tedy třeba o nich zahájit intenzivní politickou debatu při zapojení odborné i široké veřejnosti. Konkrétní možnosti se nabízejí v hledání odpovědi na otázku, jak úspěšně propojit prohlubování eurozóny s posilováním vnitřního trhu, v posilování partnerství v zahraniční a bezpečnostní politice a ve spolupráci v řešení příčin nekontrolované migrace.

ÉTUDE DES CRISES POLITIQUES INTERNATIONALES ET INTERDISCIPLINARITE : LE CAS DU 11 SEPTEMBRE 2001

Author(s): Thomas Meszaros,Clément Morier / Language(s): French / Issue: 2/2018

This study aims to work the concept of “political crisis” using interdisciplinary tools. It is based on a case study, the crisis of the September 11 attacks, analyzed according to two complementary approaches. First, the breakdown of the sequences of this crisis makes it possible to identify the development of the intensity of the phenomenon over time, and its phases, in order to observe the behavior of the different types of actors involved in the crisis. Then, we have to study the dynamic “morphology” that shapes the deployment of the crisis, from the point of view of the aggressor but also from the target, using René Thom’s Catastrophe Theory. This accounts for the internal functioning of these actors, and also, shows crisis management opportunities for the target of these attacks. The purpose of this work is to put forward the relevance of interdisciplinarity to think political crises, and to put interdisciplinarity into practice in order to improve the knowledge of a phenomenon in a specific field (political crisis), by studying with another one.

Łemkowie i Łemkowszczyzna w międzywojniu

Author(s): Przemysław Mazur / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2010

The author presents assumptions of Ukrainian nationalism in interwar period as well as its influence and ways of agitation among Lemkos. He introduces main thesis of the most important ideologist of Ukrainian nationalism Dmytro Doncov. Sprawozdania z życia mniejszości (Reports of minority living) found in the Library of Central Archives Ministry of the Interior are the main source of his analysis. The sources present extensive propagation campaigns led by both Greek-Catholic Church, Proswita, UNDO and other Ukrainian organizations. It seems that after all Lemkos didn’t accept Ukrainian national sense.

Ľudovít Štúr na hranici dvoch vekov

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Slovak / Publication Year: 2015

