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J. M. Coetzee's Age of Iron: The Odyssey of Returning Back to One's Ethical Self by Loving the Other

Author(s): Moradi Arash,Pourgiv Farideh / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

J. M. Coetzee’s Age of Iron depicts the apocalyptic years of racial rage and violence in South Africa. In this paper, an attempt is made to delineate Elizabeth Curren’s difficult ‘journey’ back to her ethical self by using Homi Bhabha’s theory of the nation and Emanuel Levinas’s ethical philosophy. First, it is discussed how the apartheid regime has pedagogically inculcated the white population of South Africa with the ideas of superiority and indifference over the black population. Then, Curren’s arduous journey back to her ethical self is discussed showing how by acting in a performative manner her ethical self learns not to pass judgements on the other becoming once again capable of sympathizing and empathizing with as well as loving the other. Coetzee speaks about and refers to the apartheid obliquely and indirectly since having done otherwise would have strengthened the apartheid regime by ‘reflecting’ and ‘supplementing’ history. Alluding to several other literary works enables Coetzee not only to depict the hellish conditions of South Africa indirectly but also to offer the possibility of some kind of redemption for his protagonists. Coetzee presents love and understanding for the other as the only solution for post-apartheid South African people.

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LESSONS IDENTIFIED IN THE RUSSIA’S WAR OF AGGRESSION AGAINST UKRAINE*

Author(s): Florian CÎRCIUMARU,Dan Lucian PETRESCU,Crăişor-Constantin Ioniţă,Mirela Atanasiu,Cristina Bogzeanu,Cristian Băhnăreanu,Alexandra SARCINSCHI,Mihai ZODIAN,Daniela LICĂ / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

Entering the second year, the RussianUkrainian war continues to keep the headline in every scientific endeavour on security and defence and, also, in the media. The surprise is not as much as it happens, because after the 2014 Crimea annexation, the ensuing tensions in Donbas and the Winter 2021 Russian build up forces in the area, the perspectives of war were very high, not to mention, obvious. The eyebrows are raised when examining how Kremlin has decided to follow its objectives, whatever they may be, because during the military conflict, they have morphed along the entire spectrum of Military Art: strategic, operational and tactic. In this matter, as demonstrated many times, taking into account the Russian (even) official declarations is not an option to reach realistic conclusions. Thus, the surprise comes from the belligerents’ approach to war, especially from the ways adopted in the strategies implemented in achieving their goals. Choosing the armed conflict with classic military operations carried out in a non-joint approach, instead of the are meant to better explain the concerning events and provide knowledge that help us understand their causes and the consequences in order to build experience, identify the necessary changes to current approach to warfare and implement them in doctrines. Obviously, these lessons can be identified at all levels of the Military Art, and some of them have multi-level implications. We will focus on the strategic level, with some insertions, where necessary, from operational and tactical levels.

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The Pomeranian Crime of 1939 as the Onset of Genocide during the Second World War

Author(s): Tomasz Ceran / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

From the very beginning of the invasion of Poland in September 1939, the Germans conducted mass murders of Polish civilians in the entire country, however their scale differed in individual of the occupied regions. The greatest crimes were perpetrated in the pre-war Pomeranian Voivodeship, where approx. 30,000 people were murdered. The German terror did not assume such proportions in any other region of annexed Poland. These atrocities targeted mainly the Polish intelligentsia, but also farmers and workers. A thousand patients of psychiatric hospitals and hundreds of Pomeranian Jews were executed and buried in the same death pits. Apart from the Einsatzgruppen units, members of the German minority – the activists of the Selbstschutz Westpreussen – also played a special role in this crime. They were particularly exposed to and receptive of the Nazi ideology due to the German propaganda concerning the so-called Pomeranian corridor and the Bloody Sunday in Bydgoszcz. The planned extermination campaign, which Rafał Lemkin believed to be the first physical genocide of the war, was portrayed as an act of self-defense and retaliation for the death of the Volksdeutschers. In order to emphasize the importance of the events that unfolded in Gdańsk Pomerania in 1939 as the onset of the genocidal German occupation policy, a new historical concept was introduced: “the Pomeranian crime of 1939.”

