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This study examined the relationship between four factors of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms – re-experiencing, avoidance, dysphoria and hyperarousal – and particular domains of emotional competence and emotional regulation and control among 215 Croatian Homeland War veterans. Cross-sectionally, emotional competence subscales – perceiving and understanding emotions, expressing and labelling emotions, managing and regulating emotions – were associated with dysphoria symptom cluster only, while emotional regulation and control subscales – influence of emotion and mood on memory and emotional reaction control – were associated with dysphoria and re-experiencing symptom clusters. The results of this study are consistent with the view that successful recovery from trauma requires adaptive emotion competence skills and that therefore difficulties in dealing with emotions (understanding, expressing or regulating) are a risk factor for the development and/or maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. It appears that interventions organized toward improving emotional competence and regulation may be useful as complementary or independent treatments for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder.
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The article deals with the problem of the developmental logic in Vytautas Kavolis’ sociology. It is argued that the theme of Kavolis’ sociology was collective emotionality and its symbolic expression. The Lithuanian- American sociologist was interested in the shared emotional attitudes to the social and cultural environment and in the cultural symbols’ power to influence them. Institutional and immanent determinants of development of the theme are discussed in article, too. Kavolis’ choice of the theme was influenced by his studies at Harvard University in the 1950s. There in the context of National Character Studies, he was interested in the shared emotional attitudes as one of the aspects of national character. The sociologist turned to Social Pathology Studies and Cultural Psychology reacting to a social mission of American sociology to help to deal with social problems in society’s life.
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Psychological profiling and analysing the life situation of a person who committed suicide are only some of the tasks that forensic psychology deals with. Its purpose is to establish the potential motives behind the suicide. The above mentioned activities are taken if there is reasonable doubt whether the death of a given person resulted from suicide or murder, but also when post-mortem examination and crime scene investigation clearly indicate suicide but the motives of the perpetrator are not known. It is of vital importance to try and reconstruct the mental condition and the motivational process of the suicide especially if it is suspected that making an attempt on one’s life was caused by the detrimental effect of other people or institutions.
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There is a significant interest of researchers for examining the presence of risk factors for development of suicidality at the level of ideas about suicide, suicide attempts and committed suicide. The objective of this review paper is to provide a clear and concise review of scientific knowledge about socio-demographic, psychological, psychiatric and physical risk factors for development of suicidality, and to answer questions about the mechanisms that determine their relationships. The paper is based on reference literature from the field of suicidality, with an emphasis on research published in the past fifteen years. On the basis of a short review of present knowledge and available data, it has been concluded that there is strong evidence of the presence of certain sociodemographic, psychological, psychiatric and physical risk factors that may make an individual vulnerable to development of suicidality at any level. Accumulation of these risks results in an increase of risk of suicide. Clinical implications of this review paper include the possibility of practical application of scientifically based results of research and their application in clinical practice with the purpose of improving psychological assessment of suicidality. Timely recognition, detection and treatment of risk factors is a key component for developing a strategy of prevention of suicidality, as well as determining the most appropriate form of intervention.
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Research of the basic conditions and mechanisms of self-realisation of the person occurs today within the limits of philosophical concepts of the person, its attraction in society ability to live. The education system is one of the major factors who influence self-realisation of the person.