In the first part of the collective monograph its authors focused on the traditionally understood issues of the life and work of Ľudovít Štúr. They see him as a teacher, thinker, codifier of the standard language and leader of the Slovak national movement in the nineteen forties. They summarize older and bring new knowledge about his family background, political thinking, opinions on Slavonic patriotism, reflection of his figure among historians or in period lexicons. The first chapter written by Martin Kováč presents the relation of Ľ. Štúr to the Lutheran Church of the Augsburg Confession. It served to him as a platform for his fight for the revival of the Slovak nation. Štúr criticized not only a growing influence of magyarization but also of rationalism, superficiality and formalism which struck the Church. Eva Kowalská brought to the foreground the relationship between two prominent families in Uhrovec – the aristocratic family of Zays counts and teacher´s family of Samuel Štúr which the founder of Slovaks´ national movements, Ľ. Štúr, comes from. Both families were tied by personal relations which significantly changed in the course of time. The paper has been drawn up based on archival sources not used so far bringing new knowledge to clarify personal motivations, actions and attitudes of Ľudovít Štúr and his significant opponent Karol Zay. József Demmel reveals a political background of the codification of the standard Slovak language. Gyorgy Kossuth, the uncle of the Hungarian liberal politician Lajos Kossuth, played an important role in it. He belonged to a group of nobility and low nobility (zemianstvo) of the Slovak origin which refused social and political reforms and therefore from its conservative position it declared its support to the Slovak national movement. It was its influence that led Ľ. Štúr to a decision to codify a new standard language and to issue political newspapers in it. The following papers study in different optics the phenomenon of Slavonic integration. The text by Marcela Bednárová points out two major typical traits of Štúr´s concept of Slavonic idea – it is mapping the development of philosophic-mythological and socio-political opinions. According to the author both lines existed in symbiosis and without any contradictions. The paper by Karol Kantek and Eva Kowalská is about the life story of the last Štúr´s (Serbian) student and follower Kosta Kostić: it is in the form of a detective search for a forgotten figure of the past which can be interpreted in the context of inter-Slavonic relations – with ties to the Slovak, Serbian, Russian and Czech environment. Marcel Martinkovič, on the other hand, brings the reader back to the issues concerning theories, concepts and visions – he follows the development of Ľ. Štúr´s opinions on Slavonic patriotism, Europe and Russia. According to his opinion in the after-revolution period Štúr was even messianicly fixed to the Tsarist Russia seen by him as the only guarantor of a spiritual progress and freedom of the Slavs. The chapter written by Alica Kurhajcová shows a portrayal of Ľ. Štúr in Hungarian historiography at the end of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century. The author paid attention in particular to the publications of the Hungarian historian and publicist Lajos Steier who dedicated himself to the development of the Slovak issue in Hungary. By analyzing his work she deals not only with interpretation of Štúr, his personage, characteristics and politics but also the period context. The second part of the monograph represented by a larger number of papers is aimed at the so-called second life, i.e. afterlife of Ľ. Štúr. The authors look into the phenomenon of Štúr as a symbol paying attention to its significance for the formation of (collective) historical memory and identity, its use within museum practice, school teaching, art and culture etc. The chapter written by Jana Pácalová deals with the formation of the picture of Ľ. Štúr in the second half of the 19th century. It follows rhetoric and narrative strategies in journalism and in the selected memoire texts of his contemporaries with respect to the categories of memory, identity and subject. It is focused on the reconstruction of Štúr´s biography according to the social demand with the aim to institutionalize collective memory of Štúr. The biography of Ľ. Štúr written by his close associate and friend Jozef Miloslav Hurban of 1881 – 1884 can be considered as such text. Sylvia Hrdlovičová deals with the planning, implementation and placement of two gravestones to the grave of Ľudovít Štúr in the cemetery in Modra. The first gravestone was fixed and funded from the national collection in 1872 and the second one, a complex sepulchral site was definitely completed in 1964. The paper pays attention to public manifestation gatherings at the grave, celebrations of Štúr after 1918 and creation of other memorials devoted to Ľ. Štúr in the territory of Modra. The chapter of Daniela Kodajová is similarly focused and it analyzes celebrations and commemoration ceremonies related to the personage of Ľ. Štúr. The author attaches a big national-identification and national-integration importance to them. Peter Macho concentrated in this regard on a concrete personality as a public speaker at celebrations devoted to Štúr: he analyzes messages of ceremonial speeches and lectures of Bishop Samuel Štefan Osuský who was also the chairman of the Štúr Lutheran Society. Ľuboš Kačírek gives insight into the beginnings of the formation of Slovak collecting aimed at the personality of Ľ. Štúr, collecting of tangible relics related to his personality from the nineteen sixties within the Matica slovenská (Slovak Source) and Slovak Museum Society. In 1965, at the occasion of celebrations of his 150th anniversary, museums of Ľ. Štúr were founded in Uhrovec and Modra. This period covers also the construction of a memorial Štúr log cabin in Kohlwald in the Levočská valley and its exhibition was opened to the public only in May 1974. Further development of museum exhibitions related to the Štúr generation was initiated by the Matica slovenská and its department Slovak Literature Memorial (later the Literature-Museum Department). According to Beáta Mihalkovičová the foundation of Ľ. Štúr Museum in Modra was affected from the very beginning by a struggle for its character and priority orientation. The town of Modra suggested that a district museum of national history should be established and named by Ľ. Štúr but the academia and scientists, on the other hand, planned the foundation of a specialized personal museum of national significance devoted exclusively to Ľ. Štúr. The conflict lasted for several years and ended by a compromise. There was another conflict with regard to the concept of presentation of Ľudovít Štúr, whether the exhibition should concentrate only on the personality of Štúr or it should be placed into a quite broad literary and language context. Jozef Ambruš stood behind the birth of the museum, designed the introductory exhibition, as well as the libretto and scenario of the first permanent exhibition, however, it was implemented according to the scenario of Imrich Sedlák and lasted from 1978 to 2006. Adelaida Mezeiová analyzed Slovak language and literature textbook for secondary schools. The textbooks supported the creation of the portrayal of Ľ. Štúr as an ideal, charismatic leader, great organizer of the national life, excellent linguist and a man devoted to higher goals ready to give up his personal life in favour of a lofty ideal. The textbooks compared proved the thesis that the subject of Slovak language at school education had the effect of a state-forming and nation-forming subject and was prioritized within the system of school subjects. According to Juliana Beňová, Ľ. Štúr played an important role in the activities of Slovak non-professional actors in the mid-19th century. He supported theatre also in his newspapers, published theatre critical reviews and art news. He appeared on the stage of professional theatre in the 20th century as a drama character. Not only his fate but also the lives of other protagonists of the national history revived on the stage while their creators presented them in various ways – from a traditional visualisation of the personality through accentuation of mysterious life moments up to reinterpretation and demystification of the fates of Slovak Romanticists. In her paper, Katarína Beňová deals with the portraying of Ľ. Štúr, his followers and other representatives of nationally active intelligentsia by Slovak artists (Jozef Božetech Klemens, Peter Michal Bohúň) while she emphasizes the ties of Slovak painters with the Czech patriotic environment of the 19th century. It shows, inter alia, a so far unknown portrait of Jozef Miloslav Hurban from Hungarian collections. Zbyšek Šustek maps the figure of Ľ. Štúr from numismatic point of view. It was for the first time that Martin Benka chose Štúr as a leitmotif on several designs of a twenty crown note in the early nineteen forties. It was for composition reason that his portrait was finally placed on a ten crown note in 1944. Later on he was portrayed on two commemorative coins and two banknotes. During the process of their preparation, however, he appeared on a large number of ideological designs of a legal tender. Štúr also appeared as a frequent motif of the designs of themes for the Slovak side of euro coins, however, other motifs won in the public survey. Commemorative and numismatic coins issued at the occasion of his bicentennial celebration in 2015 was the last opportunity to portray him on a legal tender.

