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The report examins the comparative criminal law studies on the base of dialectical relationship between the norms of he general part and the norms of special part. The conclusion is that the analysis of Criminal Law concepts of the general part is a necessary basis for comparative law studies between criminal legislations.
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This paper explores the applications and implications of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) architectures in various business domains, highlighting their ability to overcome the limitations of traditional Large Language Models (LLMs). Unlike fine-tuning, which demands significant computational resources and struggles with domain-specific nuances, RAG efficiently integrates external knowledge to deliver accurate and contextually relevant responses. The paper discusses the core components of RAG systems, including vector databases and retrieval models, and showcases their practical and business.
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The aim of this article is to identify the personality traits that can characterise entrepreneurial people and to determine what they believe to be important in achieving success. Entrepreneurship is defined very broadly in the literature and researchers consider different approaches to this issue. Certainly, being entrepreneurial is a combination of knowledge, passion, hard work and active learning. What is more, in many studies there are hypotheses indicating a correlation between the possession of certain character traits, or even temperament, and the propensity to start a business. In this article, an analysis of the behavioural and attitude approach to entrepreneurship is undertaken, which means that some personal traits and behaviour of the entrepreneurial person are analysed, as well as their perceptions of the issue. A descriptive-inductive method was used, using simple statistical methods. A survey method was used to obtain empirical data. An online survey form was sent to agribusiness entrepreneurs from Poland, the entrepreneurs were randomly selected. The respondents were primarily active in industries such as fruit, vegetable processing, as well as meat. A total of 57 returns were received between January and March 2023. The questionnaire included questions on personality traits that may be conducive to an entrepreneurial attitude, as well as identifying attitudes towards certain management situations. The respondents rated themselves as extroverted and open-minded, confident in their abilities. Most respondents described themselves as sanguines. A number of scientific studies confirm that sanguines and extroverts are the people who are most successful as entrepreneurs. Considering the statements of the respondents, there was a significant difference in the inconsistency of the responses from those labelled choleric and phlegmatic. The most consistent statements were obtained from sanguinis. Sanguinis were the most likely of all respondents to believe in the strength of their predispositions and character traits. Cholerics, due to their explosive nature and not always good decisions, felt that it was appropriate to monotone external factors, as this was the basis for decision-making. As a result of the survey and the literature review, it can be confirmed that entrepreneurial personality traits play an important role when setting up one's own business and also when continuing to manage it, but also an external situation and business environment play an important role in decision-making process. All these factors should be correlated and a good entrepreneur should be able to use his/her strengths to exploit market opportunities. According to the authors of this article, it is necessary to integrate one's personality traits and aptitudes with market information and ongoing monitoring of the industry to achieve success.
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The application of a balanced scorecard (BSS) is a relatively innovative approach to assessing the effectiveness of the public sector in Bulgaria. Its application in the field of public higher education could contribute to improving the quality of educational services in higher education institutions, which are forced in modern economic and demographic conditions to rationalize the processes related to the provision of educational services and the conduct of scientific research. The implementation of such a method for assessing effectiveness allows public universities to deploy their administrative and academic potential for the successful implementation of their strategic goals and sustainable development, breaking them down through the specifics of the main directions set out in the model.
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An overview of the new world movement uniting the three main pillars of human knowledge - art, science and technology. An emerging ecosystem embodying a comprehensive vision of the multidisciplinarity of human knowledge and the time we live in, and that creates the conditions for the intersection between innovation, knowledge exchange, new forms of research and pedagogy. Why is the integration of art, science and technology such an important future skill for solving 21st Century fragmentation of culture, society, perception, research & education?
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Risk management is an integral part of the management process of any organization, including in the agricultural sector. The increasing adoption of digital technologies is becoming an essential part of the sector's activities. The aim of this publication is to analyze the opportunities for risk management in the agricultural sector through the introduction of digital activities at both macro and micro levels. Digitalization in agriculture is crucial for managing risks and reducing the negative impact of agricultural activities. It can improve primary production, supply chain, logistics performance, and reduce food losses and waste. However, digitalization may pose risks due to significant investment in digital solutions and lags behind other sectors. Traditional methods often fail to reduce risks, but digital technologies can transform communication channels, build infrastructure, and reduce errors in data entry. By implementing risk management strategies, farmers can obtain more benefits and free up resources for other sectors. At the micro level, new technologies, access to digital markets, and improved risk management are being implemented at the individual farm level, thereby contributing to the sustainable development of the agricultural sector. The publication includes the following main tasks: 1) a theoretical review of the key risks in the agricultural sector; 2) an analysis of micro and macro risks in the sector that can be managed through digital technologies; and 3) key findings and conclusions. The publication draws its information from both – theoretical sources and agricultural sector research.
