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By using the methods of the ethnological research, the present article presents the dynamic of the state of the Bulgarian community in Chicago and its manifestations,as well as the reasons behind the designation of Chicago as the „Bulgarian city“not only by the local Bulgarian group but by the „others“ as well – the society, the authorities and the media in the United States. The study focuses on the spaces ofthe Bulgarians in Chicago and the metropolis, the representative institutions of thecommunity – its churches, schools, cultural and public institutions, the media, thefeasts, the events as well as the places of memory. As a certain manifestation of self-confidence and successful integration of the local Bulgarians in the multiculturalenvironment of Chicago, the article analyses also the book „Chicago – the BulgarianCity“ in which the Bulgarian community describes and identifies itself. This book as well as the examination of the social life and cultural activities of the Bulgarians in Chicago and the suburbs show that the diaspora is interwoven in the American social structure but at the same time maintains its own parallel structure which fits the American nation with its specific character.
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The paper considers the problem of personality development of young people in the Russian literature of the 18th–21st centuries. The continuity of the traditions established in the Russian literature of the 18th–19th centuries is observed based on the autobiographical prose of M.N. Murav’ev (“An Inhabitant of the Suburbs”), S.T. Aksakov (“The Childhood Years of Bagrov Grandson”, “The Family Chronicles”), V.P. Krapivin (“The Sixth Bastion”), F.A. Kamalov (“Hello, Artem!”), and B.G Weiner (“A Lapwing along the Road”). These authors refer in their works to the acute problems of childhood and adolescence: moral and spiritual development of the young person, confrontation between the good and evil among children and in their souls, questions concerning protection of the world of children from adults, and relationships between adults and children. The conclusion is made that modern literary works addressed to children form a sustained interest in reading by motivating to it in enjoyable, playful, and seriocomic manner. They proclaim the positive role of books in the development of moral qualities of children and adolescents.
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The present paper for the first time deals comprehensively with the problem of Russian educational realism as a system in the national literary culture of the 1760s–1820s in the context of basic literary discussions of the second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries. The hypothesis of the core role of this phenomenon in the development of Russian literature at the turn of the 18th–19th centuries, its syncretical orientation, as well as genre and thematic character is introduced. The prognostic conclusions about the holistic ideology of educational realism in Russia from the perspective of the leading concepts of rationality/emotionality, duty/ virtue, value of a human person without regard to their social class are drawn on the basis of a wide range of historical-literary and literary-theoretical materials. Furthermore, ways of finding prospects for investigating ideologemes of the educational realism and the Enlightenment in the focus of the so-called “middle culture” tasks in its genesis and development are also outlined in the paper. Autonomy of the genre system of the educational realism movement with interpenetration of prose, poetry and drama, which is peculiar to it, is proved in the paper under review on the basis of the most recent scientific data. The structure of the present paper is defined in line with the described research paradigms and obtained analytical results. A systemic review of the basic discussions in literary studies on the phenomenon of educational realism, its existence and meaning is given in its first part. Dwelling on the concepts of both adherents of this idea and its opponents, the author of the article comes to the conclusion about the crucial significance of the concepts of “educational realism”, in particular in the Russian historical-literary process of the last third of the 18th–the first decades of the 19th centuries. Educational realism is one of the key embodiments of the Enlightenment in Russian literature, the first stage of realism development as artistic vision, and the unique epilogue of the national literary culture of the 18th century. The second section of the paper is devoted to analysis of the ideological and thematic, philosophical and esthetical levels of the Russian educational realism system in the context of generating tasks of the “middle culture” of that time. The author’s position on the problem of genre systematicity of the national educational realism of the period of interest is proposed in the third (concluding part) of the work.
