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Cross-cultural qualitative study of students’ awareness of natural disasters in Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Egypt

Author(s): Fayadh Hamed Alanazi,Mustafa Ali Khalaf,Mohammed Saleh Alzamil,Abdo Noman M. Almufti / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

In recent years, there has been a remarkable increase in the intensity and frequency of natural disasters. There is no doubt that a thorough knowledge of natural disasters and an adequate awareness of how to protect against their negative consequences will spare many individuals considerable losses. Accordingly, the present study aims to investigate students’ level of awareness of natural disasters within a cross-cultural perspective. Twelve schools in Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Yemen were selected (four schools from each country). The total research sample consisted of 180 sixth and ninth grade students randomly selected from the targeted schools, with 60 students from each country. Semi-structured interviews were implemented. The results indicated that most students in the three countries have a false or incomplete perception of earthquakes and volcanoes. Only 20.6% of students had a correct perception of how earthquakes occur. An analysis of students’ drawings of earthquakes and volcanoes revealed that, on average, only 13.3% were able to clarify the scientific reason for earthquakes; the highest percentage of correct answers came from Egyptian students (15.0%), followed by Saudi students (13.3%) and then Yemeni students (11.7%). Religious understanding, culture, and day-to-day experiences of the learners turned out to influence their cognizance and analysis of natural events. It was concluded that students develop intricate understanding and theories based on their beliefs and experiences.

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საზოგადოებრივი აზრი ცხინვალში ოსების ჩამოსახლების შესახებ

Author(s): Shota Vadachkoria / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 2/2022

The article describethe solid factors, which made the Georgian historians out the issue of the step-by-step settlement of the Ossetians in Georgia and offer an objective history to the public, namely: a) the deliberate falsification of the Geor-gian-Ossetian relations by Ossetian historians, and b) the tendency to declare the Ossetians as almost indigenous people on the territory of Georgia.The present article, based on the relevant scientific literature and analysis of the relevant documentary material, proves that: a) the facts of settlement of the Ossetians in Georgia from the north are confirmed in the first half of the XVII century; b) an intense settlement of the Ossetians in Georgia was not started until the XVIII century; c) settlement of the Ossetians in Georgia became permanent with the support and lobbying of the Russian tsarist officials in the second half of XIX century;The documents given in the Acts Collected by the Caucasian Archaeological Commission confirm that: a) the Ossetians were prohibited from freely entering Tskhinvali by the Russian tsarist officials due to their permanent attacks and moti-vation of robbery of Georgian villages in Gori Region, b) based on the family lists compiled from the 1886 census and data from the 1917 Georgian census, there is no evidence of even a single Ossetian living in Tskhinvali by that time.The first stage of the Ossetians’ settling Tskhinvali is associated with the So-vietization of Georgia. According to the official statistics, from February 25th, 1921 till 1922, 613 Ossetians settled in Tskhinvali, while according to the 1926 census, the number of the Ossetians living in Tskhinvali, had increased to 1152. Based on the archive materials and official statistics, it can be said for sure that from 1801 till 1920, Tskhinvali was purely a Georgian city and no Ossetians lived there. Only from the day of Sovietization of Georgia (February 25th, 1921), following the perse-cution of the Georgians, Tskhinvali became an Ossetian city in 70 years’ time. The accelerated process of Ossetization in Tskhinvali was the result of special lobbying of the Ossetians by high-rank officials of the Georgian government.

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Premarital Sex in State-Socialist Poland: A Generational Perspective

Author(s): Natalia Jarska,Agata Ignaciuk / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2023

In this article, we examine personal narratives on premarital sex by two generations of Polish men and women—one born in the 1950s and 1960s, and their parents’ generation, born in the 1920s and 1930s and coming of age during or after World War II—and place these in dialogue with discourses surrounding young sexuality in state-socialist Poland. Using sociological surveys, popular sexological literature, and Catholic marriage preparation material, we contextualize accounts of premarital heterosexual experiences, provided through oral history interviews and contest memoirs—ego documents submitted for autobiographic writing competitions in the 1960s and 1970s. We show there was no clear division between public secular and Catholic approaches to premarital (hetero) sexuality, with both opposing sexual experimentation before and beyond marriage throughout the state-socialist period (1945–1989). However, across the same period, young people’s acceptance of premarital sexual experimentation increased and the importance of a woman remaining a virgin until marriage declined. Our analysis of discourses and experiences reveals the connections and intersections of secular and Catholic realms. While secular experts did not conceptualize premarital sex as a sin, they often mirrored Catholic views by framing their discourse in terms of love, sex, responsibility, and potential risk. Young people negotiated various elements of these teachings in their premarital sexual practices, which, during the final decades of state socialism, were largely normalized, especially when couples were planning to marry.

