PREVARA, LEVANTINSKA PRAGMATIČNO-LUDINSKA STRUKTURA
Literarni »prikaz« Levanta u nas se obično pripaja predstavama o delu Ive Andrića, kalo jedna od značajnih, no ne i prenaglašenih njegovih odrednica.
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Literarni »prikaz« Levanta u nas se obično pripaja predstavama o delu Ive Andrića, kalo jedna od značajnih, no ne i prenaglašenih njegovih odrednica.
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The article addresses suffixal helonyms, which constitute a peculiar and interesting layer of the so called non-equivalent lexis. In order to reveal the motivated connection between their formal structure and meaning, these representatives of the hydronym class are analysed using the linguistic methods of structural, semantic, motivological analysis. As comprehensive information about the denotatum as possible is in use; the article also makes use of the data about the linguistic consciousness of the informants from the area under analysis, which were recorded in the “Land Names” questionnaires (1935–1937), as well as the surviving additional information enabling us to grasp their knowledge and experience and helping to understand the onomastic situation. The article is valuable for the science of lexicology and its other branches: ethnolinguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, cognitive linguistics, the practice of local toponymy, and the conception of the phenomenon of the proper word. The interpretation of the fragment of nature (marshy places) in the language system of a certain area emerging from the study is important in the context of cultural globalization. The findings of the study could contribute to the solution of the issues of regional self-consciousness and identity.
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Due to globalization, migration, tourism and other reasons multiculturalism and multilingualism have become the rule rather than the exception. In this context films, on the one hand, serve as a reflection of multilingual and multicultural reality, on the other hand, multilingualism inevitably occurs by translating films for different audiences since (interlingual) translation involves at least two languages. Films, in which characters belong to different cultures and languages, pose a considerable challenge to translators. Such a case is the American animated film “Ratatouille” (2007), which action takes place in France and most of its characters are French. However, by adapting the film for the main target audience – the children – the character identity is revealed not using complete foreign language dialogues but creatively combining various modes: verbal acoustic (dialogues and lyrics), verbal visual (written texts), nonverbal visual (images) and nonverbal acoustic (nondiegetic music). The same modes are applied to render culture-specific items, especially food and drink names. Since verbal mode varies depending on the target audience, American English source language as well as Lithuanian, Russian and French dubbed versions of the film “Ratatouille” will be compared in order to determine semiotic modes, which convey Frenchness. Additionally, by comparing selected dubbed versions of the film, amusing translations, resulting exactly from the encounter of cultures and languages, will be presented as well. For the research methodological approaches of audiovisual translation, multimodality and comparative method will be applied.
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In diesem Aufsatz wird am Beispiel der Urkunden der Fürsten von Rügen untersucht, wie Arenga und visueller Eindruck zum Zweck der Herrschaftsrepräsentation eingesetzt wurden. Dafür wurden sowohl die edierten Urkunden als auch in Archiven aufbewahrte Originale betrachtet. Die fürstliche Kanzlei von Rügen wird als exemplarischer Fall für die Entwicklung der pragmatischen Schriftlichkeit in Ostmitteleuropa genommen, und zwar zu einer Zeit, als in dieser historischen Region die Verwendung fürstlicher Urkunden dramatisch expandierte. Urkunden waren im Europa des Mittelalters mehr als nur rechtliche Dokumente: Sie hatten auch eine symbolische Funktion in der Darstellung von Herrschaft. Es wird hier argumentiert, dass in der Forschung zur Herrschaftsrepräsentation durch Urkunden bislang der Standpunkt der Empfänger zu wenig berücksichtigt worden ist. Die Kontextualisierung der Belege legt nahe, dass Empfänger auf die Ausgestaltung von Arengen und visuellen Mitteln Einfluss nehmen konnten.
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Language and Systems Theory: Critical Remarks on the Luhmannian Conception. This paper assesses Luhmann’s conception of language as structural coupling. Luhmann treated language as a medium, but also tried to incorporate the Saussurean concept of sign. The paper will deal with three conflictive points. The first one is the erasure of all psychic reference that Luhmann performs. The second issue is Luhmann’s refusal to consider language as a system. The third point poses the question about the ontological bases of language, in comparison to those of the autopoietic systems.
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A comparative analysis of the linguocultural, linguocognitive, and semantic properties of phraseological units of the Chinese and Kazakh languages with totemic components was performed with regard to the interaction of two semiotic systems – the natural language and culture. The research was performed with the help of the linguocultural and linguocognitive methods to comprehensively describe the linguistic and cultural semantics of phraseological units with totemisms. To illustrate the internal form of the studied linguistic units, the etymological and descriptive methods were used, as well as the methods of semantic identification and cognitive interpretation. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the axiological aspect in the mental set of different nations is nothing more than a combination of systematized knowledge and concepts about the environment and the world, which are viewed through the prism of social and emotional experience. The research is highly relevant due to the original approach and the desire to investigate the problem of totemic code in the Chinese and Kazakh linguistic cultures through imaginative means.
