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Religiosity, conservatism, and value preferences as predictors of attitudes towards science

Author(s): Aleksandra Zajas / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

Anti-science attitudes and movements have been attracting more, and more attention of researchers in the past years, especially during the pandemic. Anti-science attitudes can be defined as a dismissal of established, and empirically confirmed scientific facts for reasons that are not scientifically grounded. Previous research in social psychology has consecutively shown that this phenomenon can be predicted much better by ideological, and worldview variables than by education level. The aim of this research was to examine the role of religiosity, political orientation (conservatism), and individual value preferences in predicting four attitudes towards science, i.e.: climate change denialism, vaccination skepticism, anti-evolutionism, and general positive belief in science. The study was carried out according to the quantitative research paradigm. Hierarchical regression analysis was applied to test the predictive power of each independent variable. For each dependent variable a 3-step regression analysis was carried out, with age as control variable added in step 1, religiosity, and conservatism added in step 2, and 12 values preferences in step 3. The highest correlation could be observed between religiosity, political conservatism, anti-evolutionism, and Tradition value preference. The strongest negative correlations appeared between Universalism, and Power preference, as well as between belief in science, and anti-evolutionism. Conservatism was a positive predictor of climate change denialism, and Universalism preference predicted it negatively. Vaccine skepticism regression analysis did not bring any significant results. Anti-evolutionism was influenced by religiosity, and conservatism, as well as a lower preference of Security, Conformity, and Universalism values. Belief in science was positively predicted by Security preference, and negatively predicted by religiosity, and Tradition preference.

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Sytuacja pandemii a dostęp do edukacji ucznia ze spektrum autyzmu

Author(s): Edyta Osękowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2021

The time of the pandemic is an unknown reality that we all have to face. Remote education does not only affect the state of our knowledge. School is a place where peers meet every day to build their social relationships. For most students, education is primarily the lack of systematic learning, which results in school backlogs. Lack of direct relationships with peers and teachers is associated with a decrease in self-worth. For children on the autism spectrum, both the daily routine and the predictability of what will happen play an important and important issue in their development, education and proper functioning in society. Throwing out of the established rhythm of life evokes fear, frustration, and disturbs the sense of security. Classes conducted through a computer screen are a big challenge for a parent who has to become a teacher overnight, working with his child at home on the basis of the lesson material provided.

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The impacts of architecture and decorative arts on health based on medical sources in the Muslim societies during the medieval era

Author(s): Jafar Taheri / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2021

This article aims to provide a historical overview of the impact of architecture and decorative arts on health and health preservation in Muslim societies during the medieval era. Based on primary medical sources, this article provides a historical interpretation of the theoretical origin of the ignored link between medicine and architecture (and decorative arts). Our findings indicate that some empirical results concerning the effects and aspects of built environments (architectural spaces) on health and treatment–both physical and mental– have been considered in the medical sources. Practical instructions of these sources introduced two theoretical achievements: 1) an introduction to the historical knowledge of environmental health and design of healthy places, and 2) a comparative analogy of the built environment and human nature (organism), which became a theoretical basis for the relationship between natural sciences, architecture, and the decorative arts in the middle ages. Considerations of the study show the extent to which architects and artisans, based on the teachings and instructions of physicians, dealt with the structural and content adaptation models of architecture and decorative arts to human organism and nature.

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Zasługi Karola Linneusza dla postępu nauk farmaceutycznych w XVIII w.

Author(s): Jacek Drobnik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

Fundamentals of Linnaean taxonomy were established from the late 1730s and had a gradual ordering impact on all plant knowledge of the time. Pharmaceutical botany was enlivened by the following assertions, ideas or publications issued by Linnaeus: 1) the sexual system as a tool for practical identifi cation of genera; 2) the genera were newly defi ned or corrected to build a clear system; 3) botanists were encouraged to construct and study a natural system of genera which was expected to reveal similarities in pharmacological actions (as analogous to morphological similarities of allied species); 4) a critical and minimalist review of medicinal species and their therapeutical uses was published; 5) the synonymy of species was rectifi ed by selecting only good and suffi ciently descriptive polynomials; and fi nally 6) it became the new scientifi c standard to typify the name and description of a species on a proof sample, the role of which began to be played by a herbarium specimen of a plant, called a type. The practice of assigning binominal names to known or newly described species enabled botanists to place them immediately in the sexual system (by assigning a generic name, the genus was ranked in terms of fl ower structure). The increase in the number of medicinal plant species at the end of the 18th century was the result of a desire to make the knowledge complete and modern, and to add new facts about related species in a wellorganized form. Canons for the experimental and clinical study of effects of known and new medicinal plants on healthy and sick patients were being developed. The introduction of many new species into practical therapy took pharmacy by surprise, as the pharmacist had to learn to recognise medicinal plants previously unknown to pharmacy, which was not without its mistakes. Misrecognised plants that became drug ingredients could exert unintended effects in therapy, undermining the authority of physicians, hindering the evaluation of drugs and threatening to fl ood scientifi c pharmacy with a stream of erroneous knowledge. Continued practical self-education of pharmacists in the fi eld of plant taxonomy was therefore claimed.

