ASPEKTI ONTOLOGIJE ISLAMA: FERID MUHIĆ

Author(s): Orhan Bajraktarević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 94/2023

Muhić in his work Ontology in Islam analyses the phenomenon of Islam in a conjunction between philosophy and religion. Herein he discusses the culture and the history of religions, particularly Islam and Muslims in Europe, but also anti-Islamic conceptual tendencies and habits which have been systematically generated and bred in centres of political power in Europe and the United States. Discrimination against Muslims today, marking them as “defective Muslims” is an ideologically motivated trend and it is part of an organized project which in the Balkans instigated genocide committed against Bosniaks as well as a large-scale genocidal crime that was committed against Albanians. Thus Muslims in Europe are terminally disqualified whereas non-Muslims are permanently privileged. It is essential that the perpetrators of these crimes, whosoever they are as well as “the collective perpetrators”, are brought to justice. The radicalisation of Islam, and the Islamisation of radicalism, is an evident fact in Europe today. On the other hand, Muhić here stresses that speculation and philosophy are left out of the history of Islamic studies and tradition since the third century of Islam. Thus, he places before us the significant but forgotten questions of the general history of philosophy and religion, questions of the general history of Islam, and the Islamic revelation as a timeless and transcendent phenomenon. He offers some brave answers highlighting the fact that the God of Revelation and the God of religion is also the God of the intellect, the God of Science. This work demonstrates one exceptional new tendency in great religions as well as in philosophy, and that is the notion of secular thought taking the place of the old, traditional decayed theology and theological thought in religion.

“Secret Services Are Meant To Serve”: State Violence in the Autobiographic Memory of Secret Police Officers in Communist Poland

Author(s): Piotr Osęka / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2023

The secret police, along with the political apparatus of a ruling party or administration, created the backbone of communist regimes and constituted the main tool of State violence. The state of the art within studies on the Polish security apparatus—albeit extremely rich—is entirely focused on archival documents. What is missing from the research on the secret police in Poland is an oral history approach. This article is a pioneer attempt at revealing the operative methods of the Służba Bezpieczeństwa (SB) through interviews with former officers. It aims at reconstructing the mechanism that led the officers to victimize dissidents and how they created moral justifications for their deeds. Asking about their career track, successes and failures, relationships with other officers, private life, and details of daily duty, I tried to glean what made the interviewees become perpetrators.

Human trafficking for political purposes

Author(s): Muhammed Khariy Qsair Al-Jashami / Language(s): English Issue: 79/2023

Human trafficking is a crime against humanity that was and is still being committed by one person against another person for the sake of money and achieving material benefit by making the human victim a commodity or something that can be sold, bought and traded, and the forms of this crime have varied from trading for sex purposes to selling human organs and forced labor and others one of the images that the governments of countries and the United Nations are working to reduce and combat through national laws and international conventions with the aim of criminalizing this act and punishing its perpetrators even with the consent of the victim. However, the world is now witnessing a new image that can be added to these images, which is the case of human trafficking for political purposes Which is the subject of my paper, which is based on the idea that some political parties or owners of money in the countries of the world are working to support a specific candidate or to agree with a specific person for the purpose of applying for candidacy for the parliamentary elections, and in the event of his victory, he is obligated to implement the decisions and requests that are rejected by that partisan body or a group of men the money they supported in his electoral campaign. As for the other form, it is the case of supporting a person to reach a position in the government, he may be a minister or may like that. This situation can occur in all countries of the world when its elements are met, and the most important of these elements is the presence of a party that owns money and financing. The paper also identified the seriousness of this situation for societies in general, because its damage affects the lives of members of society more than its impact on one person. The paper It proposes to address the situation by penalizing it in national laws, especially those related to elections, and also by activating popular oversight of the work of a representative in parliament or an official in the government.

Противообществени прояви на футболни фенове в двубои от Първа лига – сезон 2022/2023, и санкциите на Българския футболен съюз

Author(s): Kamen Binbelov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5s/2023

The football hooliganism matter has been a problem of the present day in our society for quite a lot of years. But the already frequent acts of violence at the stadiums lately in our country make the matter topical.The purpose of study is to trace the security issues during the matches of the First League 2022/2023. To analyze the stewards' role at the stadiums and how far they can deal with the acts of violence. The sanctions, which the Bulgarian Football Union imposed on all 16 teams of the elite division, will be presented in a table view. In the study, a connection will be searched for between the teams’ positions in the final ranking and their classification in terms for imposed sanctions for acts of violence on behalf of their fans. In the report, the matter of the regulatory base will be discussed as well, and to what degree the Regulation for Championships and Tournaments of the BFU meets in its completeness the imposing of penalties and sanctions for the various offenses. The topicality of the studied matter in the prepared report is due to the fact that data will be provided from the season, which just ended.