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Zbrodnia pomorska 1939 jako początek ludobójstwa w czasie II wojny światowej

Author(s): Tomasz Ceran / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2020

Niemcy od momentu wkroczenia do Polski we wrześniu 1939 roku dokonywali masowych mordów na polskiej ludności cywilnej w całym kraju, lecz ich skala w poszczególnych regionach okupowanej Polski była różna. Do największych zbrodni doszło na terenie przedwojennego województwa pomorskiego, gdzie zamordowano ok. 30 tys. osób. W żadnym innym regionie zaanektowanej Polski terror niemiecki nie był aż tak wielki. Zbrodni dokonywano przede wszystkim na polskiej inteligencji, ale także na rolnikach i robotnikach. W tych samych dołach śmierci pogrzebano tysiąc rozstrzelanych pacjentów szpitali psychiatrycznych i setki pomorskich Żydów. Szczególną rolę w tej zbrodni, obok jednostek Einsatzgruppen, odgrywali członkowie mniejszości niemieckiej – aktywiści Selbstschutzu Westpreussen. Byli oni szczególnie podatni na ideologię nazistowską ze względu na intensywność propagandy dotyczącej tzw. korytarza pomorskiego i bydgoskiej „krwawej niedzieli”. Zaplanowaną akcję eksterminacyjną, która w rozumieniu Rafała Lemkina była pierwszym w czasie wojny ludobójstwem fizycznym, przedstawiano jako akt samoobrony i zemstę za śmierć volksdeutschów. W celu podkreślenia znaczenia wydarzeń na Pomorzu Gdańskim w 1939 roku jako początku niemieckiej ludobójczej polityki okupacyjnej utworzono nowe pojęcie historyczne – „zbrodnia pomorska 1939”.

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ILO Convention No. 190 concerning the Elimination of Violence and Harassment in the World of Work and Recommendation No. 206

Author(s): Eva Kocher / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2023

Violence and harassment are present in the world of work in the most diverse forms. The ILO Violence and Harassment Convention 2019 should therefore be of great importance for labour law practice. It was adopted on 21 June 2019, together with the non-binding Recommendation for Implementation (No. 206), on the occasion of the centenary of the ILO. As the Convention falls partly within the competence of the European Union, with the EU not being able to ratify the Convention itself, the European Commission has invited the member states to ratify the Convention by the end of 2022. The German Federal Government is currently planning ratification. In the following, I give an overview of the Convention and, using German law as an example, discuss how it could be implemented in a legal system shaped by EU law.

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Odpowiedź Kościoła katolickiego na problem wykorzystywania seksualnego osób nieletnich przez duchownych w latach 1984-2022

Author(s): Andrzej Kobyliński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2 (32)/2022

In 2022, the Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors became an integral part of the Dicastery of the Doctrine of the Faith. In this way, the will of Pope Francis was expressed to emphasize the importance of these activities that make the Catholic Church a safe place for minors. The main purpose of the research undertaken in the article is to analyze the most important stages of the fight against sexual abuse by Catholic clergy in the years 1984-2022 and to present selected ethical and legal aspects of the drama of sexual abuse of children and adolescents.

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Obóz przy ul. Przemysłowej w Łodzi i powojenne rozliczenia z jego historią

Author(s): Tomasz Toborek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

Polen-Jugendverwahrlager der Sicherheitspolizei in Litzmannstadt commonly referred to as the camp on Przemysłowa Street in Łódź, in operation between December 1942 and 19 January 1945 was a very special place. This is because it was the only place where exclusively children were held under conditions comparable to concentration camps. The article takes a closer look at the reality that minor prisoners had to face and the history of this cruel place. The most important theme, however, is the post-war reckoning with the history of the camp, mainly in the form of trials of child abusers. We also learn how the history of the camp was manipulated in the post-war era to achieve the desired propaganda effect and how its history and victims were being exploited. The author is highly critical of the content of the only monograph on the camp by Józef Witkowski and describes in detail the notorious court case of Eugenia Pol from 1970–1976. She was then sentenced to 25 years in prison. To this day, it is difficult to determine whether the camp supervisor was in fact a ruthless torturer or a victim of a judicial crime. Without settling the issue definitively, the author presents how the unreliable conduct of Eugenia Pol’s trial today hinders the search for the truth and is a pretext for further misrepresentations and manipulations.