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The article presents the results of the pilot study of the refined method of basic human values proposed by Shalom Schwartz (translated and adapted into Ukrainian). The methodology has greater possibilities for detailing and evaluation of human values compared to the previous version of the scale. In the modern version of the model, 19 basic values are allocated and placed on the motivational circle organized by the following principle: the neighboring values are the most compatible, the opposite ones - conflict with each other. The English version of the technique was translated into Ukrainian and tested on two pilot studies. The abridged version of six values (18 statements) was tested during the sociological study "Youth of Ukraine2017" which was conducted by Centre of Independent Sociological Research "Omega" for the Ministry of Youth and Sports of Ukraine. The survey was initiated within the framework of the State Target Social Program "Youth of Ukraine" for 2016-2020, approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. The survey was conducted between July 20th and August 10th, 2017. The research method was a structured interview (face-to-face) conducted by a questionnaire survey among young people aged 14 to 34 (Ukrainian citizens). Respondents were interviewed at the place of their residence. The selection of respondents was carried out by the route method. The research sample was 2,000 respondents aged 14- 34, representative of the main socio-demographic characteristics (sex, age, area of residence, size of settlement); standard deviations at a reliable 99 percent and the ratio of variables from 0.1 to 0.5 are 1.73-2.88 percent. The geography of the study included 24 administrative units of Ukraine and the city of Kiev (except for the occupied territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol, and the temporarily uncontrolled territory of Ukraine, where the state authorities temporarily do not exercise their powers both partially and in full). The obtained results allowed to verify the conceptual and empirical validity of each statement, which are indicators of measurable values. Indicators of quality of the model allow concluding about the best explanatory model of human values measured by Sh. Schwartz. The best quality indicators were obtained during the modification of the model using the ESEM and RI-EFA methods. The framework of the study was the possibility of constructing a self-expression value indicator, which would characterize Ukrainian youth in connection with its participation in the political and public life of the country, readiness to create its own business, youth mobility, and attitude to migration. The created indicator distinguishes the sample and allows to characterize young people aged 14 – 34. According to the results, young people with self-expression values declare their willingness to participate in the political life of the country, to hold elected positions, to initiate participation in youth organizations, to create their own business, as well as show readiness for migration with further return after gained experience abroad. The indicator has a significant statistical connection with the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents. The level of inherency and non-inherency of self-expression values differs by age: with age, the proportion of those for whom the value of self-expression is inherent decreases. By regionality, the value of self-expression is more common for young people from the Northern and Southern regions. However, the least inherent values were for young people from the Western and Central regions. The following distribution may indicate that value is less common in regions where there are other values. For instance, in priority there are "Conservation" values (e.g., "Tradition", "Societal and Personal security", "Conformity" etc.) or "Self-Transcendence" (e.g. "Benevolence", "Universalism" etc.). Also, the integral indicator makes it possible to distinguish young people by their material situation; more often, the value of self-expression is inherent for more the prosperous category of young people, who evaluate their financial position as "live well, but cannot make some purchases (buy an apartment, car, etc.) yet". The less important value is for the group of young people who evaluate their own financial situation as low: "money is not enough even for buying the necessary products", "enough for food and inexpensive things". The integral value of "self-expression value" has a meaningful relationship with indicators that measure the attitude of young people to political processes in the country, their participation in public life. More often the proportion of young people for whom the value of self-expression is inherent indicate that they are following political life and the main events in Ukraine. With age, the interest in the political life of the country increases among youth with self-expression values. Consequently, young people compared to elderly are more often monitored for political life and main events in the country (those aged 24 – 28 and 29 – 34). Young people mentioned their willingness to hold elective positions. More often such a desire is observed among those who have the value of self-expression. For example, the position of people's deputies of Ukraine is more attractive to those who possess the values of self-expression. The same distribution is observed among those, who are ready to occupy elective seats in councils at different administrative levels (regional or local). Among those, who have inherent value, males more often than females say more about their desire to take such positions. The value of self-expression also has a significant relationship with regards being an entrepreneur or a desire to open one’s own business. There is a direct significant connection between an inherent value and desire to become an entrepreneur. Males compared to females and young people aged 14 – 18 and 24-28 are more likely to be ready to open their own businesses (in the short and long-term future). Research showed that the willingness to leave the locality more often comes from those who have the inherent value of self-expression. Especially, the younger age group of 14 – 18 are more likely to leave their area. Emigrating, but with a view to return to the country, are more likely to be respondents with self-expression value. The real reason for their willingness to emigrate is the desire to emigrate because there is no real democracy and legality in Ukraine and due to military actions in the East of Ukraine. Based on the results of the received data, recommendations for further adaptation and improvement of the Ukrainian version of the PVQ-57 methodology were formulated in order to have the possibility of using the selfexpression value indicator in relation to other variables that will determine the activity of young people and their readiness for change.
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This study examines the psychometric qualities of the Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (RSQ) on a Turkish sample. Downey and Feldman (1996) developed the RSQ to assess rejection sensitivity and they conceptualized it as a tendency to expect anxiously to be rejected and having proclivity to perceive and overreact to rejection cues. University students (N = 715) rated RSQ in two different studies. Additionally, the participants in the first sample (N1 = 407) completed friendship quality and attachment styles measures whereas the participants in the other sample (N2 = 308) completed the responsibility attributions for negative partner behaviors and unstable self-esteem measures to test the predictive validity of the RSQ. Factor analyses showed that the 18-item questionnaire has a stable single factor solution with high reliability. Confirmatory factor analyses confirmed one factor solution consistently in two samples providing evidence for cross-validation of the RSQ. In support of the predictive validity, rejection sensitivity was found to be associated negatively with friendship quality and positively with unstable self-esteem, responsibility attributions for negative partner behavior, and anxious and avoidant attachment styles. The findings revealed that Turkish RSQ was a valid and reliable measure. The results were discussed along with the suggestions to improve the scale in line with the culture.