Összegzés és kitekintés

Töprengés a honi antiszemitizmus természetéről, avagy óvatos javallatok a magyar–magyar viszony rendezésére

Author(s): Béla Borsi-Kálmán / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Ötven kép a baltikumi német identitás történelméből

Author(s): Beáta Kovács / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2018

Kaljundi, Linda – Kreem, Tiina-Mall: Friedrich Ludwig von Maydells Fünfzig Bilder aus der Geschichte der deutschen Ostsee-Provinzen Russlands: Zur Erforschung baltischer Geschichtsbilder.=Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa–Forschung. 2017. No. 4. 493-516 p.

Śląski Moniuszko. Recepcja postaci i twórczości kompozytora na Górnym Śląsku. Studium socjologiczne

Tom I: Tożsamość narodowa i muzyka. Budowanie tożsamości narodowej poprzez muzykę Stanisława Moniuszki za życia kompozytora i w ramach działalności Związku Śląskich Kół Śpiewaczych w pierwszej połowie XX wieku

Author(s): Maja Drzazga-Lech / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2018

The book constitutes the first of the two volumes of the publication entitled „The Silesian Moniuszko. The reception of the figure and the output of the composer in Upper Silesia. A sociological study”, based on research conducted by the author during the work on the dissertation entitled „The construction of national identity through music. The reception of the figure and the output of the composer in Upper Silesia in the 20th century. A sociological study”. The construction of national identity through music is a long process whose bulk progresses in the intersubjective space of social life. The indicator of the occurrence of this process has to do with situations in which the execution and the reception of selected pieces of music, or the reception of the figures of the composers who consciously perform the role of activists engaged in the life of their national community, or to whom the creators of reception ascribe the performance of such a role is accompanied by a process of mythologisation of the given pieces of artistic work to the status of national symbols and that of the given composers to the status of national artists in music. This process is resented on the basis of the example of the reception of the figure and the output of Stanisław Moniuszko. „Listy Stanisława Moniuszki” [„The Letters of Stanisław Moniuszko”] edited by Witold Rudziński and Magdalena Stokowska, were analysed from the perspective of humanist sociology. I focused on an analysis of press reports and the extant written statements of the composer (testimony of the reception of the works of Moniuszko), from which one may draw information about the context of the creation, execution and the presence of the works of Stanisław Moniuszko in the intersubjective cultural space peculiar to a given category of recipients. Moreover, an analysis was conducted upon the ways in which the Moniuszko narration, created by the Związek Śląskich Kół Śpiewaczych [the Association of Silesian Circles of Songsters] in the first half of the 20th century, was present in the Upper Silesian culture. One adopted the periodical “Śpiewak Śląski”/“Śpiewak” of the years 1920–1948 as the unit of analysis. For me, the Moniuszko narration, whose various variants were/continue to be present in the Upper Silesian intersubjective cultural space, constitute an element of social memory/cultural memory. As such, it is involved in the ethnic/national relations (conditioned by the socio-cultural and historical context) which obtain between the inhabitants of the Silesian land, especially between Polishness and Upper Silesianness.