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«Миф Эльзы Брендстрём» и его влияние на историю военнопленных стран Четверного союза в России

Author(s): Vladimir A. Shalamov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 41/2022

During the First World War, prisoners of war from the countries of the Quadruple Alliance were distributed among concentration camps throughout the Russian Empire. At first, due to the country’s unpreparedness to receive such a large number of captives, their conditions of detention were unsatisfactory. Neutral organizations come to their aid. Elsa Brandstrom, a sister of mercy of the Swedish Red Cross, is best known. She was the daughter of a Swedish envoy to Russia, who was distinguished by pro-German views. During the war years, thanks to her tireless energy, germanophilia and russophobia, she gained extraordinary popularity in the German environment. When the civil war broke out in eastern Russia, Elsa Brandstrom drove across the front line with large funds intended to help prisoners of war. After returning to her homeland, she published a memoir for charitable purposes, in which she summarized all her experience of the war. Contemporaries perceived her book as the main source on the history of captivity in Russia. Her altruism and desire to help former prisoners and after the war created around her a myth of holiness and infallibility. Numerous public appearances and lectures have strengthened her credibility. The lack of critical understanding of her activities and her publications, as well as the lack of opposition from the Russian side, gave rise to the illusion of the correctness of her judgments. Ultimately, this led to a distortion of the history of the stay of prisoners of war of the countries of the Quadruple Alliance in Russia. To date, Russian and foreign historiography has accumulated a sufficient volume of criticism to consider how the “Elsa Brandstrom myth” was formed and what impact it had.

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SUBMISSION - STRENGTH OR WEAKNESS?

Author(s): Marinela David / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2020

This paper aims to highlight the drama of total submission of a drifting society, while observing the immanence of the mechanisms of human nature in the face of general collapse. In order to achieve the content, it was approached systemically, based on the transdisciplinary methodology, as it can be intercepted in one of Michel Houellebecq's most publicized novels, Submission.

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Judith S. Kestenberg i ucieczka w (nie)pamięć o Zagładzie

Author(s): Klara Naszkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2022

This article reconstructs the biography and the complex, intercultural, and international identity of Judith S. Kestenberg (1910–1999) – a Polish Jew born in an Orthodox family in Galicia, Austria-Hungary; a medical student in Vienna; an emigrant to the United States; a pioneer of psychoanalysis and therapeutic work with Holocaust survivors, dealing with the trauma of a daughter of Holocaust victims; and, last but not least, a mother and wife. The text presents the complex circumstances of Kestenberg’s departure from Austria in mid-1937 and her metaphorical escapes from the unbearable reality of the war and the Holocaust, as well as her complicated, ambiguous, and evolving attitude toward the losses and traumas suffered as a result of the war, the Holocaust, and the emigration, as well as toward Jewish and Polish identity. The article presents Kerstenberg’s personal attitude toward the Shoah which resulted from her losing her parents and her obsessive dedication to therapeutic work with the Holocaust survivors. During the first post-war decades in the milieus of Jewish survivors, immigrants, and even mental health professionals (including psychoanalysts) dominant was the conviction that it was better to forget the war, trauma, and loss. In 1968 Kestenberg began to create a new field of knowledge dedicated to survivors who had experienced wartime persecutions at a very young age. She believed that the only way to deal with the difficult past events was to talk about them, acknowledge them, and preserve them in the individual and collective memory. The author reconstructed the history of Kestenberg’s family history and her biography on the basis of archival sources. Official historical sources usually ignore the voices and experiences of minorities, including women, Jews, immigrants, and non-citizens. This is why this article utilizes personal history materials such as memoirs, letters, published and unpublished interviews, and oral history (speeches, and the conversations I have had) as well as Kestenberg’s texts about her research on survivors.