Strengthening Cooperation between the Civilian and Military Sectors In the Context of State Security: Benefits and Challenges

Author(s): Rostyslav Shchokin,Oleksii V. SOLOVIOV,Ihor TANTSIURA / Language(s): English Issue: 83/2023

The unleashing of the Russian Federation’s unprovoked and unprecedented war against Ukraine has led to significant risks, threats, and dangers in the socio-political and socio-economic spheres. The prevention and counteraction of these threats and dangers require strengthening state security and establishing close cooperation between the civilian and military sectors. The above indicates the chosen research topic’s exceptional relevance and grounds its advanced study’s expediency. This study aims to identify the issues of interaction between the civilian and military sectors in the context of state security and find ways to strengthen this interaction in the context of current challenges and dangers. General scientific methods of economic analysis and scientific knowledge form the methodological basis of the research. These methods include system analysis, synthesis, scientific abstraction, comparison, analogy, functional system approach, classification, graphical method, generalization, and systematization. The study findings show that the problems of interaction between the civilian and military sectors in the context of state security became particularly acute during the military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. They have significantly intensified after its full-scale invasion in 2022 and threaten the system of ensuring peace and security on a global scale. The authors have found that strengthening the interaction between the civilian and military sectors will enhance the defense capabilities of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and their ability to withstand the war challenges. The greatest need for civil-military cooperation has been identified in such regions of Ukraine as Dnipro, Kharkiv, Donetsk, Zaporizhzhia, Kherson, and Mykolaiv. Moreover, it has been found that the largest volumes of humanitarian aid and civil defense are directed to meet food and subsistence needs ($236.2 million), as well as to cover the costs of housing and non-food items ($143.1 million). The authors prove the necessity of adhering to the principles of military mission priority when civilian and military sectors interact to accomplish their tasks. The main directions for strengthening the interaction between the civilian and military sectors have been proposed. They include adopting the experience of civil-military relations units in NATO peacekeeping operations, improving the national system of civil-military relations and the structure of civil and military sector authorities, as well as ensuring the formation of appropriate conditions for the rapid achievement of goals during military operations.

Икономическите девианти сред нас: интерпретация на нагласите, формиращи склонност към девиантно поведение в икономическата сфера

Author(s): Emilia Chengelova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

The current paper presents and analyzes recent empirical data from a nationally representative study of the factor determinism of the „shadow economy“. Within the framework of the study assessments were collected, revealing the dependencies between the demographic characteristics of the individual and the tendency to deviant behavior in the economic sphere. Depending on the inclination and attitudes towards deviant economic behavior, we distinguish between economic deviants and economic conformists. Economic deviants tolerate and get engaged in various manifestations of the „shadow economy“, although under certain circumstances economic conformists also ould be tempted by the shadowy practices.

Годишна конференция на Асоциацията за човешко развитие и способности и възможности за реализация (HDCA) „Уязвимост, човешко развитие и кооперативно възстановяване в турбулентни времена“ (11–13.09.2023 г., София)

Author(s): Petya Klimentova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

POLITIČKA EKSPLOATACIJA SIMBOLA STRADANJA U PROTEKLOM BOSANSKOHERCEGOVAČKOM RATU

Author(s): Stefan Elezović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 6/2023

Reminder of the victims, innocent casualties of the past Bosnian-Herzegovinian war, crimes, and atrocities during that period, are a daily occurrence in the media space of post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina. The level of mutual disregard is illustratively evidenced by the ways in which the role of the opposing side in the tragic events is presented, often implying a threat from the other side and ill intentions. In this paper, among other things, the aim is to determine the level and nature of media representation of symbols of suffering in the past war on certain news portals in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and, indirectly, to indicate the nature of the analyzed content. The content of articles dedicated to this topic attempts to present the character of representing tragic events and answer the assumption that it involves the exploitation of tragic events from the war past to justify ethnonationalistic policies of isolationism, whether justified or unjustified. The escalation of ethnonationalistic hatred, fueled by continuous emphasis on the ethnicity’s vulnerability, spreads and sustains an atmosphere of fear, mistrust, and insecurity in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The thanatopolitics of the post-Dayton ethnonationalistic political corpus largely denies the right of others to be a victim and, in that sense, is identical for all political options that declare, in nominal and functional terms, themselves national. Using inductive and deductive methods, critical methods focused on contextual understanding, qualitative and quantitative content analysis, this study aims to diagnose the way thanatological content is presented and suggest its role in the political system of post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina.