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Uluslararası ilişkiler alanında bugüne kadar geliştirilen kuramlar içinde “güç” olgusu anahtar kavramların başında gelmektedir. Fiziksel olarak güç, mevcut kuvvetlerin kullanılması ile elde edilen verimliliktir. Davranışsal bir tanımlama ile güç, istenilen sonuçları elde etmek için başkalarının davranışlarını değiştirme yeteneğidir. Uluslararası ilişkilerde güç ise, bir devletin başka bir devlete karşı uyguladığı ve normal şartlar altında o devletin yapmak istemeyeceği bir şeyi yapmasını sağlamaya yönelik etkidir2. Bir devletin uluslararası ilişkilerde uyguladığı politikanın tek vasıtası güçtür. Bu vasıtaya geliştirmek devletin amaçlarından biridir. Siyasetin bir vasıtası olarak kullanılmayan veya kullanılma becerisi gösterilmeyen yeteneğin güç olma niteliği yoktur. Politika, devletin güç ve kaynaklarını ulusal çıkar doğrultusunda hazırlama ve kullanma sanatıdır. Stratejik başarı her şeyden önce güç bileşkesinin, amaca ve zamana göre uygun kullanımını gerektirir.
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At the result of the decline of the Soviet Union the role and perspectives of Turkey in Central Asia have changed. This was resulted with the end of Soviet danger, continued for the century, as well as joining to military-political processes of the region. The role of Turkey in Central Asia didn’t cast doubt on anybody from the beginning of 1990s. It got into the agenda national interests of turkey, ethnic and religious approach in the Central Asian policy of Turkey. The history of the Turkish state, its cultural, ethnic and linguistic unity with above mentioned region created large perspectives for this state as well. The essential of Turkey in Central Asia confronted with jealousy by such states as the USA, Russia, Iran, China and India. Since the beginning of XXI century, speaking frankly after September 11, 2001 all these states did their best to accurate their policy, related to this region. Namely this formed some dangers for the regional policy of Turkey as well. Especially beginning from 2000, Russia, Iran and China attempted to approach to one another, and this was against America and Pakistan. According to this, it’s obvious to create the Triple Alliance of “Russia-China-Iran” against the priority of the US and her allies. The establishment of Shank hay organization can be considered the sample of this alliance. Doubtless, to keep the healthy positions in Central Asia in such difficult circumstances is very vague and Turkey was waited for by struggle according to this situation. It is important to shape special determined relations with Central Asian countries in the context of struggle of the US, Russia and Iran for the region. Among these, above mentioned states, only Turkey has ethnic, linguistic and religious unity with the countries of the region. That’s why Turkey has more chance to create tight relations as well.
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In this paper, we aim at analyzing financial and economic problems that stem from the 24TH January decrees as regards the Turkish economy. With the decrees of 24 th January put into force in 1980, Turkish economy was liberalized, and in 1989 by cabinet decree number 32 all audit and controls on financial transaction were removed, starting the process of deregulation. The incereasing rate of inflation and government policies heavily exploiting domestic and foreign credit resulted in a flow of hot money into the Turkish market. Hot Money does not lead to employement or investment. Rather, it aims to “make money out of money”. İn the Turkish market, hot Money provides its investors with interest-exchange rate arbitrage, while it has increased the balance of payement. In this context, trough agrements with IMF, Turkish economy has become increasingly volatile and financial fragility has considerably increasied.
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Sovyetler birliyi ve sosyalist sistem çöktükten sonra bağımsızlığına kavuşan cumhuriyetler, bir takım stratejik görevleri üstlendi. Bunlardan en önemlisi devlet bağımsızlığını ilan etmek, bu bağımsızlığı korumak ve demokratik bir hukuk devleti olma yönünde gelişmeyi sürdürmektir. Temelde demokratik prensiplere ve özgürlüklere dayanan yeni demokratik Anayasanın yürürlüğe konulması da bu yönde atılmış önemli bir adım gibi değerlendirilebilir
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The children are unique and unforgettable future personalities and should not stay outside the processes of our time as they learn from life. They should not live in an atmosphere of criticism, hostility, ridicule and shame, but in an atmosphere of tolerance, encouragement, praise, integrity, safety, goodwill, friendship and love. The analysis of the current state of Bulgarian education highlights the large number of excluded and drop-out children. In Bulgaria it is observed alarmingly high percentage of children of compulsory school age who are not included in the education system or eventually drop out later. Greater is the share of children at risk, particularly among Roma population.