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Age-specific mortality risk from Covid-19 in Bulgaria

Author(s): Latchezar Tomov,Slav Angelov,Assen Tchorbadjieff / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The accurate data modelling and analysis are very important for every process of data decision. In the case of current COVID-19 pandemic, any quality model is also vital for preservation of human lives and social stability. An important outline for this is the correct identification and estimation of asymmetry in mortality risk by age differentiation. For this purpose, we investigated in Bulgarian official data the relation between registered COVID-19 infections and related deaths by age and time to estimate the absolute and relative mortality risk. The aim is to design a basic framework for risk management strategies in order to minimize deaths during the ongoing COVID-19 epidemic in countries with similar healthcare levels. The used statistical methods are based on dynamic regression models and classical time series analysis.

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JAKUB RÁKOSNÍK, RADKA ŠUSTROVÁ, Rodina v zájmu státu. Populační růst a instituce manželství v českých zemích 1918–1989, Nakladatelství Lidové noviny

Author(s): Denisa Nečasová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 02/2018

Review of: JAKUB RÁKOSNÍK, RADKA ŠUSTROVÁ, Rodina v zájmu státu. Populační růst a instituce manželství v českých zemích 1918–1989, Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, Praha 2016, 282 s., ISBN 978-80-7422-378-5

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MATERNITY AND CHILD BIRTH: SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES AND FEMALE EXPERIENCES

Author(s): Luiza-Maria Dragomir / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 30/2022

Numerous articles and publications have focused on the ideal body, illustrated women who were thin and how they manage to stay in shape. I consider it necessary to approach the way in which the pregnant woman perceives the experiences of motherhood and birth. The topicality of the theme derives from the fact that: during and after pregnancy women experience major and obvious physical changes that may affect the way their body looks during pregnancy or in the future. Body image refers to feelings, attitudes and evaluations of one's body, which relate to both perceptions of the whole body and perceptions of specific areas of the body. A negative body image should be of particular interest especially during pregnancy, as it can be associated with a number of negative outcomes, such as increased risk of postnatal depression and decreased perception of general well-being. Women who have a negative body image during pregnancy and after giving birth are also more likely to have an unhealthy diet and smoke during pregnancy, which can cause health risks for both mother and baby. Childbirth is a significant event in a woman's life and a transition to motherhood. Birth experiences are subjective psychological processes influenced by social and environmental factors. Birth experiences cause uncertainty about what lies ahead in motherhood. The pain felt when going into labor has been viewed as a "well-kept secret" whose true reality cannot be explained because it often causes fear and emotional turmoil. This chapter will begin by describing the development of attachment theory as proposed by Bowlby between 1969 and 1982 and Ainsworth in 1967. Over 50 years of attachment research they have continued to build on the theoretical behavioral system originally proposed by Bowlby, as well as Ainsworth's contribution on behavioral correlates.

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Influence of Distance from Bulgaria on the Levels of Identification Among Migrants from Germany and the USA

Author(s): Joanna Dragneva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Identification processes in host countries are influenced by many and varied factors. They help or hinder the successful integration of migrants. Among them, the geographical remoteness of the host country plays a key role. In fact, the role of proximity or remoteness to the country to which a person migrates is of paramount importance in the study of migration processes. In this regard, the aim of the present study is to investigate and analyze the influence of host country remoteness on identification processes. It focuses on the countries of Germany and the USA – a choice based entirely on the geographical distance of the countries from Bulgaria. The methodological toolkit includes quantitative and qualitative analysis from a questionnaire survey and interviews using the narrative-biographical method. The sample of the quantitative study included 491 Bulgarian migrants (306 respondents from Germany and 185 respondents from the USA). The results obtained from three identification profiles (high, low and intermediate) composed of Bulgarian migrants in Germany and the USA. It was observed that the USA is mostly dominated by migrants with high and some with intermediate levels of identity. The average identification and low profile is characteristic of persons who prevail in Germany. Persons with high levels of identity in the USA identify themselves as Bulgarians and maintain contact with Bulgarians. They lack the possibility of frequent visits to their homeland, feel homesick and vote in elections. Distances are a serious barrier for them. Persons with low levels of identity in Germany define themselves as Europeans and do not maintain contact with Bulgarians. They have the possibility of frequent visits, and more communication. They do not vote, and factors such as nostalgia and sadness are not important to them. Persons with intermediate identification levels in Germany and the USA are characterized by the fact that they maintain less frequent contact with other Bulgarians. They also communicate a lot more with locals. Some wish to vote but do not have the necessary conditions. Others have conditions, but do not wish to vote and consider that as emigrants they have no right to participate in the political life of Bulgaria. They self-identify as both European/American and “other”. The results give reason to claim that migrants who have easier access to Bulgaria have weaker to medium identification. While those who live in the geographically more distant country have a more pronounced identity. The report presents the possible interpretations of the obtained result.

