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In a situation when a person does not have the suitable skills to cope with the life’s requirements, there is a high probability to experience many difficulties and mental disorders that can lead to exclusion from the environment. Many previous studies have shown that people who believe in their personal possibilities to affect their life situation, solve their problems more rationally. Individuals with an internal location of control are able to better use the means to reduce the stress and they looking for information regarding problems and ways to solve them. A preoccupation of the individual with certain aims and tasks leads to the more adaptive action which is targeted to solve the problem. Thus, the individual gains the confidence in the ability to change their fate. They have the possibility to solve the problem in a proper way. The individual can learn from own experiences, learn from failures and cope better with the negative effects of stress. In contrast, helping people in need or weak people determines the culture and maturity of the individual, society and nations in the process of inclusion. Respect and acceptance expressed by the environment, sense of security, self-esteem and self-acceptance bring out the subjective sense of value added in their own lives and shape the good relations of both parties involved in the exchange of the support.
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The article analyzes the significance of the diagnoses of Advisory Teams of Court Experts (ATCE) against minors addicted to the Internet and computer games and showing signs of social maladjustment. The purpose of the article is to assess the importance of the ATCE diagnoses in cases of minors revealing such symptoms. The research was based on the method of individual cases; two opinions were selected for analysis from among the few available. The technique of document analysis was used on the ATCE opinions. The main problem was to identify the role of the ATCE in diagnosing and designing interventions for minors with signs of maladjustment and delinquency and overlapping addiction to the Internet and computer games. The analysis revealed the causes of abnormal behavior in minors and the mechanisms of disorders and made it possible to select adequate measures against them.
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The article presents the results of a study conducted on two groups of adolescents aged 15–18, based on an assessment of risky behaviors presented during internet use. The purpose of the research was to assess the correlation between feelings of loneliness among both hearing and hearing-impaired adolescents and risky Internet use, which increases the risk of Internet addiction. Three tools were used to gather the data: the Questionnaire of Intrapersonal, Interpersonal and Attitudes Toward the World by Bartłomiej Golek and Ewa Wysocka (2011), the Polish adaptation of the Rate of Loneliness by Jenny de Jong Gierveld and Theo van Tilburg (Grygiel et al. 2011), and the Polish adaptation of the Questionnaire of Problematic Internet Use by Kimberly Young (Poprawa 2012). The results clearly indicate a correlation between higher levels of loneliness, lower levels of self-esteem, and the tendency to engage in risky online behavior among hearing-impaired adolescents.
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Folk dance and personal qualities of a performer in the dance group, create favorable environment for emotional development. This report presents a study of performers and their personal qualities by studying folk dance.
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Kaitseväe sisemäärustikus kasutatakse terminit nõudlik eelkõige ülema kohustuste ja distsipliiniga seotud punktides. Distsipliini kohta sätestab määrustik, et seda on vaja nõuda endalt ja teistelt ning ülem on selle tagamiseks kohustatud tarvitusele võtma kõik tema käsutuses olevad meetmed. Ülema kohustuste all on samuti välja toodud vajadus olla nõudlik, kuid seda on täiendatud alluvate mõjutamise aspektiga, mille saavutamiseks on ülemal voli rakendada kõiki tema käsutuses olevaid meetmeid. Eelnevast näeme, et nõudlikkus, nõudlikud ülemad või juhid on Kaitseväkke määrustiku abil formaalselt „sisse kirjutatud“. Kuigi esmapilgul võib tunduda, et teenistust reguleeriv dokumentatsioon sätestab, kuidas peab käituma, ning sellega erilist probleemi ei ole, on siinse essee lähtekohaks vastupidine seisukoht, mis käsitleb nõudlikku ülemat/juhti kui nähtust ja juhtimisstiili, mis on oma olemuselt keerukam kui selleks kohustavad kaks punkti sisemäärustikus.
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The objective of this article is the conceptualisation, in line with Steven Gordon’s classification, of primary emotions: happiness, fear, sadness, and anger, together with “background emotions,” and social emotions: empathy, compassion (and self-conscious emotions: a sense of guilt, shame, pride) in social sciences, with the underlying assumption of biological foundations and cultural conditions of emotions (the theory of “cultural scripts” by Norbert Elias, “feeling rules” by Arlie Hochschild). Theoretical conceptualisations of emotions are presented, viewed from the perspective of anthropologists, cultural experts, sociologists, psychologists and linguists. What is offered are descriptions of manifestations of emotions, ways of their expression, physical symptoms, degrees of intensity, crucial areas, mental and physical consequences, as well as their functions.