HRONOLOGIJA I ANALIZA PROCESA KOJI SU DOVELI DO GENOCIDA

Author(s): Samir Sinanović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 24/2023

Review of: Muamer Džananović, Jasmin Medić, Hikmet Karačić, Nastanak Republike Srpske: Od regionalizacije do strateških ciljeva (1991-1992), Univerzitet u Sarajevu – Institut za istraživanje zločina protiv čovječnosti i međunarodnog prava, Sarajevo, 2023

DIEGO ARRIA, USPORENI GENOCID U BOSNI

Author(s): Izet Šabotić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 10/2023

Review of: Diego Arria, USPORENI GENOCID U BOSNI, Vijeće Kongresa bošnjačkih intelektualaca, Sarajevo 2023, 326 str

POJEDINA OBILJEŽJA UCINITELJA I ŽRTAVA RATNIH SILOVANJA PROCESUIRANIH PRED SUDOM BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE

Author(s): Vedad Gurda,Amar Lukavačkić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 10/2023

During the international armed conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992 to 1995, numerous crimes were committed, among which crimes of rape are at the top of the scale of brutality. It is estimated that between 20,000 and 50,000 women and girls were raped in the aforementioned conflict, of which the largest number of these atrocities were committed by members of the Army of the Republika Srpska (VRS), the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the RS (MUP RS) and related paramilitary formations against Bosniak (muslim) women. It is to be assumed that an extremely large number of perpetrators were involved in the commission of the crimes in question, but unfortunately, a relatively modest number of suspects were prosecuted before the competent courts in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the neighboring Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Serbia. Within the framework of this work, the research focus is on the prosecution of war rapes before the War Crimes Chamber of the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina from the beginning of the work of the mentioned court until today (2005-2023). In the indicated period, 70 wartime rape cases involving 109 defendants were processed before this judicial forum. Out of that number, 55 cases were finally concluded, with convictions in 41 cases and acquittals in 14 cases. The subject of the research was some individual characteristics of perpetrators and victims of war rape. The research sample consisted exclusively of cases in which a final conviction was passed (N=41), in which 51 defendants were declared guilty of war rape and 80 victims of this crime were identified. The research established that all the convicts were male. In addition, 72% of those convicted were members of the Army of the Republika Srpska (VRS), 16% of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (RBiH Army) and 12% of the Croatian Defense Council (HVO). All members of the RBiH Army were convicted of war rape which is legally qualified as a war crime against the civilian population, which is a criminal offense that, according to the Criminal Code of Bosnia and Herzegovina (CC BiH), does not include the existence of a widespread and systematic attack on the civilian population. On the other hand, the largest number of members of the VRS and four members of the HVO who were prosecuted for wartime rape were convicted of having committed that crime as a crime against humanity, which included a campaign of widespread, massive and systematic criminal activity connected with other crimes (murder, torture, imprisonment, deportation of the population, enforced disappearance, etc.).

A.C. Cuza’s Antisemitism: Parliamentary Speeches (1933-1937)

Author(s): Daniel-Valeriu Boboc / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2023

A.C. Cuza was a prominent antisemite politician. In the latter half of the interwar period, he realized that his movement could become more influent in the new context, after Adolf Hitler’s advent to power, when other countries also resorted to dictatorial or totalitarian regimes. He tried to use his presence in the Romanian Parliament as a springboard to gain votes and to convince the constitutional factor, King Carol II, that he was leading a popular movement and could be entrusted with government. However, he remained the same mono-thematic antisemite, incapable to come up with something new, including in antisemitism. He was not capable to propose a more complex understanding of the Romanian society’s problems and, as a consequence, was surpassed in influence by the Iron Guard.

Aspects in Usage of Unmanned Surface Vehicle in Ukrainian War

Author(s): Todor Dimitrov / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

The paper examines the usage of various applications of unmanned surface vehicles (USV) in naval operations in the war in Ukraine. Based on the open-source data various types of attacks and chronological development of the use of USV in Ukrainian war have been analysed.