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Employment discrimination is a form of discrimination realised by employers with a focus on race, gender, religion, national origin, physical or mental disability and age. Employment discrimination can reduce the productivity of employees, cause them to have negative perceptions of the organization, negatively affect corporate loyalty and even cause work accidents that may cause serious injuries or even deaths in the workplace. In order to prevent such discrimination to a certaian extent public spot advertisements are prepared by official and non-official institutions to prevent discrimination in the workplaces and it is aimed to raise public awareness on employment discrimination. In this study, it was tried to put forward what messages were given and how to form awareness in public spot advertisements prepared in the international field against employment discrimination. In the spots offered by 3 different institutions from Northern European countries, Finland and Denmark, to show the discrimination to the public, attention has been paid to ensure that there are basic points of discrimination such as race, religion, disabled and gender, all of which are the basic general types of discrimination. For this purpose, public spot advertisements of three different institutions determined by using purposive sampling method were examined in light of Swiss Linguist Ferdinand de Saussure's Indicators Model and French Anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss's Binary Contrast Model. In the findings of the study, it was revealed that the sense of sadness was formed for the employees who were discriminated in the workplaces and it was aimed to form sensitivity in the society for the employees with the feeling of sadness.
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Jadwiga Waniakowa (2012) twierdzi, iż wraz z nazwą kwiatów wędrowały wierzenia, tak jak miało to miejsce w przypadku „niezapominajki”. Bogactwo nazw, skrywane tajniki i wędrówki myśli ludzkiej, nawiązanie do kontekstów politycznych i historycznych oraz właściwości leczniczych i zjawisk okultystycznych sprawiają, że symbol kwiatu staje się pojęciem wielowymiarowym. Niniejszy referat ma na celu zobrazowanie sposobu postrzegania rzeczywistości przez symbolikę rośliny odzwierciedloną w nazwach. W szczególności, punkt wyjścia stanowią legendy i wierzenia Słowian. Głównym założeniem jest wstępna weryfikacja, czy w języku polskim słowiańskie skojarzenia związane z rośliną odzwierciedlone są w nazwach roślin oraz czy, tym samym, nastąpiła migracja wierzeń słowiańskich poprzez migrację nazw do kultury anglosaskiej. Fitonimy przedstawione zostały z perspektywy diachronicznej i synchronicznej. Nieodzownym elementem poszukiwań oraz wyzwaniem jest również podjęta próba tłumaczenia zwyczajowych nazw dawnych. Dociekania badawcze rozpoczęły się od analizy nazwy „wyżlin większy”/Antirrhinum majus L. Polska nazwa rośliny („wyżlin”) oznaczająca dawniej „pysk zwierzęcy, szczególnie psi albo cielęcy obrany ze skóry i mięsa” 1 odzwierciedlona jest w dawnych nazwach angielskich takich jak Dog’s-mouth [pysk psi] czy Calf’s-mouth [pysk cielęcy](Nowick 2015: 36). W języku polskim zaś roślina znana jest jako lwia paszcza. Waniakowa (2012) advocates migration of plant names together with associated folk beliefs as in the case of ‘forget-me-not’. The abundance of names, concealed secrets and wandering nature of human mind, reference to political contexts and historical backgrounds as well as healing properties and occult phenomena render the symbol of a flower multidimensional. The paper is supposed to depict the manner in which the reality is perceived via the plant’s symbolism embodied in its name. In particular, these are Slavic legends and beliefs analyzed as semantic motivation of the plant’s denomination process that constitute the paper’s main thrust. The key assumption, however, is initial verification whether Slavic associations with plants are reflected in their names in the Polish language, and whether the migration of Slavic beliefs via migration of names into the Anglo-Saxon culture has taken place. Phytonyms are presented from a diachronic and synchronic perspective. Further, an integral element of the study shall be an attempt to translate old and contemporary Polish and English plant names.