Śląski Moniuszko. Recepcja postaci i twórczości kompozytora na Górnym Śląsku. Studium socjologiczne

Tom II: Mitotwórcze narracje moniuszkowskie w górnośląskiej kulturze. Socjologiczna analiza działalności Śląskiego Związku Chórów i Orkiestr oraz Opery Śląskiej w drugiej połowie XX wieku

Author(s): Maja Drzazga-Lech / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2019

The book which is devoted to the mythopoeic Moniuszko narratives featured in Upper Silesian culture is the second and the final volume of the publication entitled Silesian Moniuszko. The reception of the figure and the output of the composer in Upper Silesia. A sociological study, which is based in its entirety on the PhD dissertation of the author entitled The construction of national identity through music. The reception of the figure and the output of Stanisław Moniuszko in Upper Silesia in the 20th century. A sociological study, which was defended at the Department of Social Sciences of the University of Silesia in 2015.The book presents the results of an analysis associated with the process of the assimilation of the figure and the selected works of Stanisław Moniuszko, approached to as a cultural artefact peculiar to the intersubjective space of Polish cultural identity, to the Upper Silesian culture. What is significant is the fact that along with the transformations of Upper Silesianness which occurred in the 20th century, and especially after the Second World War, also the content which was attributed by the activists of Silesian associated amateur circles of songsters and the creators of the reception of the stage works of the composer presented in Silesia to Stanisław Moniuszko changed. The post-war Upper Silesian reception of Moniuszko formed by the authors of press statements which described the activity of the Silesian amateur choirs and instrumental ensembles – the heirs to the Association of Silesian Circles of Singers – manifested features of double-track mythologisation. On the one hand, sometimes one ascribed to Moniuszko the role of a precursor of Polish socialism, which was consistent with the agenda of the socialist Polish state. On the other hand, one maintained the narrative which rendered the figure of the composer a symbol of the Polishness of Upper Silesia, created by the Association of Silesian Circles of Songsters in the inter-war period. A particularly interesting fact is that within the framework of the activities of this amateur musical association realised after 1989 one disseminated a new Moniuszko narrative – a narrative about the friend of the Silesian team of songsters. This is interpreted as an indicator of a change of the relation which gradually came into being between Silesian culture and the cultures of other nationalities which influenced Silesianness. In the modern documents signed by the Silesian Association of Choirs and Orchestras – the heir to the Association f Silesian Circles of Songsters – Silesianness is presented not only as a value but also as a subjective space, which contains references to other nationalities, including references to Polishness.An analysis of the reception of the figure of Stanisław Moniuszko and his stage works, especially his first opera, Halka, created on the basis of a narrative which refers, respectively to: the performances of Warsaw artists conducted by Emil Młynarski in the plebiscite area in 1920, the activities of the opera stage in Teatr Polski im. Stanisława Wyspiańskiego in Katowice in 1922–1931, guest performances of Moniuszko’s works in Teatr Polski in Katowice in 1932–1939, the activities of Opera Śląska in 1945–2010, also revealed that there is a Moniuszko narrative, peculiar to this region, which refers to the first opera of the composer – “the Silesian Halka”. Another interesting thing has to do with the evolution of the content ascribed to this opera by the creators of the instances of reception which refer to the particular performance of Moniuszko’s work staged in Opera Śląski in Bytom. On the one hand, one constantly mentions the events which constitute the “Silesian heritage” of this work, on the other hand, one ascribes to the author of this work the fulfilment of social roles, whose relevance is dictated by the context of reception: a national artist in Polish music, a precursor of Polish socialism or the creator of works of universal significance.

Światopogląd a nacjonalizm w myśli politycznej Karola Ludwika Konińskiego

Author(s): Dariusz Grzybek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 46/2017

This paper analyses concept of nationality in writings of Karol Ludwik Koniński (1891‑1943), polish writer and literary critic. Koniński was exceptional religious thinker, considering idea of Almighty God rather like moral postulate than reality. His philosophical‑theological thinking has many similarities to Simone Weil’s thought. The main concept in Koniński’s thought was distinction between ‘worthwile living’ and ‘worthless living’ inspired by neoromantic thinkers like Jean Marie Guyau, Otto Weininger and Stanisław Brzozowski. In his opinion the most worthy way of living was live in accordance with universal ethics and national culture, considered as moral heritage of past generations. Idea of nation bolstered by Koniński was idea of cultural community inspired by heroic work of national elites. In political context of his times Koniński recognized special task of Poland in propagation of idea political Liberty in East Europe, in his terms it was ‘the Greatness of Poland’. However, he missed economic aspect of political power, in consequence his heroic idea of polish nationality become neoromantic utopia of will.