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Poganek rutowaty (Peganum harmala L.) w tradycjach ludów Azji Środkowej i jego popularność w dobie pandemii COVID-19 – perspektywa antropologii medycznej

Author(s): Danuta Penkala-Gawęcka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

yrian rue (Peganum harmala L.) has been traditionally used in Central Asia for medical purposes, e.g. for treating skin diseases, joint pain, sore throat and cough. It is also applied as an apotropaic means – fumigation with the smoke of burning dried twigs of Syrian rue is commonly practised to ward off evil spirits, “evil eye” and other malevolent forces. According to the other explanations, it has purifying effects and kills microbes. In this article I briefl y outline early descriptions of Peganum harmala in the medical texts of scholars and physicians representing Greek- Arabic-Persian medicine, and focus on the role of this plant in people’s everyday life in Central Asia, based on my field materials from Afghanistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, and literature. In addition, I present the career of Peganum harmala in Central Asian countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, when fumigation with its smoke has been widely practised to protect against the coronavirus. Syrian rue was also used – beside several other plants – by some heads of state, who promoted local traditional medicines at time when they were failing to tackle the pandemic crisis. Applying an anthropological perspective, I pay particular attention to the wider context of these developments and analyse socio-cultural, political and economic factors that have contributed to the increased popularity of Peganum harmala. I also point out possible benefits of testing traditional herbal medicines as potential treatments for COVID-19 and other viral infections and refer to Asian traditional medical systems, especially traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), whose contribution to overcoming the pandemic has been recognised by the WHO.

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Drzewa w ludowym obrazie świata. Przyczynek do badań nad wierzeniami ludowymi o drzewach, ich stosowaniu w magii i lecznictwie

Author(s): Elżbieta Szot-Radziszewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The subject of the article are folk beliefs concerning trees and their use in magic and medicine. The source basis for the presented descriptions, analyzes and interpretations are materials obtained during ethnographic field research in the Kielce region, which I conducted in 2010–2021, and published works. In the article I present cultural images of selected trees functioning in the minds of the inhabitants of Kielce villages. The analysis of the acquired ethnographic materials made it possible to find out how people think about trees as important elements of the cultural landscape, how they perceive them, what beliefs they connect with, and in the treatment of what ailments they use them. The phenomenon of a tree in folk culture results both from the mythical worldview, i.e. specific attitudes of rural residents towards natural phenomena, as well as from the specific features that trees have.The most important aspect determining the place of trees in the folk image of the world is their personification, ascribing to them the mediating features of the cosmic tree and the tree of life. Hence their significant position in the mental picture of the world and rich symbolism manifested in magical and religious rituals, vegetation rituals and healing practices with the participation of trees.

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Etnobotanika, etnomedycyna i etnografia w Polsce

Author(s): Zbigniew Libera / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The article describes a selected ethnologist’s point of view on ethnobotany and ethnomedicine: 1. by what citeria are Possible assessments of the rationality and effectiveness of plant medcines in folk culture, 2. what are the folk justifications for choosing plants for specific purposes, for medicinal purposes.