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The study consists of four parts. The first part is devoted to the beginnings of cultural linguistics in Poland, connected with the Wrocław-based programme for research on Polish national culture, the emergence of the “Language and Culture” research network (and a publication series with the same title), and the launch of the Lublin-based journal Etnolingwistyka in 1988. The second part contains examples of linguistic facts being viewed in cultural perspective, with a special role of the lexicon as the “mirror of culture”. Part three presents a repertoire of seven conceptual constructs proposed in Lublin cognitive ethnolinguistics (linguistic worldview, stereotypes as cultural concepts, cognitive definition, viewpoint and interpretive perspective, profiling of base images, values, and the experiencing, conceptualizing, and speaking subject). Finally, the fourth part illustrates the application of this theoretical framework in an analysis of the Polish cultural concept of PRACA ‘work’. Artykuł składa się z czterech części. W pierwszej autor przypomina początki formowania się lingwistyki kulturowej w Polsce, związane z wrocławskim programem badań nad polską kulturą narodową, utworzeniem konwersatorium „Język a Kultura” (też serii wydawniczej pod takim tytułem) i lubelskiego rocznika Etnolingwistyka w roku 1988. W drugiej podaje przykłady traktowania faktów językowych w perspektywie kulturowej, eksponując rolę słownictwa jako zwierciadła kultury. W trzeciej przedstawia 7-punktowe instrumentarium pojęciowe wypracowane w ramach lubelskiej etnolingwistyki kognitywnej (językowy obraz świata, stereotypy traktowane jako koncepty kulturowe, definicja kognitywna, punkt widzenia i perspektywa interpretacyjna; profilowanie bazowych wyobrażeń; wartości; podmiot doświadczający, konceptualizujący i werbalizujący). Na koniec na przykładzie jednego konceptu PRACA pokazane zostają efekty analizy z zastosowaniem przedstawionego tego instrumentarium pojęciowego.
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In this is the review of Ewa Szczęsna’s book Digital Semiopoetics Kaźmierczak focuses on key themes such as the digital sign, text and discourse. He also refers to the new discipline called “digital semiopoetics”.
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The aim of this paper is to highlight the way in which Bram Stoker chose to represent the Romanian landscape with a view to creating terror and conveying the sense of otherness to an area of wilderness and superstition. The representation of such a place is “embedded” in a novel where Transylvania no longer belongs to a real, but to an “imaginative geography”, standing for threat, menace and supernatural. The stylistic approach will bring to the fore the meanings attached to this land situated “beyond the forest”, on the very edge of Europe.
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The first step in combating speech and language disorders, is checking if specific language development steps from infancy and toddlerhood have been done. Students from families with financial difficulties, that lack early childhood cognitive development, tend to be less skilled in reading or writing.To avoid school dropout, we focused on identifying these issues when a child starts school and apply a ten week program.This program has two components, one for teachers and the other for students. The main goal is to identify if certain early development milestones have been met, memory and atention development and phonology conscience. The program has proved it's eficacity even during the corona virus pandemic
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According to the literature, we are talking about a language delay when the child fails to reach the level oflanguage evolution, compared to his chronological age. In fact, we know that language development isclosely linked to cognitive development. Therefore, the structure of language is influenced by the degree ofcognitive development. Knowing that the language delay may exists as a secondary pathology in mostintellectual disabilities and can be recognized by the poverty of vocabulary, the inability to expressthemselves correctly in sentences or phrases, being reached phonetic, lexical and grammatical aspects, Iwanted to surprise in this study the features of language development in young children oriented towardsour school by proposing a complex, multidimensional approach to early assessment of language skills andcapturing the effect of a multidimensional intervention program that will ultimately lead to theconfiguration of functional communication skills. Children included in this study are enrolled in thekindergarten group or in the preparatory class, aged between 4 and 8 years. These children are alsodiagnosed with mild or moderate intellectual disability.The program took place in two stages. In the first stage, a multidimensional evaluation was performed, onall sides of the language by applying tests, scales or evaluation tests. The results obtained by the childrenwere interpreted and presented at the level of some case studies. In the second stage, we proposed anintervention program that aims to enrich and activate vocabulary, by applying the "50 word-list technique-T⁵⁰", training phonetic and phonological skills, those related to structural semantics and lexical semanticsand shaping morphological skills, which will lead to the configuration of a functional communication skillrelated to chronological and mental age.
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The paper aims at presenting the contemporary usage of the verb shall in Modern English. The traditional principles governing the usage of shall constitute a complex paradigm in which the implications of different forms change according to the person of the subject. The statistics show that the verb shall experienced a dramatic fall in frequency of use between the early 1960s and 1990s. The author is aiming at presenting the evolution of the verb shall throughout the centuries, its reorganization and the way it has altered. The Old English shall expressed obligation/necessity whereas the Middle English usage indicated to the predicative element of the verb in question. Furthermore, the author explores the difference in application between will and shall. The semantic shift of shall appears to be a natural consequence of the competition it lost to will. Moreover, in shall seems to be retracting to the narrow niche of seldom usage. The article also indicates to the use of shall in present-day English both in American and British varieties. In American English, which is commonly assumed to be more advanced and open to change than British English, shall seems to survive in the contexts where it expresses deontic meaning.