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The study reviews the effect of the COVID-19 crisis on the satisfaction and performance of nurses during the crisis as examined in studies carried out in ten countries (Italy, Australia, Great Britain, Germany, Israel, New Zealand, Spain, Canada, Romania, and Switzerland). The purpose of the study is to identify the scope and frequency of the phenomena reported by the nursing workforce from a broad global perspective and to provide information and recommendations to improve preparation for the future. The review shows that the COVID-19 crisis has affected the mental health of the nurses (Spain, Switzerland), anxiety, depression, and burnout (Switzerland, New Zealand, Canada, Germany), deterioration of working conditions mainly due to lack of staff, high employee turnover, and the lack of personal protective equipment (UK), and symptoms of stress and fear of contracting the disease (Romania, Germany, Canada). Also, the experience of coping during the pandemic period is seen as a deep mental trauma (Italy) and is characterized by the lack of mental support for the medical staff (Israel). The phenomena reported by the nursing staff in the countries examined caused less ability to function, lack of confidence, (to plan, concentrate, and organize), and a general decrease in motivation (Australia). Post-traumatic stress disorders were reported in all the countries examined.
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The purpose of this publication is to provide an overview of the relationship between certain personality traits and alexithymia. Alexithymia is a personality characteristic that defines a deficit in cognitive abilities for emotional regulation. Multiple studies present data on the negative consequences on the mental and somatic health of individuals with high levels of alexithymia. Therapeutic resistance has been demonstrated in such patients, as well as difficulties in close interpersonal relationships. Data on the relationship of alexithymia with personality traits according to the Big Five model, the Dark Triad, and the attachment style are also presented. The presence of alexithymia in the general population and in relation to different demographic factors is explored. The overview aims to open up space for the development of research questions that can support a more in-depth study of the construct.
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"We don't know what causes it, and as far as we know, the only way to make sure it doesn't develop is to die young. Regular exercise and a sensible diet are a good idea, but not a guarantee. There is no cure." That's how writer Terry Pratchett, diagnosed at 59, talks about his disease, Alzheimer's. A startling statistic is that the number of seniors with dementia around the world will grow from about 57.4 million in 2019 to 152.8 million by 2050. The massive physical, emotional, financial and psychological pressure causes great stress for family members who take care of relatives with dementia. These people are even referred to as the 'invisible third-party patients'. Family caregivers often have to balance taking care of the ill with their own work, raising children and personal relationships. As a result, in many cases taking care of someone with dementia is more stressful and overwhelming than taking care of someone with a physical disability, and the COVID pandemic – a top priority for doctors and the focus of policymakers and the public – is having an adverse impact on preventing and helping those with dementia.
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This article is dedicated to outlining the emergence of a new phenomenon in the world – the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus which is responsible for the covid-19 disease. It discusses the consequences of this dangerous virus. Steps are proposed to preserve the physical and mental health of people.
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The issue of the text focuses on the description of changes in the way of experiencing time by people involved in digital technologies. The article discusses the causes and consequences of new forms of human location in contemporary space-time, which is shaped and modified by modern technologies. The author puts forward the thesis that the attachment of a contemporary individual to virtual space can be treated as a kind of enslavement, considered in the dimension of time. Young people, whose childhood and adolescence were shaped under the influence of dynamically developing digital technologies, were chosen as the subject of the analysis. The issue of time is analyzed in the background of the current culture, which is called “the culture of the present”. The new quality of time can be assessed as captivating due to the speed imposed on man by the rapid progress of new technologies. The text also presents ways of rational time management in the digital world (in the ecology of time trend). This trend draws attention to the threats and dimensions of the enslavement of modern man resulting from excessive haste. It promotes the need to limit the dominance of social time and respect natural time.
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This paper is an attempt to compare selected ontological, epistemological and methodological issues present in Jan Baudouin de Courtenay’s and Karol Appel’s scientific theories, which are considered representative of the so-called linguistic psychologism. These concepts are explained in light of the philosophical assumptions of W. von Humboldt, F. le Dantec and H. Vaihinger, which served as a direct inspiration for Polish scholars. Apart from pointing to a number of similarities, the author also enumerates and discusses significant differences in the understanding of the relationship between the subject and the object of cognition, the notion of reality, and the criteria of truth which prompt the question of the possibility of defining psychologism as a scientific paradigm.
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During the past 25 years, international labour migration from the Republic of Moldova has reached unimaginable levels. Although it generated several positive effects, it also produced new social risks, including the expansion of the number of transnational families. For the Republic of Moldova, the phenomenon of transnational families has become a social risk, as it has led to various demographic imbalances, as well as the problem of children left without care following migration. The purpose of this article is to analyse the situation of children left without care as a result of labour migration, as well as to highlight the specific problems and needs of this social group.
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In this short paper the aim is to try to open window towards understanding of shame and his role in life. The idea is to point out the causes of shame, the distinction between haelthy and toxic shame and guilt trough perspective of the Gestalt approach. Several topics will be opened for reflection and perspectives about shame. The first is the distinction between shame and embarrassment. This topic itself requires separate work and deep immersion in understanding the difference. Furthermore, in this papaer, we will look at the origun of the feeling of shame through the prism of the psychosocial delevopment of man in childhood, the development of shame and make us aware of the difference between the healty and the toxic part of it. This paper also mentions the reasons that, within the framework of th action of shame, give person the feeling of worthlessness, failure and immaturity in the role of a human being. We will see how shame represents a person’s inner identity and how it forms relationships with the enviroment. The paper also touches on the relationship between shame and guilt and looks at their mutual connection. This is also a topic that calls for special research much deeper than was possible in this paper. At the end, we will see what are therapeutic ways to approach this topic and how to understand this condition.