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Morwa biała (Morus alba L.) w ujęciu naukowym i kulturowym. Od jedwabnictwa do papieru

Author(s): Joanna Grześkowiak,Anna Maria Brandys / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

Sericulture dates back to ancient China. Today it is defined as a branch of agriculture dealing with the cultivation of mulberry for the purpose of silkworm farming and the production of silk. Due to the fact that the mulberry silkworm larvae eat white mulberry leaves, it is a plant inextricably linked with silkworm farming and, consequently the production of silk. Although white mulberry is mainly associated with the cultivation of mulberry silkworms, thanks to its numerous and unique properties, it is a plant that can be used in various branches of the economy, as well as a research object of interest to scientists representing various fields of science. Thanks to the content of many bioactive substances, micro- and macroelements and vitamins, it has been used in herbal medicine, pharmacology and medicine. The richness of bioactive compounds makes it also an attractive raw material for the food and cosmetic industry. At the same time, due to its high energy value, mulberry belongs to the group of energy crops. Both the unique properties of mulberry and the traditions associated with its cultivation have made it a plant appreciated not only by science, but also left its mark in culture, as it has accompanied people for centuries. It is not surprising, therefore, that mulberry was recorded in poems, folk proverbs and on painting canvases, including the most famous brush by Vincent van Gogh – “Mulberry Tree in Autumn”. On the other hand, the processing of mulberry silkworm cocoons into high-quality yarns, and ultimately into delicate but durable fabrics, had a significant impact on the development of art. Both in terms of the so-called applied arts, but also those referred to as beaux-arts. And although the definitions of art have changed throughout history – regardless of period or era – silk was invariably appreciated by artists and craftsmen. Thanks to its properties, quality and aesthetics, silk fiber offers a wide range of possibilities for use in papermaking, which is also important in the cultural context.

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Развитие на организацията на спешната медицинска помощ в България - предизвикателство пред здравеопазната система

Author(s): Iliya Katrandzhiev,Boryana Naydenova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2021

В началото на 70-те години спешните медицински случаи се превърнаха в политически проблем в цяла Европа. Понятието за спешна медицинска помощ обаче има по-стара история, в пресечната точка на историята на медицинските техники, лечението на пациентите и социалното възприемане на рисковете за здравето. Понятието спешна медицинска помощ наистина се появява като категория за действие на публичните власти през двадесети век благодарение на медицинските и научни иновации, както и на утвърждаването на социалната държава. Идеята за спешна медицинска помощ в болницата беше резултат от политически избори; болницата беше мястото на скрининг, подбор и установяване на йерархия за случаите в зависимост от тяхната сериозност и често представляваше последния етап от процеса на грижа, включващ различни участници с допълващи се, а понякога и конкуриращи се умения. Целта на настоящата публикация е да се направи преглед на развитието на организацията на спешната медицинска помощ в страните от европейския регион.In the early 1970s, medical emergencies became a political problem throughout Europe. However, the concept of medical emergencies has an older history, at the intersection of the history of medical techniques, patient treatment and social perception of health risks. Indeed, the concept of emergency medical care emerged as a category for public action in the twentieth century thanks to medical and scientific innovation, as well as the consolidation of the welfare state. The idea of emergency medical care in the hospital was the result of political choices; the hospital was the site of screening, selection, and the establishment of a hierarchy for cases depending on their severity, and it often represented the last stage of a care process involving different actors with complementary and sometimes competing skills. The aim of this publication is to review the development of the organisation of emergency care in the countries of the European region

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Grając w chorobę. Metafory i dosłowności choroby w grach wideo na przykładzie „The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind”

Author(s): Tomasz Gnat / Language(s): Polish Issue: 46/2023

Susan Sontag opens her analysis of disease metaphors with the metaphor of health and disease as dual citizenship in bordering states. Games offer us a pass to reproductions and paraphrases of reality, so we also see here the borderline experience of good health/illness. However, it is worth asking whether in interactive entertainment one can find examples of representations of diseases that do not function as metaphors. Consequently, the aim of this essay is to analyze the metaphors put into practice – virtual life, but perhaps that is why they allow more than the observation of a dangerous pathogen. The main thesis of this essay is the position that games through the basic aspect of the medium – interactivity, often go beyond the “sentimental content” of the representation of the disease. Or at least the process of “sentimentalization” is more complex and is a product of many of the processes that make up the interactive entertainment experience.

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Fizyczne i społeczno-kulturowe rany bohaterek współczesnej fantastyki młodzieżowej w świetle feminizmu korporalnego

Author(s): Weronika Kostecka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 46/2023

The subject of the article is the wounded body of heroines of young adult fantasy, understood as a socio-cultural construction and an element of female identity. By referring to the key assumptions of corporeal feminism (represented, for example, by Elizabeth Grosz, Ewa Hyży, and Monika Świerkosz), I analyze three novel series: The Mirror Visitor by Christelle Dabos, Shadow and Bone by Leigh Bardugo, and The Jewel by Amy Ewing. I examine how the heroines’ bodies determine their place in the social hierarchy, how the heroines experience the world through their bodies, and whether they own their bodies in a cultural, social, and political sense. I point to the importance of tormenting the protagonists’ bodies as an obligatory way to female emancipation.