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Промяна на фертилния модел в Европа – периоден анализ (1960-2020)

Author(s): Stanislava Moraliyska-Nikolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The main objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between TFR, delayed births and indicators of the average age of mother at childbirth in the conditions of postponement parenthood transition throughout the analysed period. An attempt was made to assess the immediate impact of changes, specifically at the end of the period considered, on cross-sectional fertility rates. Based on the relevant indicators, similarities and differences in the dynamics of the observed processes in the European countries were studied. According to the established similarities in the trends of the considered indicators, groups of countries were formed in which the transition started at the same time and in a relatively close socio-economic context. In this study, more detailed attention was paid to the very pronounced recent postponement of births observed in 2020, when the global Covid-19 pandemic unfolded in Europe at the beginning of the year.

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Съвременни аспекти на влиянието на жизнения стандарт върху раждаемостта в България

Author(s): Nikolay Stoenchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The article presents the results of a statistical analysis of the dependence of the birth rate in Bulgaria on the standard of living in an up-to-date aspect. Fertility was presented using the gross birth rate and the total fertility rate. In order to assess the standard of living, a complex set of criteria for administrative areas was calculated, taking into account the state of 12 specially selected indicators at the same time. The information used was: the information officially published by the National Statistical Institute, Eurostat and data from the publication “Regional Profiles – Development Indicators” by the Institute for Market Economy. The algorithm of the used methodology was detailed, including the user options and arguments for choice. An international comparison was also made involving the EU Member States. The lack of a significant relationship between the birth rate and the standard of living according to complex criteria in Bulgaria and a moderate negative relationship between the total fertility rate and the standard of living in our country was revealed. When the analysis is based only on the GDP per capita as criteria for the achieved standard of living, the relationship between material well-being and the birth rate turns out to be moderately positive, both for Bulgaria and for the entire set of EU Member States (EU 27). Recommendations were made for selective material stimulation of the population in reproductive age and special attention to support married couples with reproductive problems and vulnerable social communities.

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Изследване на измененията в коефициента на възрастова зависимост на населението и на техните ефекти за икономиката

Author(s): Krassimira Slaveva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

Assessing the impact of the ongoing demographic processes on Bulgaria’s economy and social system requires a complex approach, since the in-depth analysis of the situation and the causes that lead to such demographic processes are a reliable basis on which to develop a concept for an active demographic policy. The purpose of this article is to reveal and measure the changes in the age structure of the population, to model the trends in the change of the age dependency ratio, and to evaluate the economic and social effects of population aging, by usingstatistical methods of analysis. Statistical methods are used in the study to analyse dynamic series, to analyse structural changes and differences and to reveal relationships and dependencies. The results of evaluating the intensity of the changes in the age structure provide grounds for the conclusion that the changes in the age structure based on the three age groups – 0–14, 15–64 and 65+ compared to the base structure, are manifested more slowly in comparison with the changes in the structure of the population on the basis of consecutive cohorts formed by five-year age intervals. When compared with the structure of the previous year, the value of the ratios would turn out to be lower and would indicate weaker structural changes, since the age structure in the considered age intervals does not imply sharp changes within a year-long period. The developed trend models would make it possible to develop short-term forecasts of the expected values of the age dependency ratios by years with the corresponding confidence intervals of the forecast, evaluation of potential changes in the case of changes in the factors affecting the main demographic processes. The significant changes in the age structure of the population of Bulgaria and the deepening of the population ageing processes bring to the fore some important issues relatedto economic development, stability of the national economy, stability of the pension system and fiscal stability, due to the increased pension-related expenditures, expenditures on health care, social assistance, etc.