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In the present article, I am going to expand Kurt Lewin’s behavior equation stating that human conduct is a function of person and environment. Within this equation, Gestalt Therapy has predominantly focused on the notion of needs and how people become stuck/blocked in their current need fulfilment. This in mind, Lewin has shown that human conduct happens in a field of tensions that can be freed once the need becomes satisfied. This has been a major accomplishment to shift the gaze to the person as the point of departure for therapy. Yet, there has been something missing in Lewin’s equation. This is related to the notion that all activity is mediated by tools in order to satisfy needs. In the present article, I show how the tool use changes the field of action in a particular way which not only alters the relationship of the person to her Self but also towards other social agents embedded in that field. I end the article with presenting an interview scheme on the basis of Vygotsky’s dynamic tool notion appealing Gestalt practitioners to incorporate theory and methods into their sessions related to tool use.
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There are numerous studies regarding therapy for high alexithymia, however, they share two limitations: the interventions studied are usually not specifically targeting alexithymia and those mentioning the valence of the emotion are rare. This could be partially due to the lack of precise measurement and diagnostics procedure. This paper aims to fill this gap by focusing on diagnostics as a fundamental first step and building on it a counseling framework specifically aimed at alexithymia and tailored to the affective valence. This is the first research in Bulgaria that, through confirmatory factor analyses, studies two of the most widely used alexithymia self-reports – PAQ and TAS-20, comparing the psychometric properties of the Bulgarian translations and analyzing their applicability in terms of mental health and therapy. The sample (N=360) filled PAQ, TAS-20, anxiousness, anhedonia, depression, and life satisfaction scales. Data suggest that PAQ and TAS-20 are valid and reliable instruments. Both may have wide application in screening and research, but as far as clinical decision making, PAQ seems to posses better psychometric properties. Furthermore PAQ`s more differentiated assessment might be of higher contribution since it was found that affective valence is an independent predictor of anhedonia and depression. Life satisfaction was unrelated to PAQ and negatively correlated to TAS-20, suggesting that the widely accepted assumption that alexithymia is associated with lower life satisfaction might be due to measurement specifics. Based on literature review and empirical data from this paper, counseling framework specifically aimed at alexithymia and tailored to the affective valence is proposed.
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The primary assertion of the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (SST) is that with increasing age, individuals become more selective in their social networks and consciously reduce their social network size. Although SST has received considerable support from studies conducted in mostly individualistic countries, such as the United States and Germany, there are very few studies in which it has been tested in collectivistic countries. Therefore, the present study aimed to test the SST argument in Turkey. There were 219 Turkish young adult participants, aged 18–28 (Mage = 20.07 years, SD = 1.76). Participants completed a Social Convoy Questionnaire, Future Time Perspective (FTP) scale and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Via the structural equation model, it was found that (a) open-ended FTP directly and positively related to positive affect, higher level of social satisfaction, and smaller social network sizes; and (b) social satisfaction mediated the relationship between FTP and young adults’ positive affect. The results confirm the SST’s arguments and highlight the importance of social satisfaction in helping shape young adults’ positive affect.
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This study explored the factor structure of the short form of the Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES-Sf) using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM), as well as bifactor models based on these two approaches. A total of 295 elementary level teachers (80% females) completed measures of interest for this research. The bifactor-ESEM model provided the best fit to the data. The data revealed that a strong general factor of teachers' self-efficacy underpins responses to all TSES-Sf items, however, self-efficacy in student engagement and self-efficacy in classroom management had significant specificity after partialling out the general factor. On the other hand, self-efficacy in instructional strategies items loaded primarily on the general factor and showed low specificity over and above the general factor. This study reviews the previous conclusions about the criterion validity of TSES-Sf and proposes bifactor models as a useful framework for evaluating the structural validity of this scale.
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In the present paper, we discuss the theoretical and methodological benefits of refining the current models which are focused on the influence of culture on human development based on theoretical models and empirical findings which stem from the situated cognition approach on culture. Firstly, to illustrate the current approach on culture and human development, we review the Ecocultural Model of Development, which focuses on the manner in which caregivers’ cultural models are associated with their parental beliefs (i.e., socialization goals and parental ethnotheories), their parental practices and ultimately with the child’s development. Secondly, we explore two models based on a situated cognition approach: the Cultural Task analysis model and the Culture as Situated Cognition approach. Based on the assumptions of these models and findings from our own lab, we discuss how we can theoretically refine current models which focus on the influence of culture on human development, and what methodological approaches these refinements can lead us to. In the paper we also outline several avenues for future research that stem from the reconceptualization of the influence of culture on human development, from a situated cognition perspective.
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