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The present study is located to the epistemology of communication and aims mainly to clarify the inscription of the message with intent and the orientation given by it. The secondary aims to highlight ten types of materials with which the message is constructed (signs, codes, clues, indicators, clues, signals, symbols, images, symptoms, default stories). The method used is a comparative-meta-analytical one. The conclusion reached is that any message is targeted, that every message has a purpose.
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The article discusses the issues of studying and interpreting number symbolism in a literary work and characteristics of gospel number symbolism in the Christian context. In 20th-century Russian literature, the Christian tradition had a decisive impact on shaping the meaning of number symbolism. An important feature of the Christian symbolism of numbers is the correlation of number symbolism with two spheres, which can be designated as “positive” (sacral) and “negative” (sinful). The author proposes a methodology for interpreting number symbolism, which comprises three stages: 1) a description of the numbers in a literary text, 2) the correlation of these numbers with the tradition of number symbolism, 3) the interpretation of the meaning of number symbolism, which is an integral part of literary work. The article also distinguishes between two concepts - that of the number image and of the image of number, and substantiates the differences in interpretation of such images. Theoretical notions are supported by the interpretation of number symbolism in the poems of Boris Pasternak, Zinaida Gippius and Alexander Blok, where it is presented explicitly. Other images, motifs and concepts presented in the literary works augmented and added complexity to the tradition of gospel number symbolism in the poems of these authors.
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Semantics and functions of images that represent Georgia’s patron saints are examined in this article as exemplified in the Georgian Rhapsody, a collection of stories by O. Nikolayeva, stories by M. Saradzhishvili (from the books Do not rush to condemn and Next to you), Exile, a short story by V. N. Lyalin, and Wonderful journey to Orthodox Georgia by O. Rozhneva. Referring to episodes from the hagiography of Georgian saints in the texts in question allow us to trace the spiritual history of Georgia since the time of adoption of Christianity. The detailed list of saints is present in the books of О. Nikolayeva and О. Rozhneva. Even though only particular periods of Georgia’s history are reflected in the stories of М. Saradzhishvili and V. N. Lyalin, the country’s patron saints participation in the life of their characters in Georgia’s recent past or present day is undeniable. For example, Saint Equal-to-the-Apostles Nina performs a guardian function and her appearance during the Soviet years provides spiritual support to the female character of V. N. Lyalin’s story. First and foremost, a patron in combat, Saint George the Trophy Bearer is also a patron of the family. Venerable David of Garedzha is both an example of humility and a patron of the hearth and home. With his gift of prophecy, Blessed Gabriel (Urgebadze), mentioned in the book by О. Rozhneva, also assists on the path of personal salvation. Whereas О. Rozhneva’s book is exclusively focused on depicting Orthodox Georgia and its saints, the work of О. Nikolayeva provides a more comprehensive image of Georgia, including a vast stratum of the country’s cultural characteristics. In О. Nikolayeva’s book the saints represent a significant facet of Georgia’s image.
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The founder of structural linguistics, F. Saussure, noted that language is a “sort of algebra”. His followers develop this idea by borrowing elements from formal logical and mathematical languages. In this way, they attempt to reveal the deep structures of any text, regardless of its genre.The us of paradoxes in artistic literature is motivated by the writers’ desire to denote something without directly naming it. J. Derrida deals with the same problem: “How to say things without saying them”.To illustrate the role of paradoxes in literary works, we can point out the conversation between Shakespeare’s character Hamlet and the clown (the gravedigger). Other examples of paradoxes can be found in the works of R. Musil, Th. Gautier, A. Schnitzler, S. Beckett, etc.
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In the historical process, Turkish has transferred many concepts, terms and concept signs to the next generation through written texts, and these concepts, terms and concept signs have continued to be dependent on the changing cultural geography and time in the development and change process of language. The Old Uighur Turkish Period is one of the important historical periods in which Turkish shows such change and development. In particular, a significant number of texts of Buddhist environment were translated into Old Uighur Turkish by adapting them from Toharic and Sanskrit revealing a rich concept, term and sign. The concepts marked for women are also interesting in this respect. In this study, explanations about this kind of concept signs will be made in the texts of Buddhist environment and comparisons will be made about the uses both in the previous and next historical periods. It will also be explained with examples in which texts and what kind of concept signs, words and terms are used. It will also focus on whether the marked concepts, words and terms are titles or adjectives
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