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Environmental pollution leads to significant economic losses, which arise from the costs of waste treatment and management. The need for sustainable management and effective prevention and control measures is essential to reduce these negative impacts and ensure long-term economic growth and social well-being. At the same time, waste represents an opportunity to generate economic value through recycling, composting and the use of waste as raw materials. The management of waste streams and the market for secondary raw materials presents both significant challenges and many opportunities for the modern world. Proper understanding, sustainable management and appropriate utilization of these resources can initiate a new model of interaction with the environment, which in turn can contribute to achieving significant economic and environmental benefits. The object of this study is the sludge from wastewater treatment plants as part of specific waste streams, as well as their management activities and reporting values presented for a 10-year period within Bulgaria. The aggregates related to the sludge generation and recovery activities of the Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) in Bulgaria have been subject to a dynamic development during the last decade. The focus is on their recovery as a resource and not only as a waste. The thesis that by proper treatment, sludge can be transformed into a resource that can in turn be used appropriately in various processes is discussed. This can reduce the need for primary resources and contribute to the sustainable development of particular economic sectors by, for example, favoring intensive farming/agriculture activities and the implications this brings. The main objective of this paper is to classify the main types of waste streams and to look at the current status of sewage sludge and the opportunities for its reuse in the economic cycle. The main challenges and opportunities in the sector will be identified, as well as current effective management strategies and policies. An overview is also given of the legislative framework for sludge management in Bulgaria and the European Union, which plays a key role in regulating sludge recovery. It is essential to note that, under European legislation, sludge is safe where proper management is in place. With that being said, and in the light of the ongoing trends towards sustainable development, there is an increasing need to focus attention on this direction by applying specific sustainable methods for their recovery. The report highlights the importance of sustainable sludge management, with a strong emphasis on the need to continue efforts for sustainable sludge management in Bulgaria and in general.
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The report examines possible solutions for data parsing from web-based information systems. The essence of the concepts data parsing, web data parsing and web scrapping is presented. Existing methods for web scrapping in the context of web-based information systems are indicated. The report also examines the Python programming language in the context of parsing of pages in web-based information systems and covers the different ways to implement a web scraper programmatically. Finally, conclusions summarized from the study are presented regarding the possibilities for parsing pages in web-based information systems.
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In today's world, various companies and institutions often store valuable information in Excel workbooks. The amount of data and logic in these files inevitably increases. Managing the information becomes increasingly challenging, and companies are forced to consider moving the data and logic from Excel to an information system. Consequently, a software architect of such an information system is faced with the challenge not only of how to store data but also of how to transfer and implement the logic from Excel formulas into the system. This report will analyze the possibility of representing Excel logic in a database, such as an SQL server. The study outlines directions for future research.
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An analysis of the mathematical methods: Lyapunov's theory of stability and theory of bifurcations, as well as their possibility to be applied in the study of economic models, has been made. Mathematical examples are given that explain how to apply these methods. The possibility of their use in system-critical phenomena has been analyzed.
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The paper analyzes some long-term effects from the first wave of the mass privatization in Bulgaria. The analysis is based on results of national representative survey made in 2019, regarding the attitudes towards the results of the mass privatization. The main hypothesis of the analysis is that the majority of people who are contemporary of the privatization process does not evaluate the results of the mass privatization in Bulgaria as positive: not in regard to the participation of the citizens, nor regarding the state as a whole. The attitude of people who were not contemporary is mostly neutral. In the paper is also made a brief resume o f the mass privatization in the country based on public data of the Agency for Privatization.
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This paper focuses on the extent to which higher education in Bulgaria contributes to the formation of the so-called „capacity for scientific reasoning“ and hence to trust in the scientific method and institutionalized science. It is assumed that trust in scientists is an indirect measure of the quality of higher education, insofar as one of the main functions of higher education is to develop science and scientific thinking, which in turn leads to the development of positive attitudes towards the application of the rules of the scientific method to real-world situations and positive attitudes about the role of scientists in society. Using data from the 10th wave of the European Social Survey for Bulgaria, it is demonstrated that the positive role of higher education is not as pronounced as in other countries and that there are preconditions for even questioning it. This raises a number of unresolved questions for the higher education system in the country, but most of all for the role of academics themselves.