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Възможни ефекти на пандемията от КОВИД-19 върху възпроизводството на работната сила в България

Author(s): Kremena Borissova-Marinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The present study represents an attempt to identify basic effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the long-term trends observed in the labour force reproduction in Bulgaria. The period of time of the study selected (2006-2021) starts with the year before the Bulgaria’s accession into the EU. To receive a more objective assessment of the changes studied, an international comparison of the trends was made with four European countries: Greece, Hungary, the Chech Republic and Sweden. Statistical information published by the National Statistical Institute and Eurostat (vital statistics and annual data of Labour Force Survey) over the period analysed was used in the study. The study includes two aspects of analysis. The first aspect covers the examination of long-term trends of evolution of basic demographic parameters in the selected countries (labour force dimension and speed of the demographic ageing). The second aspect is focussed on the trends of evolution of economic activity levels by three demographic and social attributes (age, sex and level of education). The results obtained provide a basis to consider the negative changes in the long-term trends observed during the period 2020–2021 as an indication for the presence of COVID-19 pandemic’s different sized effects on the labour supply.

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Подпомагане на устойчиво развитие чрез вътрешно предприемачество – възможности и нагласи на бизнеса и заетите лица

Author(s): Todor Todorov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

This paper aims to discuss the role of intrapreneurship for supporting sustainable development in organisations and achieving environmental, social and business sustainability. The results of a survey conducted in Bulgaria among employees and employers are presented and an analysis of the effect their intrapreneurial skills and attitudes have on the existing practices, targeted towards achieving sustainable development in organisations, was made. The results of the study confirm the thesis defended in the paper, related to the understanding that building capacity within existing organisations to identify innovative ideas and further develop them in intrapreneurial endeavours for the modification of products, services and organisational processes has a significant potential for positive impact on sustainability.

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EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF ADMINISTRATIVE DATA TO BE USED FOR THE PURPOSE OF PRODUCING DEMOGRAPHIC STATISTICS AND ORGANIZING THE POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

Author(s): Natalia Bargan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 32/2023

The evaluation of administrative data is an important step in the process of harnessing the potential of data from administrative sources to be used for statistical purposes. Based on the international experience and good practices of the National Statistical Offices, which already use administrative data in statistical production, it has been found that they can have a variety of uses, including direct variable substitution, the addition of auxiliary variables to obtain more detailed information than the provided in statistical surveys to be collected from respondents, validation of estimates obtained from surveys and as components used in the statistical production process (e.g. imputation either directly to obtain a value when the respondent does not provide one, or as an input to models used to impute missing values and weighting), to improve the final results. In 2024, the Republic of Moldova intends to carry out the Population and Housing Census of the 2020 Round, and according to the methodology, it will be a statistical exercise according to the combined model, by using data from administrative sources and collecting data in the field. In this context, the evaluation of the data from the existing administrative sources in the country, which possibly meet the statistical needs of the RPL, are an imperative of the time.

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Incidența provocărilor demografice asupra cheltuielilor publice

Author(s): Vasilica-Izabela Fometescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 10/2022

Population ageing is one of the most dangerous economic diseases and its consequences are obvious in production, consumption and intergenerational exchange of goods and services. The paper presents an x-ray of the demographic system in the European Union and an analysis of the impact of an ageing workforce on budgetary expenditure over the period 1991-2021 using econometric analysis. The results show that the elderly population generates different effects on allocations in the government sector given the different impact obtained by OLS linear regressions when considering the elderly population by distinct categories.

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Pro- i antynatalizm. Spór o sens życia i sposoby ratowania planety

Author(s): Robert Florkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2021

Successive generations have been raised and socialized to procreate in a spirit of pronatalism. For a vast majority of society members, parenthood is “taken for granted”. Anti-natalists argue with pronatalists, claiming that people should give up procreation as it is morally wrong. In their view, life is a string of suffering that is difficult to make sense of, while self-consciousness is a curse. A man emerges from non-being and quickly returns there. The return is often accompanied by mortal terror, which is the apogee of tragedy. Anti-natalists stress that due to the hegemony of the colossal population of homo sapiens sapiens, an unprecedented annihilation of the biosphere is taking place. Radical adherents of this philosophy claim that the voluntary extinction of our species would be the best solution to human problems and a chance for the entire planet to return to its balance. This position, so contrary to the cultural mainstream, is usually ignored, stigmatized, excluded, and tabooed.