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Are Rural People Liberal toward Their Family and Societal Responsibilities? Evidence from Bangladesh

Author(s): Delwar Hossain,Rabiul Islam / Language(s): English Issue: 81/2023

Gender ideology has long been a discussed issue in the field of social science, particularly gender studies. This study aims to explore the category of people's gender ideology toward their family and societal responsibilities in rural Bangladesh. Following a mixed-methods approach, this study interviewed 400 rural people (200 men and 200 women, between 18 and 50 years) and conducted two FGDs from eight cluster villages at Paba Upazila of Rajshahi District in Bangladesh. The result shows that people were liberal in the context of household chores and decisions (strongly agreed to share taking care of an infant, housekeeping/cooking, and freedom of choice in taking matrimonial decisions) but traditional and transitional in acceptance of male privilege and preferences for female privilege respectively. This study argues that patriarchal adherence is reflected in people’s gender ideology. Our study results suggest better awareness of rural people to transform their traditional gender ideology in the family and societal responsibilities in Bangladesh. These findings add new knowledge about the gender ideology of rural people and contribute as a prior field to promote liberal attitudes among both men and women in Bangladesh.

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THE FIGHT AGAINST GENDER VIOLENCE IN LATIN AMERICA USING DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS

Author(s): Alexandru Mihai Ghigiu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The aim of this paper is to address the problem of violence against women, and femicide in Latin America through an analysis of the feminist social movement #NiUnaMenos. We are trying to bring a new perspective on the societal efforts to fight violence against women in Latin America, and emphasize the important role of social media in raising awareness about this terrible phenomenon. #NiUnaMenos is a somehow recent social movement that can offer powerful insights concerning this contemporary phenomenon but also the extent to which it fits into the traditional theories of social movements. The work is focused on how this movement has evolved from a local to a regional and international phenomenon, bringing as arguments empirical, quantitative and qualitative methods. Compared with previous social initiatives, the new social media instruments, such as Facebook, Instagram, Tik Tok or Twitter, changed the way in which these protests were organized and greatly spread their demands and objectives.

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Anders Behring Breivik. Studium przypadku skrajnie prawicowego terrorysty – samotnego wilka (część 2)

Author(s): Krzysztof Izak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3 (3)/2023

In the second part of the article on the case of Anders Behring Breivik, the author answers the questions of whether the attack could have been prevented and what impact it had on public sentiment, the nature of the changes to internal security policy in Norway and the performance of the country’s security services. In addition, he analyses Breivik’s actions in terms of whether he meets the criteria of a lone wolf terrorist, as well as describing terrorist attacks prepared or carried out by his imitators.

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Eğitim Örgütlerinde Çatışma ve Çatışma Yönetimi

Author(s): Şevket ŞAFAKOĞULLARI / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 29/2023

The data obtained show that conflicts are inevitable within educational organizations and if not handled correctly, these conflicts can negatively affect organizational productivity. This article provides an overview of the nature, types and sources of conflicts in educational organizations. The types and effectiveness of conflict management techniques are also discussed. Among the sources of conflicts are factors such as organizational structure, role ambiguity, different value and belief systems, communication problems and resources. The most common types of conflicts in educational organizations include administrator-teacher, teacher-student, teacher-teacher and studentstudent conflicts. Types and effectiveness of conflict management techniques are also discussed in the article. These include techniques such as compromise, competition, cooperation, avoidance, and conformity. The article also highlights the factors that play a role in the conflict management process. These factors include personality traits, cooperation, communication, trust, and leadership. In conclusion, conflict management within educational organizations is an important factor to increase organizational efficiency. This article highlights the importance of research in this area by presenting a summary of important studies in the literature on conflict management in educational organizations.

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Najnowsze kierunki zmian regulacyjnych w zakresie walut wirtualnych z perspektywy przeciwdziałania praniu pieniędzy i finansowaniu terroryzmu, z uwzględnieniem wpływu pandemii COVID-19 na wzrost obrotu bezgotówkowego

Author(s): Dariusz Gradzi / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2021

In recent years, nothing has contributed so much to the development and digital expansion of technology, including the field of cashless transactions, as the situation caused by the global COVID-19 pandemic. Increased traffic of electronic payments and virtual currencies may generate more interest in these areas from criminal groups. The number of fraudulent card transactions in the first half of 2020 increased by 11.4% compared to the second half of 2019. Among the new regulatory trends in AML/CTF in the field of virtual currencies, the Digital Finance Package should be distinguished. It consists of the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament on markets in crypto-assets and amendments to the AML/CTF Act. The specificity and formalism of these rules, but also the related operating costs, may lead to a significant collapse in the virtual currencies market and the escape of investors and money to Asian markets. The current regulations are a manifestation of a total legal solution, which will not favour technological development.