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The findings of the research into the perceived parental behaviour provide contrasting data as to the existence and the nature of differences in the perception of parental behaviour based on parents’ gender and respondents’ gender. The purpose of the present study is to examine the differences in the perceived parental behaviour in adolescents with regard to parents’ gender and respondents’ age and gender. The study included 466 respondents (262 girls and 204 boys), in middle to late adolescence, divided into four sub-groups according to their age. The respondents were asked to fill in the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) questionnaire which measures the care and overprotection in mothers and fathers respectively. The obtained findings show the existence of significant difference based on the parents’ gender for both subscales: both maternal care and maternal overprotection were estimated as higher. Observing the differences by respondents’ gender on the whole sample, only one significant difference is found: paternal overprotection was estimated as higher by girls. The differences by age as observed within gender groups are completely disparate for girl and boy groups. The best insight into the differences is obtained through analysis by gender, for groups relatively homogenous in terms of their age (for the first three groups the only significant difference appears in the paternal overprotection subscale; the difference disappears in the subgroup of the oldest respondents’, while the differences between the perception of maternal and paternal care are of significance here). One particularly important finding for future research into rearing behaviour is the fact that the perception of parental behaviour changes over the period of adolescence differently for boys and girls; therefore, the analysis including perceived parental behaviour should be performed for subgroups by gender, which are as homogenous as possible in terms of their age.
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The reported study had the following goals: to determine psychometric characteristics of a new instrument purpoting to measure trait anxiety – AT29, to explore the effectiveness of a mood induction procedure in eliciting state anxiety, and to determine the role of trait anxiety, as measured by AT29, in responding to mood induction. AT29 was administered as a part of a larger test battery to 232 psychology students during a mass testing session. After three weeks, 90 students were randomly selected to participate in the second, experimental phase of the study. These selected participants were randomly assigned to two groups: experimental (mood-induction group) in which participants watched a video clip with a fear-inducing content and control group in which participants watched a neutral video clip of the same duration as the fear-inducing clip. State anxiety was measured in both groups using the STAI-S questionnaire right before and after mood induction. It was demonstrated that there is a significant association between trait anxiety as measured by AT29 and state anxiety obtained at both measurement occasions before and after mood induction. Following fear induction, the experimental group demonstrated higher state anxiety scores. However, the interaction between group membership and trait anxiety was not significant. Potential explanations regarding the lack of effect of trait anxiety on state anxiety in this mood induction experiment were discussed as well as some recommendations for future research. Additionally, the results suggested that AT29 has very good psychometric characteristics: high internal consistency and test-retest reliability (.96 and .86 respectively), as well as good divergent and convergent validity.
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The aim of this study was to examine the structure and intensity of relationships between dimensions of sexual behavior and personal characteristics in the context of sexual dimorphism. The sample included 233 participants (both genders, mean age 29,34). Dimensions of sexual behavior were measured using the Sexual Behavior Questionnaire, and personal characteristics were measured using the Big Five Inventory and short form of Delta 10 questionnaire. The results suggested that the importance of personality for the understanding of sexual behavior is not far from the relevance of sexual dimorphism. It was found that personality was significant predictor of almost all dimensions of sexual behavior, independent from gender, and in case of tendency to have casual sex a strong interaction effect of gender and Conscientiousness was found. The nature of relationships between dimensions of sexual behavior and personality were very similar with the subsamples of males and females. Namely, adaptive personality functioning was related to richness of sexual experience following by low sexual fantasies and low tendency to paraphilias. Small, but important difference in the structure of canonical factors extracted in the domain of sexual behavior was the following: in male sample adaptive personality structure correlated with high tendency to casual sex, while in female sample the opposite was obtained. In female sample there was one more significant relation suggesting that psychopatic personal structure has sexual style which include richness and casual sexual experience without tendency to non-coital sexual play. The results are discussed in the context of the evolutionary theories of behavior.
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In the first part of the paper author criticizes positivistic orientation which, although surpassed in Criminology, still has a foothold in the criminal procedures against juvenile offenders and the reason for that lies in historical, social and cultural circumstances. Instead of detecting defects of socio-psychological nature and asserting that criminal act is not a result of the free will, theories of social reaction, symbolic interactionism and labeling, which treat the offender as the creator of his/her own destiny, should be promoted. The author suggests the use of multifactorial approach in determining the genesis of juvenile delinquency that is equally applicable to other perpetrators. It includes both the risk assessment of future criminal behavior and recidivism, expressed by the existence of factors that are correlated and but not causally connected to criminal behavior, and assessment of protective factors that inhibit commission of crimes.