Über die (Un)möglichkeit einer Verfassungsreform in Bosnien-Herzegowina. Plädoyer für einen alternativen Zugang

Author(s): Bodo Weber / Language(s): German / Issue: 12/2013

The article looks at the current blockade of the constitutional reform process in Bosnia-Herzegovina, which the author identifies to be at the center of a multi-layer structural crisis. He notes that the constitutional reform discourse serves as a co-generator of (ethno-)political conflict and institutional instability. He points out that this phenomenon has a continuity stretching back three decades.The article argues that the reason for the conflict-generating role of the constitutional reform discourse lies in the relationship between the manifest contents of the discourse and its underlying, hidden (socio-)political function. In order to identify that function the authors lays out the continuity of the “constituent peoples” (konstitutivni narodi) as the key term of the constitutional reform discourse – its metamorphosis from its origin in Titoist socialist nationality policy through post-socialist ethnic warfare to the post-war Dayton constitution. He argues that the underlying function of the constitutional reform discourse is for the political elites to maintain a political culture and practice of undermining state institutions from within and to prevent citizens from active socio-political participation.On the background of that analysis, the author concludes that the current constitutional reform deadlock cannot be overcome by any constitutional-legal, normative-theoretical approach – at least not alone.What is necessary is a creative constitutional legal approach that is at the same time oriented towards transforming the (socio)political practice, and that is thus oriented towards the generation/construction of citizens. Such an approach, the author argues, must include at least two elements: first, a realistic view at the relationship between ethnicity and the state in today’s Bosnia instead of aiming at theoretically ideal normative solutions; and second, to make the local, municipal level the starting point of a reform process to coordinate governance layers and institutions so as to bridge the current disconnect between state institutions, political elites and citizens.

ÜÇ EFENDİLERİN NANKİNG ve DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN’DAKİ MÜCADELELERİ

Author(s): Tekin TUNCER,Emin KIRKIL / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 01/2019

Three Masters are important figures of the national struggle of East Turkestan. These people fought for the cause of their homeland, East Turkestan, far many years. These people, who embraced a nationalist worldview, were burdened by the Chinese governors and expelled from their homeland. However, the leaders of this movement, The Three Masters are the pacemakers who proved that the fight can be faught not only within the national borders. Within this context their struggle began in Nanking, continued in East Turkestan and at some point some of them were forced to migrate and to leave their Motherland for good. Therefore this paper aims to reveal the struggles of the Three Masters in the East Turkistan and in China.

ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN TÜRK DÜNYASI ALGISI ve BİLGİ KAYNAKLARI

Author(s): Kamile Gülüm,Nermine Seyfullayeva / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 18/2013

The aim of this study is the determined the level of knowledge, perceptions and to identify the sources of information of the University students on Turkish World. The universe of the study is university students. The study was carried out in the fall semester of the academic year 2011-2012. The data was collected survey methods. The data obtained from the survey application package SPSS 17 programme, after created the tables and evaluated and interpreted the tables. According to the findings, the university students' perceptions and the level of knowledge of the Turkish World is level of adequate. It is seen that the students has been learned information from press and visual media and learning of school. In addition, the students perception the people of the Turkish World as the conservative, religious, fatalistic, helpful and friendly, but overall, joyless and intolerant.

Üniversitelerin Marka Kişiliği Algısının Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Author(s): Esin Aysen,Ali Yaylı,Engin Helvaci / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 4/2012

Along with getting strength of producers and increasing of competition, the necessity of the differentiation of products also has increased. This necessity has created brand utility and thanks to the studies on brands, new concepts are added to literature. In this paper brand personality which is one of these concepts was examined. Additionally branding of universities and the brand personalities of universities which are perceived by university students were searched. Another subject of this study is whether some nationalist attitudes which are known as consumer ethnocentrism impact on brand personality perceptions of the students. Available studies show that ethnocentrism affect on consumer purchasing behavior. The fact that patriotic and nationalist tendencies of the students also in the education field may be determining in their adopting a brand personality towards universities and choosing a school is the point of origin of the study. As a result of this study that the brand personalities perceived by the students of the state and private universities aren’t different each other, there isn’t any noteworthy difference between the students of the state and private universities regarding ethnocentric tendencies impact on university preferences and the ethnocentric tendencies of students have influence on the brand personality perceptions towards the state and private universities are determined.