The actions of the Russian Federation from the perspective of individual responsibility

Author(s): Dragoș-Adrian BANTAȘ,Sebastian BĂLĂNICĂ / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2023

In international relations, each state has historically pursued its own interests by various means. Although these have not always taken a violent form (for example, there are international actors such as the empires of successive Chinese dynasties which, in their relations with their neighbours, emphasized the respect for the emperor and prestige at the expense of violence, or the Ottoman Empire which, after its initial expansion phase, created a concentric system of peripheral actors with varying degrees of autonomy), before the signing of the UN Charter, the use of violence was not definitively forbidden between them either. More precisely, there are actors who, since then and as a result of successive changes in regimes and international orientations, have renounced the use of force or have severely limited it, making it at least predictable, and actors who, regardless of regime and context, adopt the same behaviour. In our view, Russia falls into the second category.

La stérilisation des femmes Romes

Author(s): Mirosław Tyl,Jan Ruml,Miroslav Lehký / Language(s): French Issue: 01/1991

La Charte 77 a attiré pour la première fois l’attention sur les problèmes des Roms et sur leur discrimination en Tchécoslovaquie dans le document n° 23 de 1978. Depuis lors, la situation des Roms en Tchécoslovaquie s’est tellement aggravée et leurs problèmes se sont tellement aiguisés que, ces derniers temps, certains fonctionnaires ont pris conscience du fiasco total de leur politique à l’égard de la prétendue « question tsigane ». Depuis deux ans, on n’impose plus aux Roms leur lieu de résidence et les comités nationaux ont cessé d’empêcher ou d’interdire leur activité culturelle propre. Le programme d’assimilation forcée d’un groupe privé de ses droits civils a cédé la place à l’idée que les Roms devaient participer à la résolution de leurs problèmes.

Characteristics of bullying in Belgrade high schools

Author(s): Adrijana T. Grmuša / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 4/2023

The paper presents the results of the study on the prevalence of bullying and its relationship with student’s sex and age, distribution of student roles, as well as characteristics of a bully such as sex, age and number. The survey data were obtained from 1,526 high school students in grades 2 through 4, from 19 Belgrade high schools. The findings of the study show that during the 2019/2020 school year slightly more than one third of students were involved in bullying. When it comes to bullying victimization, Belgrade high schools are slightly below the world average. Other characteristics generally do not differ from those found in previous research, and its main peculiarity is the fact that older students were more likely to experience bullying victimization, whereas no age-related differences were found when it comes to bullying perpetration.

On the Topography and Demography of the Prague Jewish Town Prior to the the Pogrom of 1389

Author(s): Alexandr Putík / Language(s): English Issue: 1/1995

The aim of this study is, in first place, the reconstruction of the size of the Prague Jewish Town (Jewish Quarter of the Old Town of Prague) from the fifties to the eighties of the 14th century. Determining the size and number of houses in the Ghetto forms the basis for a more realistic estimate of the number of Jewish inhabitants in the period prior to the pogrom of 1389. To the extent needed to attain the main aim, this study touches on questions about the beginning of the Jewish Quarter.

Die Wannsee-Konferenz nach einem halben Jahrhundert

Author(s): Miroslav Kárný / Language(s): German Issue: 1/1992

The article discusses the historical significance and context of the Wannsee Conference, which was held on January 20, 1942 in Berlin to coordinate the implementation of the "Final Solution" of the Jewish question in Nazi-occupied Europe. The author argues that the conference was not the starting point of the genocide of European Jews, but rather a bureaucratic meeting to inform and involve various state agencies in the ongoing mass murder that had already begun in the Soviet Union and Poland. The author also analyzes the motivations and roles of different Nazi leaders, such as Hitler, Göring, Himmler, and Heydrich, in planning and executing the "Final Solution", as well as the euphemistic terminology and deceptive methods they used to conceal their criminal intentions.

Communications

Author(s): Markéta Petrášová,Bedřich Nosek,Otakar Petrik,Jarmila Škochová / Language(s): English,French,German Issue: 1/1984

Exposition „Terezín dans les dessins des prisonniers 1941—1945“; “The Precious Legacy“ — An Exhibition from the Collections of the State Jewish Museum; International Scientific Session in Warsaw; Review of: Jacek E. Vilczur, Roman Hrabar, Zofia Tokarz — Czas niewoli, czas šmierci. Martyrologia polskich dzieci podczas okupacji hitlerowskiej, Warszawa 1981, 211 S.

Communications

Author(s): Jarmila Škochová,Markéta Petrášová / Language(s): French Issue: 1/1985

Les dessins de Terezín par les membres de la famille Klein; Exposition „Le Génocide hitlérien en Europe et en Pologne 1933—1945“