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The study compares characteristics of Serbian and American children on the dimensions of temperament and character on the Junior TCI (JTCI) for assessment of 9 to 13 year olds - based on Robert Cloninger’s Psychobiological model of temperament and character. Given the lack of assessment tools for this age group, the goal of the present study was to test the factor structure and main psychometric characteristics of the JTCI in order to determine the applicability of this questionnaire on Serbian children. The sample consisted of 222 boys and girls from the normal population, ages 11 to 13 and who attended grades 6 to 8. The results showed significant differences between Serbian and American sample. Namely, Serbian children had higher scores on the Novelty seeking and Harm Avoidance and lower scores on Reward Dependence and Persistency. As to the Character Dimensions, Serbian children had lower scores on Reward dependence and persistency, and significantly lower on Self-directedness and Cooperativeness. Scores on the Self–transcendence were higher among the Serbian children. The differences on Character dimensions between children from different cultures suppose to be primarily a result of the socialization process. They reflect a lower level of maturity, cooperation and probably compensatory reliance on the religion. Although it is a temperament dimension, being prone to negative emotions (higher scores on Danger avoidance) may also be a result of a situational sensitivity. This result could be interpreted as a reflection of the negative effects that the general socio cultural milieu had on the children who grew up during the social crisis and transitional periods of our society. The result did not confirm a seven factor personality structure of children in this age group. It is likely that at the age of 11 to 13, dimensions of character and temperament did not yet clearly differentiate. Finally, poor reliability of the JTCI scales imposes limitations on valid interpretation of these results. It also points out that using this questionnaire on Serbian children is limited unless necessary psychometric modification is conducted.
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The paper presents two studies aimed at the examination of the factor structure of The Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) and joint factor structure of the scales of MPQ and SPSRQ (The Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire). In the first research conducted on the sample of 1127 participants of both sexes, age 18 to 67, the results of the principal component analysis of the MPQ scales point to the existence of three higher-order dimensions, named General Adaptedness, Psychopathic Tendencies and Negative Emotionality. These dimensions correspond to the dimensions of the Eysenck’s PEN model to the greater extent than they achieve the assumed similarity with the dimensions of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory. In the second study conducted on the sample of 199 respondents of both sexes, age 18 to 59, the results of the joint principal component analysis of the MPQ and SPSRQ scales point to the existence of three higher order dimensions, which correspond to the Tellegen’s Positive Emotionality, Negative Emotionality, and Constraint.
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Principal measuring characteristics and norms of Raven’s coloured matrices were determined on the sample of 2.334 children from Vojvodina at the age of 3.5 and 11. The basic metric characteristics were determined according to classical test theory (CTT) and item response theory (IRT). By testing a dimensionality it was showed that the test had one main object of measuring. The norms were also evaluated in terms of their precision in statistical and psychometric sense. It was found that there was no statistically significant difference in solving the test requirements between boys and girls at any age, nor was there any significant interaction of gender and age. Reliability of the test at the age group of 6 – 11 was over 0.85, at the age of 5 it was 0.75, whereas at the youngest age it was only 0.59. The complete test was too easy at older ages due to the Flynn’s effect. It is owing to this reason that a conclusion can be drawn that there’s a big question mark over its application at the age of 11,and even 10. It is recommended that standard Raven’s matrices should be used at that age.
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Three the most influential models of employment of persons with special needs -sheltered workshops, supported employment and self-employment - were recognized in the light of social constructionist views of language role, that is, of critical discourse analysis and ideological critique of modern society that is fostered by social model of disability. Sheltered workshops are presented as a relic of past and the main advocate of deficit language and medicalization of disability on which based the medical model (or model of personal tragedy). The others approaches are understood as alternative in the sense that they are put in the broader framework of anthropological optimism insisting on a self-actualized tendency and a saved (developmental) potentials hidden in each individual. Nevertheless, neither of them spared critical analysis since they are outcome of influence of self-regulatory mechanisms of modern society structure.