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Building Social Capital through Safety and Security: A Focus on Sports Events for Persons with Disabilities

Author(s): Stefka Djobova,Ivelina Kirilova / Language(s): English Issue: 5s/2023

Putnam’s definition of Social Capital incorporates trust, cooperation, norms of civic engagement, and supportive networks. This study aims to explore the extent of the contribution of safety and security of Special Olympics World sports events in promoting a culture of trust, responsibility, and collective well-being relating to social capital. Through active collaboration with local communities, law enforcement agencies, emergency services, and volunteer networks, the sport event organizers can effectively leverage local resources, specialized knowledge, and community support to enhance the overall quality and safety of the event. These collaborations enhance the effectiveness of safety and security measures, facilitate seamless emergency response, and foster a sense of shared responsibility among all stakeholders to ensure the well-being of participants, spectators, and the host community. By nurturing social capital, the events can enhance safety measures, encourage active participation, and build resilience within the community, ultimately creating a secure environment for athletes, spectators, and all involved. In conclusion, we could consider the safety and security of Special Olympics World sports events to play a crucial role in building social capital.

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O dezbatere actuală - muzeele și bunăstarea

Author(s): Gabriela Vilău / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2023

Well-being is not just a buzzword, it is a complex concept that has become widely used in the museum sector. In this article we are trying to identify how museums can contribute to the wellbeing of individuals, especially for those with a range of health condition (mental health service users, people with dementia or older people). As a reliable community asset, museums can be embedded into social prescribing schemes as a specific way to provide benefits for those people who I have already indicated. There is increasing evidence linking museum object handling sessions to individual wellbeing. Hence, museums bring unique value to public health interventions, more specifically, tactile engagement with museum artefacts has therapeutic effects on participants.

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За лекаря и дарителя на град Елена - д-р Христо Момчилов

Author(s): Marusya Petkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2021

While the paper reveals details for an impressive donation of doctor Hristo Momchilov from Elena town in 1928 towards his native town, it sheds light on the philanthropic practices common for Bulgaria after the Liberation of the country in 1876. Attention needs not only the act of giving itself but rather the important issues of the day and their social causes addressed with the donation.

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Gender Differences in the Mediterranean Diet and Body Mass Index (BMI) in High School Students

Author(s): Vjosa Zhubaj,Daniela Shukova Stojmanovska,Georgi Georgiev,Jasmina Plunčević Gligorska,Abdulla Elezi / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

This research was conducted on a sample of 200 respondents (N = 129 males and N = 71 females) aged 17–18 years, divided into four groups: 17-year-old males (N = 66), 18-year-old males (N = 63), 17-year-old females (N = 44), and 18-year-old females (N = 27). Four variables were applied in the research: height, weight, body mass index, and KIDMED index, calculated on the basis of a 16-question questionnaire on Mediterranean diet. So, if the KIDMED index has a value of ≤ 3, it is considered a very low value, which shows that the Mediterranean diet has been incorporated scarcely. The optimal values of the KIDMED index are 4–7, and if the value reaches ≥ 8, it is considered high. BMI (body mass index) is a variable extracted from the height and weight; in this case, it was calculated separately for each student and, according to its values, the students were divided into ones with normal weight, overweight, or obese. The Mediterranean diet index had the lowest value in male students aged 17 years (KIDMED = 7,85), which was close to the high values, but there was no statistically significant difference between the four groups of students included in the research, because they had similar values (KIDMED above 8,00). There was no statistically significant difference in the BMI between the groups, probably because all of them had normal weight and a similar BMI (20–22).

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Здравеопазването като формиращ фактор за стабилност на националната сигурност

Author(s): Nikola Shopov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

Health care is considered an essential component and foundation of national security for a number of reasons. Although national security traditionally refers to capabilities to build military power and defend against external threats, it also encompasses the protection and well-being of a country's citizens from a wide range of dangers, including health crises. This presentation presents some key points illustrating the relationship between health care and national security. This relationship is intertwined in a number of social, economic and political determinants such as public health emergencies, economic stability, health and demographic factors, biological threats, social cohesion, global health diplomacy, military preparedness, cyber security, preventive health measures and a number of others. In conclusion, health care plays a fundamental role in national security by protecting the physical and economic well-being of the citizens, enhancing resilience in times of crisis, and contributing to international stability and cooperation. A strong health system is an essential component of a nation's overall security strategy.