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THE IMPACT OF COGNITIVE SCHEMES ON THE WELL-BEING OF THE ELDERLY

Author(s): Angela POTÂNG,Monica Andreea Popescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 33/2023

Psychological well-being and cognitive schemas are two interconnected concepts in the field of psychology. Cognitive schemas are mental structures or thought patterns being developed in order to organize and interpret information from the environment. These cognitive schemas are essential for processing information, making decisions, and understanding the world. Positive self-reflection and awareness of our thinking can contribute to improve well-being. By identifying and replacing negative or dysfunctional thoughts with healthier and more realistic thoughts, individuals can improve their attitude and overall well-being. Cognitive schemas play a significant role in the way people think, feel, and behave, and how they relate to these cognitive schemas can influence their psychological well-being. Awareness and improvement of dysfunctional cognitive schemas can be an important aspect of well-being and mental health.

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GASTRONOMİ ALANINDA GIDA ATIK YÖNETİMİ ve TÜRKİYE AÇISINDAN ÖNEMİ

Author(s): Yusuf Yiğit,Emine Ay Yiğit / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 59/2023

It is estimated that the world population will increase by an average of 2 billion people in 2050, reaching 9.8 billion. As a result of this rapid increase, global food production is expected to grow by %60 annually in the field of gastronomy. This growth will cause huge increases in the amount of food waste. Developed countries spend significant amounts of money to remove the food waste in question. The amount countries pay annually for the removal of food waste; It costs around 590 dollars in Australia and America, and around 480 pounds in the UK. Worldwide, agricultural food-related waste is reported to be 1.3 billion tons annually, with a financial value of 1 trillion dollars. If only one quarter of the amount of food waste generated worldwide could be prevented, 830 million people suffering from hunger worldwide could be saved from this situation. Turkey is in a position where it needs to improve in this field, with food waste of 93 kg per person compared to many countries in the world. In particular, the "domestic food recycling" amount of developed countries such as Germany is more than four times that of our country. In this context, the aim of the study is; To draw attention to the importance of food waste and food recycling in the light of compiled information. In addition, it is aimed to contribute to the literature on waste recycling and waste prevention in Turkey.

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The Impact of Smoking on COVID-19 Analyzed by Hierarchical Linear Model

Author(s): Chia-Chang CHUANG,Maria Dyah KURNIASARI,Min-Sun Kim,Andrian Dolfriandra Huruta / Language(s): English Issue: 82/2023

COVID-19 has been of great concern since it broke out. Many countries have put more effort into securing vaccines and therapeutic medicines. In the meantime, there has been a large number of scholarly efforts in figuring out the relationship between smoking and new coronary pneumonia. This study firstly collected daily data (the number of people hospitalized with new coronary pneumonia, severe cases, and the number of people double-vaccinated against new coronary pneumonia in various countries or regions) and annual data (the human development index and smoking rate of each country or region). We collected data from 160 countries from the Our Data World database. The time is for January 1, 2020 through June 30, 2022. We divided daily and annual data into the first-level and second-level data. Finally, we checked the relationship between smoking and COVID-19 in a Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM). The result shows that smoking raises the number of new cases of infection and death among people fully vaccinated per hundred. There is a partial mediating effect of new cases smoothed per million over new deaths smoothed per million. Smoking significantly increases the effect of new cases smoothed per million over new deaths smoothed per million. Our findings have high generalizability around the world.

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Neda Kovačić, Tijelo kao dokaz. Medicinska vještačenja u postupcima Kaznenog suda u Dubrovniku u 18 stoljeću

Author(s): Maja Katušić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 64/2023

Review of: Neda Kovačić, Tijelo kao dokaz. Medicinska vještačenja u postupcima Kaznenog suda u Dubrovniku u 18 stoljeću, Zagreb; Dubrovnik: Zavod za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Dubrovniku, 2020, 238 stranica

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Mojca Medvešek, Romana Bešter, Janez Pirc - Mnenja večinskega prebivalstva Slovenije o priseljevanju, priseljencih in integraciji

Author(s): Natko Štiglić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2022

Review of: Mojca Medvešek, Romana Bešter, Janez Pirc - Mnenja večinskega prebivalstva Slovenije o priseljevanju, priseljencih in integraciji; Ljubljana: Inštitut za narodnostna vprašanja, 2022, 219 str.

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