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From 2004 through 2015 a Strategy for Educational Integration of Children and Students from Ethnic Minorities has been worked out and elaborated by the Ministry of Education. This article aims to examine the relationship between the Strategy and the state educational standards, regarding the problems of educational integration - the standards for inclusive education and for civic, health, environmental and intercultural education.
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This article discusses the role of gifts and hospitality in Bulgarian peasant tradition in the context of peasant society structure: small and middle size family households organized to overcome difficulties and constraints of an underdeveloped society of „communal capitalism“ where most of the young people could not enter labor market outside villages. Overpopulation results in specific strategies of economic behavior: family members worked to make their households most productive through their efforts, mutual aid between village families in critical moments of agricultural cycle, as well as intensive social interaction in the most important social events in peasant communities: birth, wedding, rites of passage, funerals, calendar customs, rites and holidays, etc. All of them contained gifts exchanges and hospitality that reflect relative social equality and regular exchange of services between families. Most archaic gifts – oral blessings and actions, presented by ritual groups („koledari“, „survakari“, „kukeri“, etc) are directed to positive influence on actual and future fruits of nature and humans health. They are exchanged for material gifts and hospitality. Collective participation in gift exchange and hospitality includes rites aimed to overcome critical moment in the families and villages: long illness or epidemics. All the collective rituals expressed unity against social and natural crises.
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The study examines the values of some students in Zlatitsa Municipality by diagnosing their cognitive activity. In meaningful aspect components, factors, terms and conditions forming the face of their value scope are considered. Some rules for prosperous life, stemming from the teachings of God, are highlighted. The results are recorded, analyzed and described as a real consequence of the modern way of thinking and behavior of young people. There stands out the need for knowledge of God and building a system of values in family and school – based on Orthodox catechism and education.
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The Institute of National Remembrance realized a program "Index of Poles, repressed and killed for assisting Jews during the Second World War". The aim of the program is to identify the names of Polish citizens who lived in the territory of the Republic of Poland before September 1, 1939 and were opressed by the Third Reich military and civilian authorities, its officers and members of the Nazi Party; by the collaborative organizations, for assisting Jewish population.
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The article presents the situation of the Poles and Jews during the German occupation in the Rzeszow region, as well as the ways of saving the Jewish population there.
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Self-sufficiency as the idea of autarky and self-reliance is a growing topic in crises time, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic. Leaving aside debates on the possibilities of a new global order, this text explores self-sufficiency as a value and practice “always there”, as generations of anthropologists have shown in their work on the household as an economic institution. Several key authors examining dialectics between mutuality and market realms are considered, with a focus on the way in which these contradictory logics play in families' strategies of making a living. Dynamics of process and change are evoked through case studies on Macedonia and the major contributions of two little-known authors – J. Obrębski (1930s) and D. Rhubottom(1960s). I argue that while markets tend to colonise the territory of communal economy, autarky, as a certain idea of autonomy, remains powerful.
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The article examines the role of rose production in building social ties in a small Bulgarian village. I argue that the specificity of rose production, namely the need to mobilize a lot of labour in a short time, leads to the construction of a system of exchange of services and lasting mutual dependencies between people of different generations, classes and ethnic groups in the region.
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The article approves the biographical approach and the case study method on a specific text fragment – the ancestral memories of a descendant of refugees from Lozengrad in 1903 about poverty, deprivation, humiliation, lack of social support and the difficult integration into the host community for three generations in a row. The empirical text is interpreted through the theoretical concepts of some of the most prominent researchers of poverty and its accompanying social dynamics such as Sorokin, Bourdieu, Simmel, etc.
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Income and prices are a major economic factor by which the well-being of a country’s population can be determined. The relationship between these two factors is assessed through the “purchasing power” indicator. It is a set of the amount of a given type of commodity that can be purchased with the total average income of a person from a household, in a certain year, if the same is spent on that commodity. In order to follow the current trends in the purchasing power of the Bulgarian population, the article examines the products that have significant consumption. Using statistical methods, modern trends in the development of incomes and the purchasing power of bread and coal products are tracked. A development prognosis for the next two years has been made.
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