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CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION - NECESSITY AND OPPORTUNITY

Author(s): Carmen Comaniciu,Andra Comaniciu / Language(s): English Issue: 35/2023

Both for the individual and for society, education has had, has and will always have multiple roles from the perspective of economic progress and development, of social stability and development, of essential cultural implications and personal development. Educational projects are the natural result of the changes that took place in the life of educational institutions. Since continuing medical education is regulated in almost all states of the world, without claiming to be an exhaustive approach, through this article some considerations of this educational field are presented, also identifying the involvement of the university environment in the organization and conducting of summer schools, focused on major discoveries and advances in medicine, from clinical practice to research, technology and innovation.

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Теоретичен модел за формиране на професионална чуждоезикова компетентност на специалисти в областта на спа и уелнес услугите

Author(s): Lеyla Dimitrova,Liliya Doncheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2023

The issue related to the quality of the employees in tourism is one of the most significant factors for the certification of the places in the SPA and Wellness industry. The efficiency and benefits from the provided products depend to a great extent on the knowledge and skills of the people working in this sphere. The increasing requirements for the language competence of the specialists in SPA and Wellness predetermine the necessity of designing a modern model for building professional foreign language competence. The aim of this study is to suggest some contemporary approaches to improving the language preparation in English and Russian of employees working in the field of SPA and Wellness services. The suggested foreign language model is aimed at creating practical habits for using English and Russian language and developing some basic communicative competence needed for professional realization. The model of education meets both linguistic and methodological guidelines and the peculiar requirements for professionally oriented training in a foreign language for specific purposes.

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Znaczenie czynników behawioralnych w zarządzaniu kryzysowym

Author(s): Monika Czerwonka,Joanna Siembida,Aleksandra Staniszewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 192/2023

The recent events of the past two years indicate that effective crisis management cannot ignore behavioural factors. When analysing social reactions, it becomes clear that they are far from standard, rational behaviour in exceptional conditions such as a pandemic, a migration crisis, or the threat of an armed conflict. Effective economic and financial policies of a state should be based on predictions related to herd behaviour and the theory of nudge introduced by R. Thaler and C.R. Sunstein in 2017. According to this theory, the assumptions of behavioural economics can be utilised successfully in shaping public policies with appropriate tools (simplifications, default options, framing, approximation of consequences, design, or reference to social norms). The aim of this article is to review the use of behavioural economics tools in situations of extraordinary, unexpected, and large-scale crises. Examples of the use of behavioural innovations and herd behaviour in different contexts by the authorities from various parts of the world are presented. This review can serve as an inspiration for implementing new solutions based on the theory of nudges, herd behaviour, and the behaviour of altruistic individuals. The article uses theories from the field of behavioural economics (the prospect theory, nudge theory) and gift economy as well as media reports on methods to combat and mitigate the negative effects of crises in the healthcare system and forced migration in different countries, including those with different cultural backgrounds. This article provides an overview of such methods and presents the mechanisms of behavioural economics that underlie them, along with the positive effects of using these methods, thereby demonstrating their effectiveness.

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DEVET TEZA O APOKALIPSI

Author(s): Srećko Horvat / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 37-38/2023

Prazne ulice i sablasni gradovi, policijski sat i karantena; zatvorene trgovine, restorani, škole i kazališta; zatvorene granice u većini zemalja; oko tri milijarde ljudi u lockdownu ili u nekoj vrsti izolacije; laserski termometri, geolokacijsko praćenje i masovni nadzor; stotine milijuna nezaposlenih radnika; vedro nebo nad nama, izvanredno stanje pod nama; stotine milijardi skakavaca roji se u prostranstvima Afrike i Azije hranjeno klimatskim promjenama; plamte najveći požari ikada zabilježeni u černobilskoj "Zoni isključenja", podudarajući se s godišnjicom nuklearne nesreće i trenutnom pandemijom; potresi i poplave; autoritarni kapitalizam i ekofašizam u porastu su u cijelom svijetu.

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