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Тhis report proposes an approach to measuring factors affecting the sales potential of business organizations. The examined key indicators allow the evaluation of various aspects of external and internal variables, as well as the identification of existing resources, capabilities, hidden reserves and untapped opportunities to increase company sales. Indicated are the subsequent future studies which are to be undertaken by the author, regarding the topic.
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This report analyzes models for measuring cultural differences by comparing Hofstede’s approach with the Global Collectivism Index (GCI). Although Hofstede’s model has made a significant contribution to the study of cultures, its nature fails to capture the contemporary dynamics of cultural change. Developed to eliminate Western biases, the GCI offers a more comprehensive analysis of collectivism across different countries. The report highlights Bulgaria’s complex cultural identity and concludes that the GCI is a more suitable tool for macro-level analysis of cultural trends in the context of globalization.
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In this report, I briefly present the need to define corruption. The main aim of this paper is an attempt to be made for clarifying the essence of corruption. For achieving this goal various definitions and approaches to corruption are described. Some of the definitions are used at the state level, while others in the scientific theory in law, sociology, or political science. Corruption is a multi-layered phenomenon that exists in different spheres of society and in different forms, therefore the approaches to understanding it must be well selected, and its essence must be well explained.
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The report is devoted to a significant social problem, particularly relevant for the Bulgarian society-human trafficking. In order to address the need for structured knowledge on the subject, it examines the concept of human trafficking, the types of victims and the common schemes for their exploitation. The picture of the phenomenon is complemented by data on the prevalence of this crime, its historical overview and an analysis of the motives behind this type of criminal act, the work of organised criminal groups. The text concludes with a presentation of the response to human trafficking in Bulgaria.
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This paper gives general information about Bank of America and analyzes the risks faced by the Bank and the strategies it adopted for risk management. Four major risk categories were particularly focused on: liquidity risk, credit risk, market risk and exchange rate risk in this paper. The study examined the bank's risk exposure in these areas, assessed the effectiveness of its risk management practices, and evaluated the impact of market volatility on its financial performance. The paper provides insights into the bank's overall risk position and emphasizes the importance of effective risk management practices in the banking industry.
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The disclosure of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) information presents both advantages and challenges for capital market-oriented small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). ESG transparency can enhance a company’s attractiveness to investors, improve access to capital, and boost financial stability by improving credit ratings and lowering financing costs. Additionally, proactive ESG reporting strengthens market reputation and long-term sustainability strategies, positioning SMEs as responsible and forward-thinking in a competitive market. However, the process is also resource-intensive, requiring significant investments in personnel, expertise, and bureaucratic systems. SMEs may struggle with the complexities of collecting and analyzing ESG data, especially related to emissions, and face high costs of reporting, which could strain their financial and operational capacities. While ESG disclosure can offer significant market benefits, companies must weigh these against the financial and administrative burdens, carefully considering their strategic priorities before adopting reporting practices, especially ahead of the mandatory deadline in 2026.
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Being such an enormous global financial institution, Citigroup has encountered a large number of risky events throughout the years. Each of these risky events demonstrates the complexity and interconnectedness of the risks that Citigroup, and every large bank faces. Since 2000, the bank has taken more than 27 billion dollars in penalties. From credit and market risks to operational and compliance challenges, these incidents have shaped the bank’s approach to risk management and reinforced the need for continuous improvements in its systems, controls, and oversight mechanisms. However, recent events highlight that there is one particular risk that is hard to regulate and standardize. This paper will provide an alternative for operational risk management as a common international standard for bank solution systems.
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In this article the data of the major economic indicators characterizing sector: "Construction in the Republic of Bulgaria" are presented, examined and recapitulated. The major economic indicators in sector: "Construction in the Republic of Bulgaria" for which statistical information is collected are the following: number of enterprises, realized turnover, production output, added value on factor cost, purchase of goods and services, labor cost, remuneration costs and number of people employed. By means of the analysis of the economic indicators made the tendencies of change and progression are described, the factors influencing their change are summarized.
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