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THEORETICAL GUIDELINES REGARDING AGGRESSIVENESS, VIOLENCE AND CRIME IN THE FAMILY, WITH NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES ON SCHOOL BEHAVIOR AND ACTIVITY

Author(s): Victor AMARANDI / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 26/2021

Gradually, we observe an increase in the number of abused children or children who are victims of various types of abuse. Children are exposed to different types and degrees of neglect, as well as emotionally, physically or sexually abusive behaviours. The abusive behaviours can lead to diminished intellectual capacity and the formation of a problematic personality. Sometimes, the personality and marital problems in adults are because they were exposed to similar, incorrect and abusive behaviours during childhood. Experiencing abusive behaviours in childhood can conduct to the formation of children or adults who do not know much about what safety and gratitude mean. Also, this can lead to parents who are not able to pass on to their children what they have not received themselves. The children can be overwhelmed by the task of raising and educating the next generation.

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Social Learning Reflected in Younger Generations’ Lives. Case Study: The Bobo Clown Experiment and The Famous Youtuber Og Mcskillet

Author(s): V. Bătrânu-Pințea,Claudiu Coman / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

This paper aims to discuss and thoroughly analyze, aided using content analysis, and make use of certain theoretical support available regarding primary social learning, approximately how many and what certain events in a child’s life can affect his or her behavior. We discuss how Albert Bandura’s experiment involving the Bobo Clown doll revealed some troubling aspects no matter their age or even intellectual capacities. All these behaviors can, unfortunately, irreversibly affect a child’s harmonious development, both psychologically as well as emotionally. Virtual liberty also poses a threat in this case. This article proposes to take a deeper look into this phenomenon, constructing a base that starts early historically.

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TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS FOR PROSTITUTION, ECONOMIC, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS

Author(s): Alexandru Bogdan Romaniuc / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 29/2022

The phenomenon of prostitution is difficult to study for several reasons. Trafficking in women for prostitution sometimes takes on seemingly legal forms, with the persons in question crossing the borders with legal documents. The deeds can be committed by coercion, kidnapping, use of force, fraud, speculation of situations of economic or psychological vulnerability, but also with the consent of the person to be prostituted, based on the promise of a substantial remuneration, and trafficking is denounced by victim only when the trafficker no longer keeps his promise. In relation to the rule of law, networks of traffickers and pimps are also a separate crime factor. Trafficking in human beings by borders is preferred by drug or arms traffickers, because in the first case the risks are considerably lower, human traffickers together with prostitutes who have consented to it, cross the borders legally, without being able to demonstrate the real purpose and intentions of the trip. If we add to all this a perverted moral norm and deficient legal regulations, then we have the picture of a really serious social issue.

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Non-realistic elements in the Russia / “collective West” conflict

Author(s): Artem N. Sunami / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 2/2023

The article examines the Russia / ”Collective West” conflict since Vladimir Putin’s Munich speech at 2007 to last Ukrainian crisis. Using classic conflict theories expounded by L. Coser, R. Dahrendorf, K. Boulding, L. Kriesberg, the author analyzes the tendency of the gradual prevalence of the conflict of values over the conflict of interests in Russia/“Collective West” relations. It opines that the irrationalization of the conflict makes non-realistic improvements to conflict that loses its previous ontological features, attachment to a geographical, cultural or political location, and the goals that it manifests acquire an existential character. The author concludes that only the return of the conflict to the basic state of the conflict of interests is able to connect peace initiatives with the real interests of all parties again.

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War in Ukraine as a long-term effect of NATO intervention against Yugoslavia? An overview

Author(s): Christian V. Costamagna / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 2/2023

The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 can also be traced back to historical processes and not only to contingent causes. In this paper, I will try to understand whether it is possible to argue that the current armed conflict in Ukraine is a long-term effect of the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. The aim of the research is to critically analyze the interpretations that see in the NATO intervention against Yugoslavia a historical turning point and what consequences it had. The research is based on the current scholarly literature and on the speeches of Russian state officials, and is carried out adopting an historical approach and a comparative method.

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