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Numerous positive functions are ascribed to integrative internal dialogues. It is therefore worth looking for the determinants of dialogue author’s integrative attitude, which is understood as openness to the partner’s viewpoint as well as readiness to favorably consider their arguments and, consequently, to modify one’s own stance. The aim of the present experiment (N = 215) was to check how dialogue author’s integrative attitude is influenced by his or her similarity to the imagined interlocutor and by the author’s certainty of his or her standpoint. Before the participants conducted an imagined dialogue, they assessed the certainty of their standpoint and wrote down their three positive and three negative characteristics. Some of these characteristics were later presented to them as the traits of their potential interlocutor. Finally, the participants completed the Integration–Confrontation questionnaire, measuring their integrative attitude in the dialogue. I found that dialogue authors who were very certain of their own standpoints exhibited a significantly lower level of integrative attitude than those who were less certain of theirs. Additionally, it turned out that similarity in terms of negative characteristics increased integrative attitude in dialogue authors. No such relationship was observed when a sense of similarity in terms of positive characteristics was induced. This is a surprising result against the background of research on actual relationships, which may attest to the specificity of internal dialogues.Numerous positive functions are ascribed to integrative internal dialogues. It is therefore worth looking for the determinants of dialogue author’s integrative attitude, which is understood as openness to the partner’s viewpoint as well as readiness to favorably consider their arguments and, consequently, to modify one’s own stance. The aim of the present experiment (N = 215) was to check how dialogue author’s integrative attitude is influenced by his or her similarity to the imagined interlocutor and by the author’s certainty of his or her standpoint. Before the participants conducted an imagined dialogue, they assessed the certainty of their standpoint and wrote down their three positive and three negative characteristics. Some of these characteristics were later presented to them as the traits of their potential interlocutor. Finally, the participants completed the Integration–Confrontation questionnaire, measuring their integrative attitude in the dialogue. I found that dialogue authors who were very certain of their own standpoints exhibited a significantly lower level of integrative attitude than those who were less certain of theirs. Additionally, it turned out that similarity in terms of negative characteristics increased integrative attitude in dialogue authors. No such relationship was observed when a sense of similarity in terms of positive characteristics was induced. This is a surprising result against the background of research on actual relationships, which may attest to the specificity of internal dialogues.
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This article describes the causal link between aggressive sexual behavior, including pedophile behavior, moral reasoning disorder and orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction (sometimes a tumor located in this area). The criminological analysis is also justified by the studies published by Charles Choi (2002) in New Scientist where the case of a 40-year-old man whose brain tumor suffered from sudden pedophilia and an uncontrollable obsession for sex, as well as the studies published by Giuseppe Sartori (2016) and collaborators explaining the functional disorder of the orbitofrontal cortex, a brain region responsible for behavioral inhibitions, emotional comprehension, and moral responsibility. From the legal point of view, the criminal responsibility is analyzed in the situation where the discernment is affected by the physiological determinism. In this sense, brain imaging plays an important role.
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In the context of increasing recongnition and diagnosis of developmental disorders in children within mainstream schools, there appears a pressing need to develop multidisciplinary approaches in intervention to meet the needs of a large client group. Using social work case management in recovery and school integration of children with developmental disorders, helps maximize the effects of different types of therapies which addresses this pathology. The case study in this article presents a structured intervention model in the case management of a child diagnosed with mild autistic spectrum disorder and a working model for a multidisciplinary approach in recovery and school integration.
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The aim of the study was to analyze factor structure of bosnian version of ZKA-PQ, that is based on Zuckerman's Alternative Personality Model, but also gender differences on 5 personality traits. The research was entirely conducted by online questionnaire. Besides socio-demographic questions, subjects answered 200 questions from ZKA-PQ. The total sample was consisted of 233 subjects (173 (74,2%) women and 60 (25,8%) men), age 16-62 (M=32,2, SD=9,15). Reliability of ZKA-PQ scales varied from 0.70 to 0.91. The expected five factor facet structure of the ZKA-PQ was clear found, but also interpreted according to Zuckerman's model after Varimax rotation. The extracted factors explained 72,31% of total variance (KMO=0,798, Bartlett: app.χ2=1798,18; df=190; p<0,001). Gender differences were tested by Student test. As expected, men and women significatelly differ on two traits only – „Sensation seeking“ (t(196)=-3,25, p<.05; MM=99,88, MŽ=91,66) and „Neuroticism“ (t(194)=2,55, p<.05; MM=87,2, MŽ=96,79). Expected difference in trait agressivity among genders was not found (t(200)=-0,4, p>.05), except on facet „Physical agressivity“ in which men achieved statistically higher scores (t(213)=-3,73, p<.01; MM=21,9, MŽ=18,9). The results of this research are in accordance to earlier reseach of Zuckerman's Alternative five factor personality model.
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